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nesses include not only chicken and vegetable processors but also the companies that transport the ingredients and those who print labels and manufacture cans 34 the food marketing system is the largest direct and indirect non government employer in the united states citation needed in the pre modern era the sale of surplus food took place once a week when farmers took their wares on market day into the local village marketplace here food was sold to grocers for sale in their local shops for purchase by local consumers 35 36 with the onset of industrialization and the development of the food processing industry a wider range of food could be sold and distributed in distant locations typically early grocery shops would be counter based where purchasers told the shop keeper what they wanted and the shop keeper would get it for them 35 37 in the 20th century supermarkets were born supermarkets brought with them a self service approach to shopping using shopping carts and were able to offer quality food at lower cost through economies of scale and reduced staffing costs in the latter part of the 20th century this has been further revolutionized by the development of vast warehouse sized out of town supermarkets selling a wide range of food from around the world 38 unlike food processors food retailing is a two tier market in which a small number of very large companies control a large proportion of supermarkets the supermarket giants wield great purchasing power over farmers and processors and strong influence over consumers less than 10 of consumer spending on food goes to farmers with larger percentages going to advertising transportation and intermediate corporations 39 prices edit main articles food prices and food vs fuel it was reported on march 24 2008 that consumers worldwide faced rising food prices 40 reasons for this development include changes in the weather and dramatic changes in the global economy including higher oil prices lower food reserves and growing consumer demand in china and india 40 the us labor department has calculated that food purchased at home and in restaurants is 13 of household purchases behind 32 for housing and 18 for transportation the average us family spent 280 per month or 3 305 per year at grocery stores in 2004 the newsletter dollar stretcher survey estimated 149 a month for a single person 257 for a couple and 396 for a family of four 41 the average net profit margins of competitive grocery stores tend to be lower than in other market sectors 42 food waste edit main article food waste a large quantity of mostly discarded vegetables that would have still been safe to eat a container filled with mostly unavoidable food waste like peels and cores possibly useful for composting as of 2011 1 3 billion tons of food about one third of the global food production are lost or wasted annually the usda estimates that 27 of food is lost annually 43 in developing and developed countries which operate either commercial or industrial agriculture food waste can occur at most stages of the food industry and in significant amounts 44 packaging protects food from damage during its transportation from farms and factories via warehouses to retailing as well as preserving its freshness upon arrival 45 although it avoids considerable food waste 45 46 packaging can compromise efforts to reduce food waste in other ways such as by contaminating waste that could be used for animal feedstocks 47 retail stores can throw away large quantities of food usually this consists of items that have reached either their best before sell by or use by dates food that passed the best before and sell by date and even some food that passed the use by date is still edible at the time of disposal but stores have widely varying policies to handle the excess food some stores put effort into preventing access to poor or homeless people while others work with charitable organizations to distribute food retailers also contribute to waste as a result of their contractual arrangements with suppliers failure to supply agreed quantities renders farmers or processors liable to have their contracts cancelled as a consequence they plan to produce more than actually required to meet the contract to have a margin of error surplus production is often simply disposed of 48 some grocery stores donate leftover food for example deli foods and bread past their expiration date to homeless shelters or charity kitchens 49 protest against food waste berlin germany the european union claimed 2014 to be year against food waste 50 the contracts that most retailers had signed required that food would be of a certain quality with this recent socio political change food such as non round tomatoes and apples with blemishes had a new market intermarche france s third largest supermarket launched its inglorious fruits and vegetables campaign in order to reduce waste this fruits and vegetables waste reduction strategy has shown great promise towards this eu proposed campaign these products are sold at a reduced price compared to the perfectionist campaign showing a 24 increase in sales fruta feia a portuguese retailer ran a similar business strategy with comparable success citation needed a 2021 analysis by the united nations environment programme found that food waste was a challenge in all countries and economic levels excluding food lost during production 51 this study estimated global food waste at 931 million tonnes around 121 kg per person across three sectors households 61 food service 26 and retail 13 51 food waste contributes significantly to agriculture s impact on climate change responsible for 3 3 billion tons of co 2 e emissions annually 52 53 along with other environmental concerns like land use water consumption and biodiversity loss preventing food waste is a top priority followed by surplus food reuse through methods like donations strategies then include animal feed nutrient recycling and energy recovery with landfill being the least preferred due to methane emissions 54 the un s sustainable development goal target 12 3 aims to cut global per capita food waste by 50 at retail consumer levels and throughout production and supply chains including post harvest losses by 2030 55 climate change mitigation efforts emphasize reducing food waste 56 57 as demonstrated by the 2022 un biodiversity conference s agreement among nations to achieve a 50 reduction in food waste by 2030 58 59 see also edit companies portal food portal supermarkets portal big box store bulk foods food cooperative general store list of grocers list of food cooperatives list of hypermarkets list of supermarket chains list of convenience stores list of superstores public grocery store self service vegetable box scheme greengrocer notes edit references edit origin of the word grocer culinarylore com 19 march 2013 retrieved 12 may 2022 1 2 4451 north american industry classification system naics canada 2012 20 october 2011 1 2 3 4 grocery oxford learner s dictionary retrieved 13 july 2020 grocery store merriam webster dictionary retrieved 13 july 2020 haider area 25 march 2020 a cultural history of the beloved corner shop bbc culture bbc the grocery market the oft s reasons for making a reference to the competition commission pdf office of fair trading uk government may 2006 p 5 retrieved 13 july 2020 how indian grocery business is becoming big indian retailer grocer oxford english dictionary 2nd ed 1989 autumn swiers 12 june 2022 what the word grocery originally meant tasting table what does grocer mean www definitions net retrieved 9 september 2021 about us piggly wiggly www pigglywiggly com tennessee history for kids tnhistoryforkids org archived from the original on 23 february 2015 retrieved 6 march 2015 piggly wiggly man time 25 february 1929 archived from the original on 5 february 2009 retrieved 4 may 2010 fmi supermarket facts www fmi org cucumbers and gherkins agricultural and processed food products export development authority government of india 2015 retrieved 13 november 2017 future is not bright for mom and pop corner grocery stores 21 december 2017 understanding food principles and preparation amy brown isbn 978 0538734981 2013 definition of delicatessen merriam webster s student dictionary wordcentral com 20 september 2012 retrieved 6 march 2015 driscoll michael meredith hamiltion marie coons may 2003 a child s introduction to poetry new york black dog leventhal publishers p 12 isbn 1 57912 282 5 the great success of ethnic supermarkets in the united states 15 may 2017 carter f 1987 exploring honolulu s chinatown bess press honolulu ibisworld industry market research reports and statistics ibisworld industry market research reports and statistics jenkins nancy 4 april 1984 health food and the change in eating habits the new york times retrieved 6 march 2015 xie kang 2004 a strategic analysis of online grocery and its future outlook massachusetts 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grocery store the business evolution of an architectural space greenwood press isbn 0313265208 nebraska jewish historical society mom and pop grocery stores 2011 raijas anu march 2002 the consumer benefits and problems in the electronic grocery store journal of retailing and consumer services 9 2 107 113 doi 10 1016 s0969 6989 01 00024 8 issn 0969 6989 spellman susan v cornering the market independent grocers and innovation in american small business 1860 1940 oxford university press 2015 online dissertation version 2009 external links edit media related to grocery stores at wikimedia commons the dictionary definition of grocer at wiktionary v t e retail key concepts counter display unit display stand endcap facing free standing display unit gondola history of retail merchandising visual merchandising point of sale display retail design retail merchandising unit right to sit united states self service shelf ready packaging by product agricultural supplies alcohol antiques automotive 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