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ened in the table a handful of intervals thirds minor and major perfect fifths and minor sevenths are used in the following discussion of fundamental guitar chords as already stated the perfect fifths p5 interval is the most harmonious after the unison and octave intervals an explanation of human perception of harmony relates the mechanics of a vibrating string to the musical acoustics of sound waves using the harmonic analysis of fourier series when a string is struck with a finger or pick plectrum it vibrates according to its harmonic series when an open note c string is struck its harmonic series begins with the terms c c g c e g b c the root note is associated with a sequence of intervals beginning with the unison interval c c the octave interval c c the perfect fifth c g the perfect fourth g c and the major third c e in particular this sequence of intervals contains the thirds of the c major chord c e e g 3 with a note of music one strikes the fundamental and in addition to the root note other notes are generated these are the harmonic series as one fundamental note contains within it other notes in the octave two fundamentals produce a remarkable array of harmonics and the number of possible combinations between all the notes increases phenomenally with a triad affairs stand a good chance of getting severely out of hand robert fripp 4 perfect fifths edit the perfect fifth interval is featured in guitar playing and in sequences of chords the sequence of fifth intervals built on the c major scale is used in the construction of triads which is discussed below b audio playback is not supported in your browser you can download the audio file cycle of fifths edit concatenating the perfect fifths f c c g g d d a a e e b yields the sequence of fifths f c g d a e b this sequence of fifths displays all the notes of the octave c this sequence of fifths shall be used in the discussions of chord progressions below power chord edit the who s peter townshend often used a theatrical windmill strum to play power chords a root fifth and octave main article power chord the perfect fifth interval is called a power chord by guitarists who play them especially in blues and rock music 7 8 the who s guitarist peter townshend performed power chords with a theatrical windmill strum 7 9 power chords are often played with the notes repeated in higher octaves 7 although established the term power chord is inconsistent with the usual definition of a chord in musical theory which requires three or more distinct notes in each chord 7 chords in music theory edit a brief overview c major c e g begins with the major third c e c minor c e g begins with minor third c e major and minor triads contain major third and minor third intervals in different orders the musical theory of chords is reviewed to provide terminology for a discussion of guitar chords three kinds of chords which are emphasized in introductions to guitar playing 10 d are discussed these basic chords arise in chord triples that are conventional in western music triples that are called three chord progressions after each type of chord is introduced its role in three chord progressions is noted intermediate discussions of chords derive both chords and their progressions simultaneously from the harmonization of scales the basic guitar chords can be constructed by stacking thirds that is by concatenating two or three third intervals where all of the lowest notes come from the scale 12 13 triads edit major edit both major and minor chords are examples of musical triads which contain three distinct notes triads are often introduced as an ordered triplet the root the third which is above the root by either a major third for a major chord or a minor third for a minor chord the fifth which is a perfect fifth above the root consequently the fifth is a third above the third either a minor third above a major third or a major third above a minor third 14 15 the major triad has a root a major third and a fifth the major chord s major third interval is replaced by a minor third interval in the minor chord which shall be discussed in the next subsection major chords chord root major third fifth c c e g d d f a e e g b f f a c g g b d a a c e b e b d f for example a c major triad consists of the root third fifth notes c e g the three notes of a major triad have been introduced as an ordered triplet namely root third fifth where the major third is four semitones above the root and where the perfect fifth is seven semitones above the root this type of triad is in closed position triads are quite commonly played in open position for example the c major triad is often played with the third e and fifth g an octave higher respectively sixteen and nineteen semitones above the root another variation of the major triad changes the order of the notes for example the c major triad is often played as c g e where c g is a perfect fifth and e is raised an octave above the perfect third c e alternative orderings of the notes in a triad are discussed below in the discussions of chord inversions and drop 2 chords in popular music a subset of triads is emphasized those with notes from the three major keys c g d which also contain the notes of their relative minor keys am em bm 16 progressions edit stacking the c major scale with thirds creates a chord progression traditionally enumerated with the roman numerals i ii iii iv v vi vii o its major key sub progression c f g i iv v is conventional in popular music in this progression the minor triads ii iii vi appear in the relative minor key am s corresponding chord progression the major chords are highlighted by the three chord theory of chord progressions which describes the three chord song that is archetypal in popular music when played sequentially in any order the chords from a three chord progression sound harmonious good together f the most basic three chord progressions of western harmony have only major chords in each key three chords are designated with the roman numerals of musical notation the tonic i the subdominant iv and the dominant v while the chords of each three chord progression are numbered i iv and v they appear in other orders f 18 basic three chord progressions f 19 key tonic i subdominant iv dominant v c c f g d d g a e e a b g g c d a a d e in the 1950s the i iv v chord progression was used in hound dog elvis presley and in chantilly lace the big bopper 20 major chord progressions are constructed in the harmonization of major scales in triads 21 for example stacking the c major scale with thirds creates a chord progression which is traditionally enumerated with the roman numerals i ii iii iv v vi vii o its sub progression c f g i iv v is used in popular music 22 as already discussed further chords are constructed by stacking additional thirds stacking the dominant major triad with a minor third creates the dominant seventh chord which shall be discussed after minor chords minor edit an a minor scale has the same pitches as the c major scale because the c major and a minor keys are relative major and minor keys a minor chord has the root and the fifth of the corresponding major chord but its first interval is a minor third rather than a major third minor chords chord root minor third perfect fifth c m e c e g d m d f a e m e g b f m e f a c g m e g b d a m a c e b m e b d f minor chords arise in the harmonization of the major scale in thirds which was already