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ness is produced when we seek to observe some excellence guṇa in its cause while false awareness results from observing fault dosha in its cause in other words in gangesha s perspective the observer s state of mind and attitude affects relational awareness 38 bhagavad gita edit chapters 2 3 7 13 14 17 and 18 of bhagavad gita discuss guna 39 verse 17 2 refers to the three guna sattvic rajasic and tamasic as innate nature psychology or personality of an individual 40 41 sattvic guṇa is one driven by what is pure truth compassionate without craving doing the right because it is right positive and good tamasic guṇa is one driven by what is impure dark destructive aimed to hurt another contemptuous negative and vicious rajasic guṇa is one that is ego driven out of personal passion active ostentatious seeking the approval of others 39 41 in chapters 17 and 18 bhagavad gita illustrates various items and actions by their three guna for example three types of charity are discussed and what makes charity sattvic rajasic or tamasic similarly food relationships knowledge and actions are detailed in terms of the three guna 39 in chapter 18 for example 42 नियतं सङ्गरहितमरागद्वेषतः कृतम् अफलप्रेप्सुना कर्म यत्तत्सात्त्विकमुच्यते २३ यत्तु कामेप्सुना कर्म साहंकारेण वा पुनः क्रियते बहुलायासं तद्राजसमुदाहृतम् २४ अनुबन्धं क्षयं हिंसामनपेक्ष्य च पौरुषम् मोहादारभ्यते कर्म यत्तत्तामसमुच्यते २५ action that is virtuous thought through free from attachment and without craving for results is considered sattvic action that is driven purely by craving for pleasure selfishness and much effort is rajasic action that is undertaken because of delusion disregarding consequences without considering loss or injury to others or self is called tamasic bhagavad gita chapter 18 verses 23 25 42 similarly knowledge that is attached to object of action without concern for understanding the cause without concern for purpose or significance is tamasic knowledge knowledge that is segregated that considers everything unconnected individualistic and meaningless is rajasic knowledge that sees one being in all beings that seeks the whole a unity in diversity and similarities in the divided components is sattvic 43 furthermore in chapter 2 of the bhagavad gita krishna advises arjuna to transcend the three modes of existence and other forms of dualism 44 guna in theory of ethics edit guna is one of the four important elements in the framework of ethical theories in indian philosophy 5 45 bommer et al suggest that ethical non ethical behavior is an outcome of individual attributes personal environment social environment and institutional rules and laws 46 guna theory is the ancient indian philosophy on individual attributes while the theories of dharma and ashramas address the personal and social environment as well as part of its institutional framework guna theory states crawford 45 represents a hierarchical theory of values where the relative order of hierarchy is suggested to vary within each individual along with the relative proportion of each guṇa the interplay of three guṇas affect an individual s values and in hindu worldview these values affect individual s actions as well as the happiness and serenity experienced by the individual 4 47 48 the guṇas are not considered static and set hindu literature such as the bhagavad gita state it to be dynamic and changeable with knowledge introspection and understanding of sva dharma realizing one s sva dharma and self is emphasized in indian ethical theories the highest state of existence and bliss in advaita school of hinduism for example is jivanmukti self realization and moksha 49 50 guna theory s perspective on values constituting human personality is unique yet congruent with other ethical theories 51 guna in cosmology edit samkhya cosmology combines the three guṇas with primal matter universe prakrti 52 53 these are present in all things and beings in the world and it is their interplay that defines the physical and psychological character and nature 52 they serve as the fundamental operating principles or tendencies of prakṛti which are called sattva guṇa rajas guṇa and tamas guṇa 6 54 when any of the guṇa is out of balance in a being or object the samkhya school suggests that a pattern of evolution starts affecting not only itself but its environment 52 purusha or consciousness is considered separate from prakriti and changeless 52 guna in other contexts edit sanskrit grammar edit in the sanskrit grammatical tradition vyakarana guṇa refers to a set of normal length vowels that are less reduced than the basic set in modern terms the zero grade but more reduced than the vṛddhi vowels in modern terms the lengthened grade as an example ṛ i u are basic zero grade vowels with corresponding guṇa full grade vowels ar e o and vṛddhi lengthened grade vowels ār ai au this is more understandable once it is realized that at an earlier stage of development sanskrit e and o were ai and au and sanskrit ai and au were āi