Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, hudson, river, contents, names, course, geography, watershed, geology, history, landmarks, landmark, status, protection, transportation, crossings, pollution, flora, fauna, activities, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, sources, upper, lower, salinity, counties, pre, columbian, era, exploration, colonization, american, revolution, school, 19th, century, 20th, 21st, centuries, plankton, invertebrates, fish, marine, invasive, species, habitats,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1178), river (418), and (329), #hudson (321), new (242), from (205), york (169), retrieved (132), original (113), archived (109), lake (91), 2017 (86), creek (82), was (63), 2016 (61), bridge (60), march (60), city (57), albany (55), with (50), for (48), jersey (46), north (46), june (43), canal (42), park (40), between (39), state (38), valley (38), east (36), edit (36), bay (35), kill (35), 2018 (35), are (35), its (35), december (34), september (33), rivers (32), also (32), south (32), history (32), 2014 (31), that (31), may (30), west (30), county (29), pdf (28), fish (28), this (26), american (26), island (25), water (25), troy (25), over (25), has (24), isbn (24), estuary (24), were (23), january (22), july (21), lower (21), counties (21), point (21), times (21), which (21), into (21), april (20), washington (20), manhattan (20), 000 (20), species (20), other (19), harbor (19), reservoir (19), 2015 (19), known (19), poughkeepsie (18), falls (18), have (18), through (18), october (17), pond (17), erie (17), school (17), atlantic (17), august (17), states (16), long (16), area (16), george (16), railroad (16), dutch (16), flows (16), about (15), articles (15), orange (15), national (15), region (15), after (15), century (15), upper (14), union (14), further (14), november (14), mohawk (13), westchester (13), united (13), brook (13), great (13), mountains (13), fort (13), kingston (13), february (13), world (13), most (13), first (13), then (13), 2022 (12), saratoga (12), lakes (12), tidal (12), ocean (12), highlands (12), delaware (12), champlain (12), list (12), university (12), press (12), day (12), line (12), near (12), source (12), dam (12), their (12), ice (12), under (11), links (11), see (11), croton (11), town (11), old (11), environmental (11), name (11), map (11), years (11), feet (11), along (11), including (11), later (11), built (11), glacial (11), rensselaer (10), bergen (10), basin (10), 100 (10), tappan (10), zee (10), present (10), adirondack (10), museum (10), sea (10), across (10), usgs (10), location (10), part (10), mouth (10), large (10), been (10), such (10), opened (10), well (10), british (10), flowing (10), wikipedia (9), site (9), all (9), 2021 (9), bronx (9), dutchess (9), columbia (9), central (9), canals (9), narrows (9), newburgh (9), cities (9), center (9), tunnel (9), catskill (9), amsterdam (9), mountain (9), district (9), department (9), wetlands (9), there (9), transportation (9), time (9), called (9), america (9), miles (9), one (9), freshwater (9), around (9), main (9), using (8), use (8), cs1 (8), geography (8), harlem (8), major (8), mile (8), fishkill (8), tear (8), clouds (8), sacandaga (8), henderson (8), watershed (8), hd2 (8), capital (8), link (8), 2011 (8), doi (8), plant (8), battle (8), glaciation (8), reaches (8), colony (8), names (8), system (8), these (8), federal (8), they (8), would (8), pollution (8), general (8), side (8), bank (8), located (8), two (8), search (7), wikidata (7), ulster (7), rockland (7), org (7), control (7), white (7), walkway (7), beacon (7), mid (7), communities (7), 102 (7), 103 (7), health (7), historic (7), 2012 (7), program (7), bass (7), journal (7), pcbs (7), green (7), research (7), crossings (7), revolution (7), john (7), congress (7), became (7), netherland (7), 2009 (7), continental (7), waters (7), fishing (7), lived (7), during (7), since (7), both (7), used (7), lenape (7), current (7), confluence (7), forms (7), boundary (7), rack (7), toggle (6), 2026 (6), pages (6), dead (6), maint (6), english (6), putnam (6), greene (6), heritage (6), channel (6), haven (6), brunswick (6), branch (6), towns (6), wappinger (6), drainage (6), wallkill (6), palisades (6), indian (6), opalescent (6), kinderhook (6), vermont (6), 105 (6), 2010 (6), 1996 (6), library (6), high (6), office (6), bear (6), many (6), another (6), 2013 (6), striped (6), 1909 (6), estuarine (6), tarrytown (6), port (6), tunnels (6), industrial (6), late (6), henry (6), found (6), company (6), before (6), discharge (6), can (6), way (6), though (6), levels (6), habitats (6), had (6), significant (6), northern (6), but (6), throughout (6), article (6), end (6), route (6), tides (6), view (5), text (5), page (5), not (5), external (5), superfund (5), essex (5), smaller (5), staten (5), van (5), inlet (5), little (5), connecticut (5), greater (5), coastal (5), township (5), lawrence (5), lee (5), canada (5), verrazzano (5), liberty (5), lincoln (5), holland (5), weehawken (5), schenectady (5), adams (5), sturgeon (5), cross (5), tributaries (5), plan (5), 107 (5), 106 (5), radio (5), 104 (5), only (5), areas (5), glens (5), travel (5), second (5), parks (5), nature (5), seahorse (5), fauna (5), quality (5), epa (5), maps (5), development (5), corporation (5), reserve (5), left (5), magazine (5), service (5), 978 (5), goods (5), 2020 (5), laurentide (5), protection (5), country (5), some (5), mohican (5), per (5), runs (5), battery (5), much (5), include (5), now (5), allowed (5), while (5), saltwater (5), often (5), recent (5), early (5), 20th (5), become (5), marine (5), 133 (5), bottom (5), various (5), who (5), until (5), just (5), coast (5), named (5), shortly (5), thereafter (5), maximum (5), plain (5), enters (5), takes (5), elevation (5), contents (4), policy (4), last (4), project (4), kml (4), 2023 (4), work (4), coordinates (4), mahican (4), different (4), authority (4), waterways (4), clove (4), fresh (4), raritan (4), rockaway (4), interstate (4), northeast (4), western (4), shore (4), regions (4), plains (4), mount (4), hoboken (4), hamilton (4), yonkers (4), metropolitan (4), wilderness (4), statue (4), landmarks (4), montgomery (4), schroon (4), diocese (4), culture (4), timeline (4), 101 (4), frequency (4), power (4), record (4), places (4), warren (4), waterford (4), 2000 (4), largest (4), hall (4), information (4), guide (4), cruises (4), cornell (4), level (4), nysdec (4), news (4), landmark (4), thomas (4), bridges (4), decades (4), gov (4), era (4), landscape (4), art (4), chain (4), war (4), heights (4), military (4), colonial (4), ago (4), flooding (4), citation (4), conservation (4), waterfront (4), sources (4), agency (4), life (4), still (4), 120 (4), annual (4), nation (4), geological (4), cubic (4), interior (4), length (4), native (4), although (4), influence (4), rising (4), due (4), expected (4), where (4), more (4), important (4), vegetation (4), beyond (4), mussel (4), allowing (4), his (4), form (4), range (4), sediment (4), stretch (4), began (4), contamination (4), formed (4), founded (4), when (4), numerous (4), neighborhood (4), pennsylvania (4), connect (4), shipping (4), designated (4), sing (4), academy (4), seen (4), especially (4), 315 (4), parts (4), transport (4), connected (4), 19th (4), exploration (4), sailing (4), sailed (4), algonquians (4), extent (4), eastern (4), course (4), average (4), outlet (4), 69667 (4), 02833 (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), subsection (4), developers (3), terms (3), you (3), commons (3), sister (3), periodical (3), statements (3), parameter (3), 2025 (3), containing (3), munsee (3), language (3), short (3), borders (3), international (3), former (3), cortlandt (3), sound (3), newark (3), mill (3), coves (3), arthur (3), watchung (3), hills (3), windsor (3), monroe (3), middletown (3), livingston (3), franklin (3), clifton (3), oyster (3), roeliff (3), jansen (3), schoharie (3), preserve (3), kaaterskill (3), cohoes (3), hollow (3), shawangunk (3), peekskill (3), nyack (3), moreau (3), greenbush (3), colonie (3), caroga (3), rondout (3), cedar (3), saw (3), hoosic (3), boreas (3), batten (3), rio (3), tech (3), mahicans (3), mohawks (3), 900 (3), cbs (3), low (3), television (3), mohicans (3), small (3), springs (3), related (3), maritime (3), projects (3), help (3), file (3), resources (3), preservation (3), how (3), rises (3), whale (3), living (3), permanent (3), swim (3), fast (3), don (3), peter (3), s2cid (3), cambridge (3), levinton (3), geographic (3), mercury (3), concentrations (3), usa (3), bibcode (3), 1999 (3), ecological (3), steamboats (3), lock (3), selkirk (3), yard (3), clinton (3), ibm (3), rail (3), virginia (3), cite (3), 2004 (3), publishers (3), david (3), cole (3), views (3), meets (3), revolutionary (3), 1776 (3), 2006 (3), roberts (3), 1609 (3), giovanni (3), indians (3), scott (3), shelf (3), fjord (3), oclc (3), connects (3), institute (3), report (3), robert (3), rhine (3), today (3), cleanup (3), irving (3), survey (3), ferries (3), run (3), common (3), commercial (3), caught (3), four (3), pedestrian (3), path (3), king (3), explored (3), percent (3), types (3), salt (3), among (3), varies (3), suspended (3), sediments (3), reduces (3), oxygen (3), zebra (3), effects (3), navigation (3), crabs (3), invasive (3), size (3), sometimes (3), off (3), than (3), abundant (3), reaching (3), eels (3), once (3), far (3), portion (3), invertebrates (3), flora (3), 200 (3), continued (3), 21st (3), led (3), passage (3), cwa (3), 1972 (3), actions (3), discharges (3), sewage (3), treatment (3), plants (3), ways (3), people (3), partially (3), largely (3), varied (3), trade (3), longest (3), referred (3), 1825 (3), via (3), constructed (3), efforts (3), order (3), build (3), needed (3), traffic (3), centuries (3), passengers (3), buffalo (3), steamboat (3), completion (3), montreal (3), massachusetts (3), beginning (3), being (3), roughly (3), depth (3), generally (3), subject (3), included (3), iroquois (3), provided (3), twenty (3), india (3), wiltwyck (3), explorer (3), however (3), inhabited (3), mainly (3), retreated (3), retreat (3), filled (3), outflow (3), moraine (3), sheet (3), pleistocene (3), eroded (3), extending (3), create (3), salinity (3), 202 (3), 507 (3), tide (3), taking (3), becomes (3), marks (3), considerably (3), here (3), out (3), european (3), muhheakantuck (3), mahicannittuk (3), nón (3), changes (3), tools (3), languages (2), table (2), statistics (2), contact (2), privacy (2), non (2), profit (2), organization (2), wikimedia (2), inc (2), hidden (2), categories (2), extension (2), multiple (2), auto (2), url (2), date (2), disputed (2), unsourced (2), good (2), description (2), sullivan (2), data (2), france (2), shown (2), ponds (2), pool (2), roy (2), meadow (2), kissena (2), beaver (2), richmond (2), kills (2), street (2), spring (2), newtown (2), horse (2), gowanus (2), flushing (2), cove (2), neck (2), eastchester (2), bowery (2), prince (2), gravesend (2), bays (2), spuyten (2), duyvil (2), hell (2), gate (2), kull (2), somerset (2), litchfield (2), waterbury (2), torrington (2), danbury (2), catskills (2), yorktown (2), wall (2), perth (2), amboy (2), passaic (2), ossining (2), rochelle (2), milford (2), vernon (2), jackson (2), greenburgh (2), fairfield (2), englewood (2), carmel (2), bayonne (2), hempstead (2), elizabeth (2), queens (2), brooklyn (2), basins (2), wildlife (2), verkeerder (2), ashokan (2), cliffs (2), wilton (2), utica (2), sleepy (2), saugerties (2), rotterdam (2), queensbury (2), plattekill (2), niskayuna (2), hartford (2), castle (2), pleasant (2), malta (2), hyde (2), haverstraw (2), halfmoon (2), guilderland (2), gloversville (2), glenville (2), bethlehem (2), trout (2), titicus (2), surprise (2), honnedaga (2), fall (2), papakating (2), normans (2), jan (2), esopus (2), cobleskill (2), breakneck (2), mississippi (2), detroit (2), roman (2), catholic (2), episcopal (2), religion (2), woodlawn (2), creation (2), station (2), notes (2), wxkw (2), defunct (2), wpgl (2), wopg (2), wmht (2), whaz (2), wgy (2), wgxc (2), wcdb (2), wamc (2), w282cu (2), w282bi (2), sign (2), weather (2), abc (2), independent (2), nbc (2), full (2), surrounding (2), education (2), rensselaerswyck (2), johnstown (2), village (2), schodack (2), segment (2), tocqueville (2), media (2), guidebook (2), reading (2), 2019 (2), free (2), www (2), com (2), headwaters (2), nysdoh (2), eating (2), catch (2), riverkeeper (2), peaks (2), andrew (2), energy (2), riverside (2), directions (2), 2002 (2), seahorses (2), marking (2), rittner (2), jennifer (2), survive (2), movement (2), 4004614 (2), forest (2), 1960s (2), harrington (2), pete (2), seeger (2), waterkeeper (2), alliance (2), 2007 (2), 2008 (2), cleaning (2), trends (2), five (2), assessment (2), william (2), arcadia (2), publishing (2), kenneth (2), dictionary (2), 1863 (2), google (2), behind (2), closes (2), csx (2), locations (2), amtrak (2), metro (2), 1998 (2), designation (2), greenway (2), paul (2), instead (2), mark (2), freight (2), llc (2), avenue (2), regional (2), 1849 (2), chelsea (2), house (2), levine (2), canalway (2), 2005 (2), painting (2), emerson (2), thoreau (2), ellis (2), amy (2), wadsworth (2), atheneum (2), too (2), richard (2), 1993 (2), crucial (2), historian (2), 1754 (2), bulk (2), sam (2), economic (2), colonies (2), edward (2), sons (2), aboriginal (2), charles (2), chapter (2), 1664 (2), marist (2), college (2), edu (2), ancient (2), period (2), stanford (2), ridge (2), issn (2), 142 (2), 1502 (2), 3885 (2), 131 (2), stream (2), subsequent (2), jeffrey (2), waldman (2), eds (2), 521 (2), closing (2), brown (2), works (2), newcomb (2), tahawus (2), 1977 (2), racks (2), juet (2), francis (2), rivier (2), addition (2), 1939 (2), peace (2), year (2), illustrated (2), rand (2), mcnally (2), meaning (2), never (2), estimates (2), peak (2), references (2), islands (2), fixed (2), group (2), personal (2), invasion (2), entire (2), section (2), gorge (2), fished (2), formerly (2), taken (2), popular (2), focus (2), perch (2), yellow (2), catfish (2), advised (2), eat (2), any (2), month (2), depending (2), chemicals (2), distance (2), prominent (2), storm (2), activities (2), even (2), considered (2), brackish (2), coming (2), currently (2), acres (2), expansion (2), upland (2), rest (2), usually (2), reduction (2), provide (2), habitat (2), diverse (2), array (2), deep (2), strong (2), like (2), shallow (2), abundance (2), food (2), light (2), photoplankton (2), aquatic (2), depths (2), relatively (2), benthic (2), banks (2), natural (2), content (2), below (2), arrived (2), spread (2), particles (2), crab (2), 1647 (2), author (2), inspired (2), lined (2), million (2), commonly (2), sturgeondom (2), limits (2), population (2), 1970s (2), resistance (2), toxic (2), tomcods (2), compared (2), historically (2), 134 (2), age (2), stage (2), bodies (2), 220 (2), limited (2), shad (2), populated (2), beds (2), zone (2), larvae (2), amphipods (2), organic (2), matter (2), larger (2), juvenile (2), plankton (2), 1984 (2), pursuant (2), 129 (2), increased (2), attention (2), members (2), enforcement (2), wastewater (2), facilities (2), response (2), clearwater (2), festival (2), sloop (2), caused (2), polychlorinated (2), biphenyls (2), electric (2), improved (2), pollutants (2), previous (2), clean (2), passenger (2), mario (2), cuomo (2), 1955 (2), carries (2), trains (2), 110 (2), enabled (2), europe (2), uses (2), status (2), technology (2), following (2), lies (2), roosevelt (2), several (2), factories (2), example (2), polluted (2), remove (2), support (2), production (2), closed (2), three (2), make (2), commuting (2), motors (2), met (2), wide (2), prevent (2), extra (2), widest (2), railroads (2), 1866 (2), goes (2), midwest (2), automobiles (2), came (2), successful (2), could (2), coal (2), made (2), vital (2), seneca (2), cayuga (2), ontario (2), oswego (2), settlers (2), export (2), ports (2), southern (2), seaway (2), philadelphia (2), difficult (2), developed (2), artists (2), believed (2), painters (2), paintings (2), discovery (2), settlement (2), agriculture (2), body (2), pastoral (2), england (2), 1777 (2), forts (2), allow (2), therefore (2), hub (2), result (2), battles (2), created (2), stuyvesant (2), subsequently (2), direction (2), ship (2), boat (2), 1524 (2), colonization (2), wappingers (2), villages (2), grew (2), land (2), mostly (2), settlements (2), pre (2), columbian (2), outburst (2), spillway (2), creating (2), leaving (2), drain (2), hill (2), modern (2), floods (2), completed (2), proto (2), advance (2), buried (2), lgm (2), till (2), pensauken (2), earliest (2), erosion (2), evidence (2), wisconsin (2), prior (2), tributary (2), southwest (2), what (2), wind (2), deposits (2), drowned (2), riverbed (2), half (2), canyon (2), geology (2), passes (2), top (2), winter (2), flow (2), deepest (2), constitution (2), dangerous (2), 620 (2), 400 (2), 490 (2), muh (2), kun (2), tuk (2), continues (2), crosses (2), right (2), leaves (2), calamity (2), cartographical (2), reach (2), described (2), englishman (2), nineteenth (2), term (2), haudenosaunee (2), twentieth (2), 09139 (2), 059167 (2), appearance (2), upload (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, agree, registered, trademark, foundation, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, kartographer, default, permanently, image, scaled, images, unfit, errors, 2024, accuracy, disputes, gadget, wikiminiatlas, written, mdy, dates, sites, https, index, php, title, hudson_river, oldid, 1377979589, yale, lux, nara, idref, israel, czech, republic, bnf, gnd, viaf, databases, portals, italics, wolfe, silver, sharrotts, highbridge, distributing, turtle, loch, onassis, meer, conservatory, collect, williamsbridge, jerome, crotona, strack, wilkins, ridgewood, prospect, potamogeton, willow, goose, golden, bowne, baisley, reservoirs, lemon, sherman, sawkill, minetta, broad, tibbetts, rattlesnake, pugsley, hutchinson, sunswick, hawtree, gerritsen, coney, bushwick, alley, creeks, udalls, pelham, leroy, wallabout, anable, sheepshead, paerdegat, jamaica, intra, bight, ambrose, buttermilk, straits, megalopolis, skylands, poconos, housatonic, westport, westfield, wayne, wallingford, trumbull, trenton, toms, teaneck, stratford, shelton, sayreville, rye, riverhead, randolph, rahway, princeton, plainfield, piscataway, parsippany, paramus, palm, tree, norwalk, naugatuck, olive, montclair, meriden, marlboro, maplewood, manalapan, mamaroneck, mahwah, beach, kearny, howell, hillsborough, hamden, hackensack, greenwich, garfield, garden, freehold, fair, lawn, ewing, cheshire, bridgewater, brick, branford, bernards, bergenfield, woodbridge, stamford, smithtown, paterson, lakewood, islip, huntington, edison, brookhaven, bridgeport, babylon, sussex, suffolk, pike, nassau, morris, monmouth, middlesex, mercer, kings, hunterdon, ten, refuge, taconic, shushan, salisbury, rip, winkle, rexleigh, popolopen, pollepel, plotter, perrine, rhinecliff, helderberg, escarpment, eagleville, copeland, buskirk, blenheim, tenafly, sparta, edgewater, cliffside, alpine, whitestown, warwick, southeast, somers, rome, paltz, milton, lloyd, lagrange, kirkland, herkimer, briarcliff, manor, blooming, grove, bennington, beekman, bedford, winnisook, whaley, thompson, sylvan, queechy, piseco, notch, neepaulin, muscoot, maratanza, lizard, glenmere, garnet, franklinton, vlaie, dyken, chub, chadwick, bog, basic, alcove, wynants, wawayanda, walloomsac, vloman, tin, tenmile, taghkanic, stony, stockport, steele, sprout, sparkill, sawyer, sauquoit, quassaick, potic, poesten, pochuck, pocantico, platter, otter, otsquago, oriskany, onesquethaw, ohisa, nowadaga, neepaulakating, muddy, moyer, moordener, moodna, miami, maritje, kisco, kayaderosseras, bakkers, hannacrois, fulmer, fonteyn, eightmile, coxsackie, coeymans, claverack, cayadutta, casperkill, canajoharie, brimstone, bowmans, black, birch, batavia, willamette, lackawanna, susquehanna, johns, grande, potomac, hanalei, cuyahoga, woonasquatucket, blackstone, transmits, manchester, equinox, extended, nighttime, coverage, clear, 1600, 850, wvtl, 1570, wtri, wrl, 833, wgeo, shortwave, wdcd, 1540, wcsq, wckl, 560, w47a, wbca, wzcr, wykv, wyjb, wyai, wxl34, wvcr, wtry, wtmm, wssv, wsde, wrve, wruc, wrpi, wrow, wrip, wqsh, wqbk, wpyx, wptr, wpbz, woos, woog, wooc, wooa, wofx, wmyy, wmhh, wkli, wkkf, wjke, wjiv, wizr, winu, whvp, whuc, hd3, wgna, wgdj, wfny, wfly, wext, weqx, went, wcss, wcaa, wajz, waby, w284bz, w275bs, w263cg, w261dp, w260ch, w256bu, w254da, w248ax, w246ds, w240ec, w235ay, w232ce, w230dk, w226ac, call, subchannel, digital, 162, noaa, translators, lpfm, 1490, 1460, 1440, 1400, 1340, 1330, 1300, 1240, 1230, 1190, 1160, 980, 930, 810, 590, stations, watertown, springfield, holyoke, burlington, plattsburgh, binghamton, w52df, wbax, hagaman, wcdc, upn, cable, wedg, tw3, wngx, wngn, wvbg, wybn, wnce, yta, ion, wypx, mynetworktv, wnya, wcwn, fox, wxxa, pbs, wnyt, wten, wrgb, broadcast, gazette, saratogian, post, star, metroland, newspapers, colleges, universities, districts, sports, plateau, pine, bush, toponymies, beverwyck, fulton, stillwater, scotia, sand, scotland, mechanicville, duanesburg, ballston, spa, watervliet, medium, sized, incorporated, coat, arms, topics, steamship, 1830s, alexis, tour, beczak, wikivoyage, wikibooks, textbooks, wikisource, texts, wiktionary, definitions, template, attached, comprehensive, aspects, 1894, lccn, 8232, 1679, fordham, libraries, your, online, books, norcia, alex, spirits, idiots, cnyhiking, advice, advisories, shapley, dan, protecting, revkin, shaped, tussles, environment, recreation, frequently, asked, questions, friedlander, blaine, chronicle, expand, walker, ruth, christian, science, monitor, tale, gonzalez, georgina, creatures, grist, really, pereira, sydney, gothamist, spotted, yet, hopeful, slow, spot, nyc, welcome, sturgeonville, welsh, livescience, evolved, toxins, trust, antonucci, claire, higgins, rosemary, yuhas, cathy, grant, consortium, kaminsky, 1991, outdoors, big, tom, check, doing, hays, samuel, 1981, 221, 201270765, jstor, 2307, 219, kraft, michael, 154099488, 1353, jph, 0006, politics, 1990s, gerry, afoot, improving, ochron, temporal, muscle, tissue, 1697, 86320742, 18266478, pmid, 1897, 438, 2008envtc, 1691l, 1691, toxicology, chemistry, risk, ewen, 9780738574158, blume, 9780810856349, scarecrow, historical, industry, 1971, mclaren, megan, lot, whittemore, whitemore, archives, fullfilment, remarkable, prophecies, relating, crowe, timesunion, crack, burned, partners, served, fries, amanda, bound, train, sideswipes, cars, derailment, anderson, eric, leasing, track, corridor, government, printing, jefferson, applebome, williamsburg, goldberger

Text of the page (random words):