discussed the minor chords have the degree positions ii iii and vi minor three chord progressions 18 23 key tonic i sub dominant iv dominant v c m c m f m g7 d m d m g m a7 e m e m a m b7 g m g m c m d7 a m a m d m e7 major and minor keys that share the same key signature are paired as relative minor and relative major keys minor chords arise as the tonic notes of minor keys that share the same key signature with major keys from the major key s i ii iii iv v vi vii o progression the secondary minor triads ii iii vi appear in the relative minor key s corresponding chord progression as i iv v or i iv v or i iv v7 for example from c s vi ii iii progression a m d m e m the chord e m is often played as e or e7 in a minor chord progression 24 among basic chords the minor chords d e a are the tonic chords of the relative minors of the three major keys f g c key signature major key minor key b f major d minor c major a minor f g major e minor the technique of changing among relative keys pairs of relative majors and relative minors is a form of modulation 25 minor chords are constructed by the harmonization of minor scales in triads 26 seventh chords major minor chords with dominant function edit the previously noted chord progression with a dominant seventh play ⓘ the dominant seventh v7 chord g7 g b d f increases the tension with the tonic i chord c adding a minor seventh to a major triad creates a dominant seventh denoted v7 in music theory the dominant seventh described here is called a major minor seventh emphasizing the chord s construction rather than its usual function 27 dominant sevenths are often the dominant chords in three chord progressions 18 in which they increase the tension with the tonic already inherent in the dominant triad 28 dominant seventh chords chord root major third perfect fifth minor seventh c7 c e g b d7 d f a c e7 e g b d f7 e f a c e g7 g b d f a7 a c e g b7 b d f a the dominant seventh discussed is the most commonly played seventh chord 29 30 paul mccartney used an a major i iv v7 chord progression in 3 legs which is also an example of the twelve bar blues three chord progressions 18 31 key tonic i sub dominant iv dominant v c c f g7 d d g a7 e e a b7 g g c d7 a a d e7 an a major i iv v7 chord progression a d e7 was used by paul mccartney in the song 3 legs on his album ram 32 these progressions with seventh chords arise in the harmonization of major scales in seventh chords 33 g twelve bar blues edit be they in major key or minor key such i iv v chord progressions are extended over twelve bars in popular music especially in jazz blues and rock music 36 37 for example a twelve bar blues progression of chords in the key of e has three sets of four bars e e e e7 a a e e b7 a e b7 this progression is simplified by playing the sevenths as major chords 36 the twelve bar blues structure is used by mccartney s 3 legs 32 which was noted earlier playing chords open strings inversion and note doubling edit see also open string music inversion music and voicing music the implementation of musical chords on guitars depends on the tuning since standard tuning is most commonly used expositions of guitar chords emphasize the implementation of musical chords on guitars with standard tuning the implementation of chords using particular tunings is a defining part of the literature on guitar chords which is omitted in the abstract musical theory of chords for all instruments for example in the guitar like other stringed instruments but unlike the piano open string notes are not fretted and so require less hand motion thus chords that contain open notes are more easily played and hence more frequently played in popular music such as folk music many of the most popular tunings standard tuning open tunings and new standard tuning are rich in the open notes used by popular chords open tunings allow major triads to be played by barring one fret with only one finger using the finger like a capo on guitars without a zeroth fret after the nut the intonation of an open note may differ from then note when fretted on other strings consequently on some guitars the sound of an open note may be inferior to that of a fretted note 38 unlike the piano the guitar has the same notes on different strings consequently guitar players often double notes in chord so increasing the volume of sound doubled notes also changes the chordal timbre having different string widths tensions and tunings the doubled notes reinforce each other like the doubled strings of a twelve string guitar add chorusing and depth 39 notes can be doubled at identical pitches or in different octaves for triadic chords doubling the third interval which is either a major third or a minor third clarifies whether the chord is major or minor 40 unlike a piano or the voices of a choir the guitar in standard tuning has difficulty playing the chords as stacks of thirds which would require the left hand to span too many frets 41 particularly for dominant seventh chords as explained below if in a particular tuning chords cannot be played in closed position then they often can be played in open position similarly if in a particular tuning chords cannot be played in root position they can often be played in inverted positions a chord is inverted when the bass note is not the root note additional chords can be generated with drop 2 or drop 3 voicing which are discussed for standard tuning s implementation of dominant seventh chords below johnny marr is known for providing harmony by playing arpeggiated chords when providing harmony in accompanying a melody guitarists may play chords all at once or as arpeggios arpeggiation was the traditional method of playing chords for guitarists for example in the time of mozart contemporary guitarists using arpeggios include johnny marr of the smiths fundamental chords edit standard tuning edit in the standard guitar tuning one major third interval is interjected amid four perfect fourth intervals in standard tuning the c major chord has three shapes because of the irregular major third between the g and b strings a six string guitar has five musical intervals between its consecutive strings in standard tuning the intervals are four perfect fourths and one major third the comparatively irregular interval for the g b pair consequently standard tuning requires four chord shapes for the major chords there are separate chord forms for chords having their root note on the third fourth fifth and sixth strings 42 of course a beginner learns guitar by learning notes and chords 43 and irregularities make learning the guitar difficult 44 even more difficult than learning the formation of plural nouns in german according to gary marcus 45 nonetheless most beginners use standard tuning 46 another feature of standard tuning is that the ordering of notes often differs from root position notes are often inverted or otherwise permuted particularly with seventh chords in standard tuning 47 as discussed below power chords fingerings edit as previously discussed each power chord has only one interval a perfect fifth between the root note and the fifth 7 in standard tuning the following fingerings are conventional e5 g5 g5 triads edit triads are usually played with doubled notes 48 as the following examples illustrate major edit commonly used major chords are convenient to play in standard tuning in which fundamental chords are available in open position that is the first three frets and additional open strings c major cho...