and āu guṇa corresponds to what is now termed the full grade in indo european ablaut another orthography and phonology concept related to guṇa is vṛddhi 55 these innovations are not unique to sanskrit but also found in greek latin italian and to some extent russian 56 guna and other rules of language for sanskrit are described by pāṇini in his ashtadhyayi 57 ayurveda edit in the terminology of ayurveda traditional medicine guṇa can refer to one of twenty fundamental properties which any substance can exhibit arranged in ten pairs of antonyms viz heavy light cold hot unctuous dry dull sharp stable mobile soft hard non slimy slimy smooth coarse minute gross viscous liquid 58 guṇa is also a concept in ayurvedic medicine as a system to assess conditions and diets for this reason triguṇa and tridosha are considered to be related in the traditions of ayurveda see also edit guṇa jainism the concept in jainism jain satvika maya nirguna brahman saguna brahman references edit 1 2 guna monier williams sanskrit english dictionary cologne digital sanskrit lexicon germany 1 2 guna sanskrit english dictionary köln university germany larson gerald james classical samkhya an interpretation p 37 referring to the opinions of surendranath dasgupta quote an older school of samkhya can be seen in the caraka samhita and in the doctrines of pancasikha in mahabharata 12 219 this school accepted only twenty four principles it included purusa within the avyakta prakrti it had no theory of the gunas and the ultimate salvation state was a kind of unconscious annihilation 1 2 3 4 5 6 james g lochtefeld guna in the illustrated encyclopedia of hinduism a m vol 1 rosen publishing isbn 978 0823931798 p 265 1 2 3 4 5 6 alban widgery 1930 the principles of hindu ethics international journal of ethics vol 40 no 2 pp 234 237 1 2 3 theos bernard 1999 hindu philosophy motilal banarsidass isbn 978 8120813731 pp 74 76 elankumaran s 2004 personality organizational climate and job involvement an empirical study journal of human values 10 2 117 130 doi 10 1177 097168580401000205 deshpande s nagendra h r nagarathna r 2009 a randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on gunas personality and self esteem in normal healthy volunteers international journal of yoga 2 1 13 21 doi 10 4103 0973 6131 43287 pmc 3017961 pmid 21234210 shilpa s venkatesha murthy c g 2011 understanding personality from ayurvedic perspective for psychological assessment a case ayu 32 1 12 19 doi 10 4103 0974 8520 85716 pmc 3215408 pmid 22131752 1 2 karl h potter 2011 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies volume 2 indian metaphysics and epistemology motilal banarsidass isbn 978 8120803091 p 112 1 2 3 4 gerald james larson and ram shankar bhattacharya 2014 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies samkhya a dualist tradition in indian philosophy volume 4 princeton university press isbn 978 0691604411 pp 65 66 w raffé 1952 rāgas and rāginīs a key to hindu aesthetics the journal of aesthetics and art criticism 11 2 105 117 benjamin woodbridge dwight modern philology comparative phonology comparative english etymology at google books e yamaguchi 1967 a consideration to pratyaya sarga journal of indian and buddhist studies 15 16 22 klostermaier k 1984 time in patañjali s yogasūtra philosophy east and west 34 2 205 210 doi 10 2307 1398919 jstor 1398919 ganana sanskrit english dictionary germany 1 2 3 4 5 kapila vatsyayan kalātattvakośa manifestation of nature sr̥ṣṭi vistāra volume 4 motilal banarsidass isbn 978 8120815476 pp 144 148 tattva sanskrit english dictionary koeln university germany g m bailey 1979 trifunctional elements in the mythology of the hindu trimūrti numen vol 26 fasc 2 pp 152 163 1 2 gonda jan 1968 the hindu trinity anthropos 63 215 219 alter joseph s yoga in modern india 2004 princeton university press p 55 1 2 feuerstein georg the shambhala encyclopedia of yoga shambhala publications 1997 whicher ian the integrity of the yoga darśana 1998 suny press p 110 gupta gopal k 2020 māyā in the bhāgavata purāna human suffering and divine play oxford theology and religion monographs oxford new york n y oxford university press p 54 isbn 978 0 19 885699 3 1 2 karl h potter 2011 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies volume 2 indian metaphysics and epistemology motilal banarsidass isbn 978 8120803091 pp 112 132 karl h potter 2011 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies volume 2 indian metaphysics and epistemology motilal banarsidass isbn 978 8120803091 pp 113 114 www wisdomlib org 2022 12 16 qualities 12 gurutva heaviness www wisdomlib org retrieved 2025 01 02 chari s m srinivasa 1988 fundamentals of visista motilal banarsidass publ isbn 978 81 208 0266 7 1 2 www wisdomlib org 2017 06 16 gurutva 20 definitions www wisdomlib org retrieved 2025 01 02 kumar shashiprabha 2019 05 15 categories creation and cognition in vaiśeṣika philosophy springer isbn 978 981 13 2965 4 journal of the kerala university oriental research institute and manuscripts library in