e at high tide while another part can be at the bottom of its low tide 8 strong tides make parts of new york harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate during the winter ice floes may drift south or north depending upon the tides the mahican name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature muh he kun ne tuk means the river that flows both ways 40 due to tidal influence from the ocean extending to troy ny 8 freshwater discharge is only about 17 400 cubic feet 490 m 3 per second on average 4 the mean fresh water discharge at the river s mouth in new york is approximately 21 900 cubic feet 620 m 3 per second 3 the hudson river is 315 miles 507 km long with depths of 30 feet 9 1 m for the stretch south of the federal dam dredged to maintain the river as a shipping route some sections there are around 160 feet deep 8 and the deepest part of the hudson known as world s end between the us military academy and constitution island has a depth of 202 feet 62 m 38 the hudson and its tributaries notably the mohawk river drain an area of 13 000 square miles 34 000 km 2 the hudson river watershed it covers much of new york as well as parts of connecticut massachusetts new jersey and vermont 8 parts of the hudson river form coves such as weehawken cove in the towns of hoboken and weehawken in new jersey 41 the city of poughkeepsie and several adjacent communities in the mid hudson valley totalling about 100 000 people rely on the river for their drinking water 42 salinity edit new york harbor between the narrows and the george washington bridge has a mix of fresh and ocean water mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity from the river s top to its bottom this varies with season weather variation of water circulation and other factors snow melt at winter s end increases the freshwater flow downstream 8 the salt line of the river varies from the north in poughkeepsie to the south at battery park in new york city though it usually lies near newburgh 43 counties edit the hudson river passes through 17 counties in the state of new york and 2 in new jersey counties hamilton essex warren washington saratoga albany rensselaer greene columbia ulster dutchess putnam orange rockland westchester bronx bergen nj hudson nj new york source 33 geology edit thomas cole sunny morning on the hudson river 1827 the hudson is sometimes called in geological terms a drowned river the rising sea levels after the retreat of the wisconsin glaciation the most recent ice age have resulted in a marine incursion that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river the deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline hudson canyon is a rich fishing area the former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the atlantic ocean extending to the edge of the continental shelf 44 as a result of the glaciation and the rising sea levels the lower half of the river is now a tidal estuary that occupies the hudson fjord 45 along the river the palisades are of metamorphic basalt or diabases the highlands are primarily granite and gneiss with intrusions and from beacon to albany shales and limestones or mainly sedimentary rock 46 suspended sediments mainly consisting of clays eroded from glacial deposits and organic particles can be found in abundance in the river the hudson has a relatively short history of erosion so it does not have a large depositional plain near its mouth this lack of significant deposits near the river mouth differs from most other american estuaries around new york harbor sediment also flows into the estuary from the ocean when the current is flowing north 8 the modern hudson river course has been heavily influenced by pleistocene glaciation prior to pleistocene glaciation evidence suggests that the proto hudson river flowed through wind gaps in the palisades sill and the watchung mountains into central new jersey 47 at this time the hudson was a tributary to an ancient river system in the pensauken plain flowing southwest across new jersey to a delta in what is now the chesapeake bay delaware bay and delmarva peninsula region 48 this river system was bounded by a now mostly eroded coastal plain upland to the east 48 fragments of early pleistocene glacial till overlying the pensauken formation in central new jersey record the earliest continental glaciation in north america this glaciation led to large scale river network reorganization through erosion of the eastern coastal plain opened the lower hudson river valley and re routed the hudson river towards its current orientation 48 much of the evidence from this process as well as the impacts of subsequent glaciations have been erased or buried by the advance of the laurentide ice sheet during wisconsin glaciation the last glacial period in north america 48 the wisconsonian advance of the laurentide buried the entirety of the current hudson river in ice reaching its maximum extent around 25 000 years ago 49 at the last glacial maximum lgm lasting from 25 000 to 24 000 years ago at the hudson lobe sea levels were about 120 m 390 ft lower than present day the east coast continental shelf was exposed and the ice sheet was land terminating while at its maximum lgm extent the laurentide ice sheet deposited a massive terminal moraine the moraine formed a continuous wall of glacial till across northeastern new jersey