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ty in the multilingual asian context springer publishing isbn 978 981 13 3125 1 the national language of india and pakistan standard urdu is mutually intelligible with standard hindi because both languages share the same indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar lust et al 2000 1 2 3 chatterji suniti kumar siṃha udaẏa nārāẏana padikkal shivarama 1997 suniti kumar chatterji a centenary tribute sahitya akademi isbn 978 81 260 0353 2 high hindi written in devanagari having identical grammar with urdu employing the native hindi or hindustani prakrit elements to the fullest but for words of high culture going to sanskrit hindustani proper that represents the basic khari boli with vocabulary holding a balance between urdu and high hindi yoon bogum pratt kristen l eds 15 january 2023 primary language impact on second language and literacy learning lexington books p 198 in terms of cross linguistic relations urdu s combinations of arabic persian orthography and sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12 1 ties between urdu sanskrit deeply rooted scholar the times of india 12 march 2024 archived from the original on 8 may 2024 retrieved 8 may 2024 the linguistic and cultural ties between sanskrit and urdu are deeply rooted and significant said ishtiaque ahmed registrar maula azad national urdu university during a two day workshop titled introduction to sanskrit for urdu medium students ahmed said a substantial portion of urdu s vocabulary and cultural capital as well as its syntactic structure is derived from sanskrit the constitution of india lawmin nic in archived from the original on 2 april 2012 retrieved 21 march 2012 about hindi urdu north carolina state university archived from the original on 15 august 2009 retrieved 9 august 2009 kawoosa vijdan mohammad 22 november 2018 how languages intersect in india hindustan times archived from the original on 15 october 2022 how many indians can you talk to hindustan times archived from the original on 16 december 2019 retrieved 22 december 2019 how hindi travelled to these five countries from india the indian express 14 september 2018 archived from the original on 29 december 2022 1 2 sequence of events with reference to official language of the union department of official language archived from the original on 2 august 2011 रिपब्लिक ऑफ फीजी का संविधान constitution of the republic of fiji the hindi version fiji government archived from the original on 1 november 2013 caribbean languages and caribbean linguistics pdf university of the west indies press archived from the original pdf on 20 december 2016 retrieved 16 july 2016 richard k barz 8 may 2007 the cultural significance of hindi in mauritius south asia journal of south asian studies 3 1 13 doi 10 1080 00856408008722995 mikael parkvall världens 100 största språk 2007 the world s 100 largest languages in 2007 in nationalencyklopedin asterisks mark the 2010 estimates archived 11 november 2012 at the wayback machine for the top dozen languages gambhir vijay 1995 the teaching and acquisition of south asian languages university of pennsylvania press isbn 978 0 8122 3328 5 the position of hindi urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous the number of its proficient speakers over three hundred million places it in third of fourth place after mandarin english and perhaps spanish hindustani columbia university press archived from the original on 29 july 2017 via encyclopedia com what are the top 200 most spoken languages ethnologue free all archived from the original on 18 june 2023 retrieved 31 march 2023 r aishwaryaa 6 june 2019 what census data reveals about use of indian languages deccan herald archived from the original on 16 november 2023 retrieved 16 november 2023 pallapothu sravan 28 june 2018 hindi added 100mn speakers in a decade kashmiri 2nd fast growing language indiaspend com archived from the original on 16 november 2023 retrieved 16 november 2023 indiaspend 2 july 2018 hindi fastest growing language in india finds 100 million new speakers business standard archived from the original on 16 november 2023 retrieved 16 november 2023 mishra mayank aggarwal piyush 11 april 2022 hindi grew rapidly in non hindi states even without official mandate india today archived from the original on 16 november 2023 retrieved 16 november 2023 steingass francis joseph 1892 a comprehensive persian english dictionary london routledge k paul p 1514 archived from the original on 21 june 2020 retrieved 13 february 2018 khan rajak indo persian literature and amir khusro delhi university retrieved 17 february 2018 permanent dead link losensky paul e 15 july 2013 in the bazaar of love the selected poetry of amir khusrau penguin uk isbn 978 81 8475 522 0 via google books mihir bose 18 april 2006 the magic of indian cricket cricket and society in india routledge pp 1 3 isbn 978 1 134 24924 4 india online etymology dictionary archived from the original on 13 january 2022 retrieved 10 june 2020 1 2 kachru yamuna 2006 hindi john benjamins publishing isbn 978 90 272 3812 2 1 2 brief history of hindi central hindi directorate archived from the original on 6 march 2014 retrieved 21 march 2012 masica pp 187 211 chapman graham religious vs regional determinism india pakistan and bangladesh as inheritors of empire shared space divided space essays on conflict and territorial organization 1990 106 134 women of the indian sub continent makings of a culture rekhta foundation google arts culture archived from the original on 22 august 2020 retrieved 25 february 2020 the ganga jamuni tehzeeb is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country prevalent in the north particularly in the central plains it is born of the union between the hindu and muslim cultures most of the temples were lined along the ganges and the khanqah sufi school of thought were situated along the yamuna river also called jamuna thus it came to be known as the ganga jamuni tehzeeb with the word tehzeeb meaning culture more than communal harmony its most beautiful by product was hindustani which later gave us the hindi and urdu languages matthews david john shackle c husain shahanara 1985 urdu literature urdu markaz third world foundation for social and economic studies isbn 978 0 907962 30 4 but with the establishment of muslim rule in delhi it was the old hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with persian this