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toggle guna in other contexts subsection 5 1 sanskrit grammar 5 2 ayurveda 6 see also 7 references 8 further reading 9 external links toggle the table of contents guṇa 32 languages অসমীয়া bikol central भोजपुरी বাংলা català čeština deutsch español فارسی français עברית हिन्दी magyar italiano 日本語 ქართული ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 latina lietuvių मराठी bahasa melayu नेपाल भाषा nederlands polski português русский slovenčina தமிழ் тоҷикӣ українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia indian philosophical concept this article is about the hindu philosophical concept for other uses see guṇa jainism gunas redirects here not to be confused with günəş for other uses of guna see guna disambiguation guṇa sanskrit गुण refers to the three fundamental tendencies or forces that constitute nature or the matrix of material existence in hindu philosophies it can be translated as quality peculiarity attribute property 1 2 the concept is originally notable as a feature of samkhya philosophy 3 the guṇas are now a key concept in nearly all schools of hindu philosophy 4 there are three guṇas triguṇa according to this worldview that have always been and continue to be present in all things and beings in the world 4 these three guṇas are called sattva goodness calmness harmony rajas passion activity movement and tamas ignorance inertia laziness 5 all of these three guṇas are present in everyone and everything it is the proportion that is different according to hindu worldview the interplay of these guṇas defines the character of someone or something of nature and determines the progress of life 4 6 in some contexts it may mean a subdivision species kind quality or an operational principle or tendency of something or someone 6 in human behavior studies guna means personality innate nature and psychological attributes of an individual 7 8 9 like many technical terms in other languages guṇa can be difficult to encapsulate with a single english word its original and common meaning is a thread implying the original materials that weave together to make up reality the usual but approximate translation in common usage is a quality 10 terminology edit guna appears in many ancient and medieval indian texts depending on the context it means 1 2 11 string or thread rope sinew chord music vowel phonology and arts literature 12 13 virtue merit excellence dharma and soteriological literature 11 14 quality peculiarity tendency attribute property species sastras sutras the epics food and analytical literature 15 the root and origins edit guṇa is both a root and a word in sanskrit its different context driven meanings are derived from either the root or the word in verse vi 36 of nirukta by yāska a 1st millennium bc text on sanskrit grammar and language that preceded panini guṇa is declared to be derived from another root gaṇa 16 which means to count enumerate 17 this meaning has led to its use in speciation subdivision classification of anything by peculiarity attribute or property this meaning has also led to its use with prefixes such as dviguṇa twofold triguṇa threefold and so on in other contexts such as phonology grammar and arts guṇa takes the meaning of āmantraṇā आमन्त्रणा addressing invitation or abhyāsa अभ्यास habit practice 17 in the mahabharata book 6 chapter 2 the meaning of guṇa similarly comes in the sense of addressing each part the root implying āmantraṇā and thereby it means avayava अवयव member subdivision portion in sanskrit treatises on food and cooking guṇa means quality tendency and nature of ingredient ancient south indian commentators such as lingayasurin explain that the meaning of guṇa as thread string comes from the root guṇa in the sense of repetition abhyāsa while the telugu commentator mallinatha explains the root guṇa is to be understood in sisupalavadha as āmredana आम्रेडन reiteration repetition 17 larson and bhattacharya suggest that the thread metaphor relates to that which connects and runs between what we objectively observe to the tattva तत्त्व elementary property principle invisible essence of someone or something 11 18 in the context of philosophy morality and understanding nature guna with more dental na takes the meaning of addressing quality substance tendency and property 11 17 in abstract discussion it includes all hues of qualities desirable neutral or undesirable but if unspecified it is assumed with good faith to be good and divine in indian philosophy thus guṇi from the root guṇa means someone or something with divine qualities as in svetasvatara upanishad hymn vi 2 17 the gunas under various philosophies edit part of a series on hinduism hindus mythology origin and history dravidian folk religion indus valley civilisation itihasa purana epic puranic royal genealogies epic puranic chronology śramaṇa tribal religions vedic religion