staten island and long island damming the arthur kill at perth amboy new jersey and the hudson river at the narrows 48 49 as the laurentide retreated large glacial lakes formed between the ice margin and the moraines for over 10 000 years the re emerging hudson river valley was filled by an evolving glacial lake which varied in size and drainage at different stages generally referred to as lake albany as ice retreated lake albany outflow drained across a bedrock spillway at hell gate dropping 15 m 49 ft into lake connecticut which filled the modern long island sound 48 outflow through the narrows began after large glacial outburst floods began to overtop and erode the moraine dam the first of these floods came from glacial lake wallkill which filled the wallkill valley and continued with flooding from lakes through the catskills the breaching of the narrows was completed by flooding from glacial lake iroquois through the iromohawk river the proto mohawk river at quaker springs new york 48 drainage from the great lakes region through the mohawk valley continued until ice retreated beyond the champlain valley allowing further outburst flooding from a northern route across a spillway at covey hill quebec 48 further retreat merged lake albany with lake iroquois creating lake vermont lake vermont was the final stage of glacial lakes in the hudson river valley ending 13 000 years ago when ice retreat beyond the st lawrence river valley opened drainage from lake vermont into the champlain sea 50 the hudson river watershed shrank to its current extent leaving the successors to lake vermont lake ontario lake george and lake champlain to drain through the st lawrence river history edit main article history of the hudson river pre columbian era edit the area around hudson river was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before europeans arrived the lenape wappinger and mahican branches of the algonquians lived along the river 51 mostly in peace with the other groups 51 52 the algonquians in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area one major settlement was called navish which was located at croton point overlooking the hudson river other settlements were located in various locations throughout the hudson highlands many villagers lived in various types of houses which the algonquians called wigwams though large families often lived in longhouses that could be a hundred feet long 52 at the associated villages they grew corn beans and squash they also gathered other types of plant foods such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers in addition to agriculture the algonquians also fished in the hudson river focusing on various species of freshwater fish as well as various variations of striped bass american eels sturgeon herring and shad oyster beds were also common on the river floor which provided an extra source of nutrition land hunting consisted of turkey deer bear and other animals 52 the lower hudson river was inhabited by the lenape 52 while further north the wappingers lived from manhattan island up to poughkeepsie they traded with both the lenape to the south and the mahicans to the north 51 the mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present day kingston to lake champlain 52 with their capital located near present day albany 51 exploration and colonization edit john cabot is credited for the old world s discovery of continental north america with his journey in 1497 along the continent s coast in 1524 florentine explorer giovanni da verrazzano sailed north along the atlantic seaboard and into new york harbor 15 however he left the harbor shortly thereafter without navigating into the hudson river 53 in 1598 dutch men employed by the greenland company wintered in new york bay 15 in 1609 the dutch east india company financed english navigator henry hudson in his search for the northeast passage but thwarted by sea ice in that direction he sailed westward across the atlantic in pursuit of a northwest passage 54 during the search hudson sailed up the river that would later be named after him he then sailed upriver to a point near stuyvesant old kinderhook and the ship s boat with five members ventured to the vicinity of present day albany reaching an end to navigation 55 56 the dutch subsequently began to colonize the region establishing the colony of new netherland including three major fur trading outposts new amsterdam wiltwyck and fort orange 57 58 new amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the hudson river and would later become known as new york city wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the hudson river and would later become kingston fort orange was founded on