variety of hindi is called khari boli the upright speech dhulipala venkat 2000 the politics of secularism medieval indian historiography and the sufis university of wisconsin madison p 27 persian became the court language and many persian words crept into popular usage the composite culture of northern india known as the ganga jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between hindu society and islam indian journal of social work volume 4 tata institute of social sciences 1943 p 264 more words of sanskrit origin but 75 of the vocabulary is common it is also admitted that while this language is known as hindustani muslims call it urdu and the hindus call it hindi urdu is a national language evolved through years of hindu and muslim cultural contact and as stated by pandit jawaharlal nehru is essentially an indian language and has no place outside mody sujata sudhakar 2008 literature language and nation formation the story of a modern hindi journal 1900 1920 university of california berkeley p 7 hindustani rekhta and urdu as later names of the old hindi a k a hindavi kesavan b s 1997 history of printing and publishing in india national book trust india p 31 isbn 978 81 237 2120 0 it might be useful to recall here that old hindi or hindavi which was a naturally persian mixed language in the largest measure has played this role before as we have seen for five or six centuries kumar uday status of hindi in india readworthy isbn 978 93 5018 149 2 during the period of mughal empire hindi was used as an additional official language kansal 1991 48 language problem in india institute of objective studies 1997 p 138 isbn 978 81 85220 41 3 hans henrich hock 1991 principles of historical linguistics walter de gruyter p 475 isbn 978 3 11 012962 5 during the time of british rule hindi in its religiously neutral hindustani variety increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the english of the foreign oppressor and hindustani was learned widely throughout india even in bengal and the dravidian south independence had been accompanied by the division of former british india into two countries pakistan and india the former had been established as a muslim state and had made urdu the muslim variety of hindi urdu or hindustani its national language masica colin p 1993 the indo aryan languages cambridge university press pp 430 appendix i isbn 978 0 521 29944 2 hindustani term referring to common colloquial base of hindi and urdu and to its function as lingua franca over much of india much in vogue during independence movement as expression of national unity after partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor census of 1951 registered an enormous decline 86 98 per cent in no of persons declaring it their mother tongue the majority of hindi speakers and many urdu speakers had done so in previous censuses trend continued in subsequent censuses only 11 053 returned it in 1971 mostly from s india see khubchandani 1983 90 1 ashmore harry s 1961 encyclopaedia britannica a new survey of universal knowledge volume 11 encyclopædia britannica p 579 the everyday speech of well over 50 000 000 persons of all communities in the north of india and in west pakistan is the expression of a common language hindustani tunstall jeremy 2008 the media were american u s mass media in decline oxford university press p 160 isbn 978 0 19 518146 3 the hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of hindi namely hindustani which included a lot of urdu and persian words hiro dilip 2015 the longest august the unflinching rivalry between india and pakistan publicaffairs p 398 isbn 978 1 56858 503 1 spoken hindi is akin to spoken urdu and that language is often called hindustani bollywood s screenplays are written in hindustani students britannica india encyclopaedia britannica 2000 p 299 hindustani developed as lingua franca in the medieval ages in and around delhi meerut and saharanpur because of the interaction between the speakers of khariboli a dialect developed in this region out of shauraseni prakrit and the speakers of persian turkish and various dialects of arabic who migrated to north india initially it was known by various names such as rekhta mixed urdu language of the camp and hindvi or hindustani language of hindustan though khariboli supplied its basic vocabulary and grammar it borrowed quite a lot of words from persian and arabic 1 2 3 jain danesh cardona george 2007 the indo aryan languages routledge isbn 978 1 135 79711 9 the primary sources of non ia loans into msh are arabic persian portuguese turkic and english conversational registers of hindi urdu not to mentioned formal registers of urdu employ large numbers of persian and arabic loanwords although in sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by tatsama forms from sanskrit the persian and arabic lexical elements in hindi result from the effects of centuries of islamic administrative rule over much of north india in the centuries before the establishment of british rule in india although it is conventional to differentiate among persian and arabic loan elements into hindi urdu in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another the arabic and also turkic lexemes borrowed into hindi frequently were mediated through persian as a result of which a thorough intertwining of persian and arabic elements took place as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words moreover although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from arabic into persian and thence into hindi urdu examples can be found of words that in origin are actually persian loanwords into both arabic and hindi urdu michael c shapiro a primer of modern standard hindi cite book work ignored help john joseph gumperz 1971 language in social groups stanford university press p 53 isbn 978 0 8047 0798 5 retrieved 26 june 2012 rahman tariq 2011 from hindi to urdu a social and political history karachi pakistan oxford university press p 41 parthasarathy kumar p 120 bihar the language tussle indiascope news issue date jul 31 19 16 june 2022 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link clyne michael 24 may 2012 pluricentric languages differing norms in different nations walter de gruyter isbn 978 3 11 088814 0 choudhry sujit khosla madhav mehta pratap bhanu 12 may 2016 the oxford handbook of the indian 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june 2021 hindi isn t india s national l...