sampradaya traditions shaktism shaivism kapalika pashupata pratyabhijña smartism vaishnavism pancharatra other denominations deities trimurti brahma shiva vishnu tridevi saraswati lakshmi parvati others vedic deities agni chandra indra tridasha adityas ashvins rudras vasus post vedic dashavatara krishna rama ganesha hanuman kartikeya shakti amman durga kali radha sita concepts cosmology guṇa mythology pancha bhuta panchikarana prakṛti pramana shabda purusha tanmatras tattva supreme reality brahman nirguna saguna om saccidānanda god deva devata devi god and gender ishvara puruṣārtha meaning of life artha dharma kama moksha āśrama stages of life brahmacharya gṛhastha sannyasa vānaprastha saṃsāra cycle of birth and death karma maya pāpa mahapataka paramātman prāyaścitta punya mind and ethics achourya ahamkara ahimsa akrodha ānanda anātman antahkarana arishadvargas arjava ātman dayā dāna niti śastra shraddha mitahara niyama aparigraha prajña samatva santosha sastra pramanam satya shaucha svādhyāya dama sūkṣma śarīra titiksha vairagya viveka yamas practices worship arti bhajan bhakti dāna exorcism homa japa kirtan murti prarthana puja temple matha sevā śrauta tarpana tirtha tirthadana vrata yajna yatra meditation dhyana nididhyāsana tapas yoga asana bhakti yoga hatha yoga jnana yoga karma yoga kundalini yoga rāja yoga sādhanā sadhu yogi yogini rites of passage annaprashana antyesti chudakarana garbhadhana jatakarma karnavedha keshanta nāmakaraṇa nishkramana pumsavana simantonayana pumsavana ritushuddhi samavartanam simantonnayana upanayana vidyāraṃbhaṃ vivaha festivals diwali ganesh chaturthi holi janmashtami kumbh mela maha shivaratri navaratri durga puja ramlila vijayadashami makar sankranti new year bihu puthandu ugadi vaisakhi vishu pongal onam raksha bandhan rama navami ratha yatra vasant panchami philosophical schools six astika schools samkhya yoga nyaya vaisheshika mīmāṃsā vedanta advaita dvaita vishishtadvaita achintya bheda abheda shuddhadvaita svabhavika bhedabheda akshar purushottam darshan other schools ājīvika buddhism jainism charvaka gurus rishi philosophers ancient saptarshi vashistha kashyapa atri jamadagni gotama vishvamitra bharadwaja agastya angiras aruni ashtavakra jaimini kanada kapila patanjali pāṇini prashastapada raikva satyakama jabala valmiki vyasa yajnavalkya medieval abhinavagupta adi shankara akka mahadevi allama alvars basava chaitanya ramdas kathiababa chakradhara changdev dadu dayal eknath gangesha gaudapada gorakshanath haridasa thakur harivansh jagannatha dasa jayanta bhatta jayatirtha jiva goswami jñāneśvar kabir kanaka dasa kumārila bhaṭṭa madhusūdana sarasvatī madhvacharya matsyendranatha morya gosavi mukundraj namdev narahari tirtha narasimha saraswati nayanars nimbarkacharya srinivasacharya prabhākara purandara dasa raghavendra swami raghunatha siromani raghuttama tirtha ram charan ramananda ramanuja ramprasad sen ravidas rupa goswami samarth ramdas sankardev satyanatha tirtha siddheshwar sripada srivallabha sripadaraja surdas swaminarayan syama sastri thiruvalluvar tukaram tulsidas tyagaraja vācaspati miśra vadiraja tirtha vallabha vedanta desika vidyaranya vyasaraja modern sri aurobindo bhaktisiddhanta sarasvati bhaktivinoda thakur chandrashekarendra saraswati chinmayananda dayananda saraswati jaggi vasudev krishnananda saraswati mahavatar babaji mahesh yogi narayana guru nigamananda nisargadatta maharaj prabhupada radhakrishnan r d ranade ramakrishna rama tirtha ramana maharshi ravi shankar ramdas samarth sathya sai baba shirdi sai baba shraddhanand satyadhyana tirtha siddharameshwar maharaj sivananda saraswati trailanga u g krishnamurti upasni maharaj vethathiri maharishi vivekananda yogananda texts sources and classification of scripture śruti smṛti ācāra ātmatuṣṭi scriptures timeline of hindu texts vedas rigveda yajurveda samaveda atharvaveda divisions samhita brahmana aranyaka upanishads upanishads principal upanishads rigveda aitareya kaushitaki yajurveda brihadaranyaka isha taittiriya katha shvetashvatara maitri samaveda chandogya kena atharvaveda mundaka mandukya prashna vedangas shiksha chandas vyākaraṇa nirukta kalpa jyotisha other scriptures bhagavad gita agama s hinduism itihasas ramayana mahabharata puranas vishnu purana bhagavata purana devi bhagavata purana naradiya purana vāmana purana matsya purana garuda purana brahma purana brahmanda purana brahma vaivarta purana bhavishya purana padma purana agni purana shiva purana linga purana kūrma purana skanda purana varaha purana markandeya purana upavedas ayurveda dhanurveda gandharvaveda sthapatyaveda shastras sutras and samhitas arthashastra brahma sutras charaka samhita dharma shastra kama sutra natya shastra nyāya sūtras panchatantra pramana sutras purva mimamsa sutras ramcharitmanas samkhya pravachana sutra shilpa shastras shiva swarodaya sushruta samhita vaiśeṣika sūtra yoga sutras yoga vasistha stotras stutis and bhashya abirami antati