sanskrit s v g press 1897 vatsyayan kapila 1988 kalātattvakośa a lexicon of fundamental concepts of the indian arts motilal banarsidass publishe isbn 978 81 208 1547 6 1 2 3 www wisdomlib org 2023 11 20 text 129 padarthadharmasamgraha www wisdomlib org retrieved 2025 01 02 1 2 www wisdomlib org 2020 11 19 sūtra 5 1 7 falling how produced www wisdomlib org retrieved 2025 01 02 www wisdomlib org 2020 11 19 sūtra 5 1 18 falling of arrow how caused www wisdomlib org retrieved 2025 01 03 www wisdomlib org 2022 12 16 different types of quality introduction www wisdomlib org retrieved 2025 01 03 1 2 karl h potter and sibajiban bhattacharya 1994 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies volume 6 indian philosophical analysis princeton university press isbn 978 0691073842 pp 15 24 karl h potter and sibajiban bhattacharya 1994 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies volume 6 indian philosophical analysis princeton university press isbn 978 0691073842 pp 97 117 1 2 3 christopher key chapple the bhagavad gita twenty fifth anniversary edition state university of new york press isbn 978 1438428420 pp 185 194 330 332 634 661 christopher key chapple the bhagavad gita twenty fifth anniversary edition state university of new york press isbn 978 1438428420 p 635 1 2 gideon arulmani et al 2014 handbook of career development international perspectives springer isbn 978 1461494591 pp 139 143 1 2 1st english translation christopher key chapple the bhagavad gita twenty fifth anniversary edition state university of new york press isbn 978 1438428420 pp 684 686 2nd english translation bhagavad gita chapter 18 verses 23 25 with 11 interpretations commentaries sanskrit bhagavad gita chapter 18 23 25 pp 333 336 christopher key chapple the bhagavad gita twenty fifth anniversary edition state university of new york press isbn 978 1438428420 pp 681 683 swami mukundananda bhagavad gita chapter 2 verse 45 1 2 s cromwell crawford 2003 chapter hindu ethics in hindu bioethics for the twenty first century state university of new york press isbn 978 0791457801 pp 11 30 michael bommer et al 1987 a behavioral model of ethical and unethical decision making journal of business ethics 6 4 265 280 n pani 2009 hinduism in handbook of economics and ethics editors jan peil and irene staveren edward elgar isbn 978 1845429362 216 221 nk shastree value management in professions isbn 978 8180693410 pp 21 30 klaus klostermaier 1985 mokṣa and critical theory philosophy east and west 35 1 61 71 karl potter 2008 the encyclopedia of indian philosophies advaita vedānta up to śaṃkara and his pupils vol 3 motilal banarsidass pp 210 215 m innes brown and s chatterjee 1999 the relevance of the guna theory in the congruence of eastern values and western management practice journal of human values 5 2 93 102 1 2 3 4 james g lochtefeld 2001 the illustrated encyclopedia of hinduism a m rosen publishing isbn 978 0823931798 pp 224 265 520 axel michaels 2003 notions of nature in traditional hinduism environment across cultures springer isbn 978 3642073243 pp 111 121 maharishi mahesh yogi on the bhagavad gita a new translation and commentary chapter 1 6 penguin books 1969 p 128 v 45 and p 269 v 13 mw woollaston a practical grammar of the sanskrit language at google books edward hall london ha woodham proceedings of the philological society vol 1 at google books no 9 pp 98 101 macdonald arthur anthony 1927 1886 a sanskrit grammar for students p 11 oxford oxford university press isbn 0198154666 chopra ananda s 2003 āyurveda in selin helaine ed medicine across cultures history and practice of medicine in non western cultures norwell ma kluwer academic publishers pp 75 83 isbn 1402011660 p 76 citing sushrutasamhita 25 36 further reading edit narain harsh finding an english equivalent for guna philosophy east and west 11 1 1961 45 external links edit sattva rajas tamas from the mahabharata guna debate 1 one of many in the vedanta sutras ramanuja s views george thibaut translator guna debate 2 one of many in the vedanta sutras shankara s views george thibaut translator chapter 2 each is great in his own place sattva rajas tamas gunas and karma yoga vivekananda sattva rajas tamas from a shamanic perspective archived 2021 01 26 at the wayback machine v t e indian philosophy topics atheism atomism idealism logic monotheism vedic philosophy kama artha moksha ancient āstika hindu samkhya nyaya vaisheshika yoga mīmāṃsā vedanta shaiva raseśvara pashupata shaivism pāṇiniya nāstika ājīvika ajñana charvaka jain anekantavada syādvāda buddhist philosophy and early buddhist schools śūnyatā madhyamaka yogachara sautrāntika svatantrika medieval vedanta acintya bheda abheda advaita bhedabheda dvaita svabhavika bhedabheda shuddhadvaita vishishtadvaita navya nyāya sikh philosophy shaiva pratyabhijna pashupata shaivism shaiva siddhanta modern integral yoga gandhism radical humanism progressive utilization theory texts abhinavabharati arthashastra bhagavad gita bhagavata purana brahma sutra buddhist texts dharmashastra hindu...