the river north of wiltwyck and later became known as albany 57 the dutch west india company operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony 57 in 1647 director general peter stuyvesant took over management of the colony and surrendered it in 1664 to the british who had invaded the largely defenseless new amsterdam 57 59 new amsterdam and the colony of new netherland were renamed new york after the duke of york 59 under british colonial rule the hudson valley became an agricultural hub manors were developed on the east side of the river and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms 60 in 1754 the albany plan of union was created at albany city hall on the hudson 61 62 the plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the iroquois and provided a framework for the continental congress 63 64 american revolution edit during the american revolutionary war the british realized that the river s proximity to lake george and lake champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from montreal to new york city 65 british general john burgoyne planned the saratoga campaign to control the river and therefore cut off the patriot hub of new england to the river s east from the south and mid atlantic regions to the river s west the action would allow the british to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states 66 as a result numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways these include the battle of long island in august 1776 67 and the battle of harlem heights the following month 68 later that year the british and continental armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the hudson in westchester county culminating in the battle of white plains 69 also in late 1776 new england militias fortified the river s choke point known as the hudson highlands which included building fort clinton and fort montgomery on either side of the hudson and a metal chain between the two in 1777 washington expected the british would attempt to control the hudson river but they instead conquered philadelphia and left a smaller force in new york city with permission to strike the hudson valley at any time the british attacked on october 5 1777 in the battle of forts clinton and montgomery by sailing up the hudson river looting the village of peekskill and capturing the two forts 70 in 1778 the continentals constructed the great west point chain in order to prevent another british fleet from sailing up the hudson 71 hudson river school edit main article hudson river school robert havell jr view of the hudson river from tarrytown c 1866 hudson river school paintings reflect the themes of discovery exploration and settlement in america in the mid 19th century 72 the detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a pastoral setting the works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness which was fast disappearing from the hudson valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and sublimity 73 the school characterizes the artistic body its new york location its landscape subject matter and often its subject the hudson river 74 in general hudson river school artists believed that nature in the form of the american landscape was an ineffable manifestation of god 75 though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction 76 their reverence for america s natural beauty was shared with contemporary american writers such as henry david thoreau and ralph waldo emerson 77 the artist thomas cole is generally acknowledged as the founder of the hudson river school 78 his work first being reviewed in 1825 79 while painters frederic edwin church and albert bierstadt were the most successful painters of the school 74 19th century edit the erie canal in amsterdam new york at the beginning of the 19th century transportation from the us east coast into the mainland was difficult ships were the fastest vehicles at the time as trains were still being developed and automobiles were roughly a century away in order to facilitate shipping throughout the country s interior numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s 80 81 one of the most significant canals of this era was the erie canal the canal was built to link the midwest to the port of new york a significant seaport during that time by way of the great lakes the canal the mohawk river and the hudson river 81 the completion of the canal enhanced the development of the american west allowing settlers to travel west send goods to markets in frontier cities and export goods via the hudson river and new york city the completion of the canal made new york city one of the most vital ports in the nation surpassing the port of philade...