hanuman chalisa kanakadhara stotra kanda shasti kavasam shiva stuti vayu stuti tamil literature athichudi eighteen greater texts eighteen lesser texts five great epics iraiyanar akapporul kamba ramayanam kural naalayira divya prabandham thiruvilaiyadal puranam tirumurai tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai tiruppukal vinayagar agaval other texts hindu culture and society society caste varna brahmin kshatriya vaishya shudra jāti dalit persecution adivasi untouchability gramanya by region india violence nepal bali united states dasa dvija gotra hindu art bhagavata mela bharatanatyam bommalattam carnatic music hindu iconography kai silambattam kalaripayattu kavadi aattam kathak kathakali kolattam koothu kuchipudi manipuri mayilattam mohiniyattam nritta nritya odissi pandav lila rasa sattriya yakshagana yantra hindu architecture hindu temple architecture talamana vastu shastra hindu music alankāra raga sangita shruti svara tala vadya food and diet jhatka mitahara sattvic vrata time keeping practices calendar panchangam shaka era units of time vikram samvat other society related topics discrimination persecution nationalism organisations reform movements other topics hinduism by country balinese hinduism caribbean shaktism greater india hinduism other religions hinduism and jainism and buddhism and sikhism and judaism and christianity and islam glossary outline hinduism portal v t e innate qualities and tendencies are key ancient concepts in indian literature maitrayaniya upanishad is one of the earliest texts making an explicit reference to hindu trinity of brahma vishnu and shiva and linking them to their guna as creator activity preserver purity destroyer recycler respectively 19 the idea of three types of guṇa innate nature and forces that together transform and keep changing the world is however found in numerous earlier and later indian texts 20 samkhya school of hinduism edit in samkhya philosophy a guṇa is one of three attributes tendencies qualities sattva rajas and tamas this category of guṇa s has been widely adopted by various schools of hinduism for categorizing behavior and natural phenomena the three qualities are sattva is the guṇa of balance harmony goodness purity universal ism holism construction creativity positivity peacefulness and virtue 21 rajas is the guṇa of passion activity neither good nor bad and sometimes either self centeredness egoism individualization drivenness movement and dynamism 5 22 tamas is the guṇa of imbalance disorder chaos anxiety impurity destruction delusion negativity dullness or inactivity apathy inertia or lethargy violence viciousness and ignorance 22 23 scholars of samkhya have three main views on defining what gunas are they are seen as either substances qualities or capacities 24 in indian philosophy these qualities are not considered present in an either or fashion rather everyone and everything has all three only in different proportions and in different contexts 4 the living being or substance is viewed as the net result of the joint effect of these three qualities 4 5 according to samkya school no one and nothing is either purely sattvik or purely rajasik or purely tamasik 5 one s nature and behavior constitute a complex interplay of all three guṇas in varying degrees in some the conduct is rajasik with significant influence of sattvik guṇa in some it is rajasik with significant influence of tamasik guṇa and so on 5 the balance of gunas of everything and everyone can change and does however change in one quality faces inertia from other two qualities in indian worldview change needs internal or external influence or reinforcement as knowledge and force to transform the force to change comes from the rajas guṇa the sattva guṇa empowers one towards harmonious and constructive change while tamas guṇa checks or retards the process in indian mythology vishnu is envisioned with more sattva brahma with more rajas and shiva seen with all three gunas 20 nyaya school of hinduism edit in nyaya generality or common features school of hinduism there is extensive debate on what guna means and whether quality is innate subjective or describable early scholars of this school identified 17 qualities which later scholars expanded to 24 guṇas different scholars of this school list the 24 differently for example bhasarvajna disallows 6 of the 24 commonly accepted by the ancient scholars 10 the most commonly accepted list is color taste smell touch number contact disjunction farness nearness dimension separateness knowledge pleasure frustration desire hatred effort weight fluidity viscosity dispositional tendency merit demerit and sound 25 nyaya school considers quality as non repeatable a conceptual theme not found in western philosophy where quality is presumed to be repeatable it is also not found in some parallel schools of hinduism repeatability means that the white in one...