Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

imperialism, and, of, social, russia, united, contents, definition, age, theories, justification, issues, historical, examples, anti, see, also, notes, references, sources, further, reading, external, links, colonialism, expansionism, orientalism, imaginative, geography, cartography, cultural, religious, psychological, darwinism, environmental, determinism, arab, belgian, brazilian, british, canada, china, denmark, dutch, egypt, france, germany, inca, islamic, italy, japan, mongol, mughal, nomadic, empires, ottoman, persia, portugal, rome, spain, sweden, states, england, scotland, kingdom, education, policy, russian, empire, soviet, union, under, putin, in, the, caribbean, basin, scholarly, debate, controversy,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1311), and (628), imperialism (207), #empire (197), was (126), that (97), from (96), its (90), war (87), world (85), with (83), for (76), british (70), edit (70), africa (70), #imperial (69), isbn (69), political (65), this (63), french (63), colonial (60), new (59), were (58), history (55), colonies (54), 978 (54), press (53), colonialism (52), century (50), university (48), doi (48), russian (46), empires (46), during (44), power (42), european (42), united (40), japan (39), other (37), states (37), which (37), their (36), international (35), also (35), asia (35), russia (35), europe (34), france (32), military (32), economic (32), they (32), east (32), had (32), modern (31), first (31), west (30), state (29), soviet (29), expansion (29), after (29), over (29), policy (28), control (28), african (28), but (28), such (28), main (28), japanese (27), one (27), great (27), cultural (26), britain (26), retrieved (24), italian (24), spanish (23), south (23), social (23), kingdom (23), not (23), have (23), territories (23), period (23), powers (22), german (22), china (22), into (22), under (21), articles (21), conquest (21), second (21), overseas (21), has (21), 19th (21), western (20), 2008 (20), culture (20), people (20), more (20), islands (20), nations (19), anti (19), chinese (19), ottoman (19), roman (19), john (19), some (19), part (19), india (19), while (19), politics (18), early (18), s2cid (18), wars (18), italy (18), america (18), imperialist (18), against (18), between (18), article (18), theories (17), american (17), eastern (17), portuguese (17), jstor (17), journal (17), 2015 (17), through (17), most (17), language (16), foreign (16), germany (16), capitalism (16), said (16), historical (16), vol (16), review (16), countries (16), are (16), became (16), been (16), territorial (16), 2023 (15), north (15), democracy (15), see (15), later (15), 1914 (15), rise (15), oxford (15), 2022 (15), made (15), union (15), canada (15), form (15), these (15), caribbean (15), indigenous (15), peoples (15), took (15), trade (15), much (15), non (14), page (14), june (14), studies (14), theory (14), country (14), relations (14), lenin (14), nation (14), land (14), putin (14), basin (14), often (14), began (14), independence (14), view (13), may (13), encyclopedia (13), religious (13), online (13), age (13), global (13), centuries (13), education (13), egypt (13), well (13), term (13), however (13), used (13), until (13), all (12), ukraine (12), national (12), right (12), present (12), dominance (12), system (12), 1080 (12), books (12), 2017 (12), many (12), stephen (12), time (12), resources (12), pdf (12), arab (12), among (12), northern (12), established (12), spain (11), republic (11), central (11), 2009 (11), cambridge (11), can (11), rule (11), territory (11), historians (11), including (11), both (11), end (11), large (11), geography (11), late (11), colony (11), them (11), would (11), government (11), following (11), only (11), wikipedia (10), latin (10), peace (10), economy (10), colonization (10), concepts (10), ancient (10), inca (10), york (10), 2016 (10), fall (10), eds (10), excerpt (10), david (10), howe (10), 2000 (10), own (10), could (10), science (10), 2010 (10), orientalism (10), invasion (10), order (10), population (10), idea (10), example (10), place (10), maps (10), who (10), within (10), occupied (10), local (10), concept (10), july (9), https (9), law (9), society (9), treaty (9), 1919 (9), 1814 (9), neo (9), qing (9), establishment (9), stage (9), edward (9), decolonization (9), how (9), 2007 (9), hobson (9), 2004 (9), free (9), self (9), moral (9), further (9), original (9), introduction (9), series (9), london (9), victory (9), mission (9), public (9), denmark (9), when (9), become (9), needed (9), although (9), justification (9), short (8), systems (8), org (8), english (8), expansionism (8), past (8), internal (8), nomadic (8), middle (8), dutch (8), belgian (8), vietnam (8), safavid (8), mughal (8), old (8), far (8), 1997 (8), portugal (8), 1945 (8), scramble (8), thomas (8), sage (8), archived (8), chicago (8), than (8), making (8), scholars (8), pan (8), 2002 (8), peter (8), vladimir (8), 2307 (8), pacific (8), domestic (8), key (8), independent (8), space (8), refers (8), areas (8), populations (8), result (8), those (8), movements (8), due (8), means (8), itself (8), 20th (8), 17th (8), expanded (8), parts (8), ussr (8), being (8), then (8), influence (8), allied (8), algeria (8), text (7), terms (7), last (7), october (7), 2014 (7), analysis (7), related (7), liberal (7), 1989 (7), movement (7), ethnic (7), white (7), academic (7), largest (7), attempts (7), mongol (7), commonwealth (7), sea (7), nationalism (7), left (7), highest (7), policies (7), 2013 (7), 2019 (7), publications (7), paul (7), environmental (7), 2012 (7), april (7), years (7), remained (7), iran (7), general (7), still (7), joseph (7), issn (7), based (7), sense (7), ideas (7), domination (7), map (7), development (7), less (7), examples (7), especially (7), gained (7), described (7), did (7), nearly (7), americans (7), significant (7), regarding (7), there (7), emperor (7), now (7), americas (7), 117 (7), controlled (7), his (7), section (7), move (7), taiwan (7), company (7), races (7), according (7), use (6), november (6), persian (6), 2021 (6), 2020 (6), marked (6), december (6), others (6), sources (6), swedish (6), yale (6), postcolonialism (6), authoritarianism (6), third (6), socialist (6), nationalist (6), islamic (6), communist (6), polish (6), danish (6), contemporary (6), iranian (6), indian (6), brazilian (6), external (6), capital (6), defeat (6), 2006 (6), 1800 (6), 2005 (6), study (6), michael (6), rather (6), horse (6), andrew (6), 2nd (6), dynasty (6), www (6), southeast (6), back (6), afghanistan (6), archive (6), lands (6), armies (6), ethiopia (6), identity (6), 1111 (6), assimilation (6), home (6), geographical (6), mode (6), theater (6), geographic (6), information (6), oriental (6), definition (6), extending (6), portal (6), across (6), supported (6), various (6), towards (6), process (6), former (6), beginning (6), force (6), era (6), emerging (6), support (6), 18th (6), strategic (6), 16th (6), citation (6), conquests (6), common (6), argued (6), expedition (6), conquered (6), led (6), small (6), around (6), continued (6), called (6), possessions (6), lost (6), settlers (6), raw (6), materials (6), norway (6), imperialists (6), 131 (5), toggle (5), about (5), links (5), statements (5), february (5), containing (5), august (5), 2025 (5), invasions (5), authority (5), security (5), sovereignty (5), hegemony (5), zone (5), since (5), diplomatic (5), 1939 (5), league (5), atlantic (5), list (5), regime (5), thought (5), soft (5), post (5), forms (5), hungarian (5), 1922 (5), twentieth (5), 2011 (5), 1950 (5), 1998 (5), man (5), 2003 (5), survey (5), 1918 (5), 2018 (5), regimes (5), 1875 (5), bibcode (5), harvard (5), what (5), quickly (5), came (5), nor (5), where (5), today (5), 1900 (5), very (5), 1995 (5), beyond (5), march (5), year (5), routledge (5), center (5), ideology (5), 1982 (5), marxist (5), possible (5), 000 (5), young (5), battle (5), societies (5), anglo (5), educational (5), marshall (5), britannica (5), platine (5), determinism (5), details (5), 2up (5), cartography (5), southern (5), island (5), several (5), acquisition (5), because (5), always (5), considered (5), known (5), distinct (5), million (5), extension (5), philippines (5), leaders (5), annexation (5), schools (5), include (5), activities (5), debate (5), primarily (5), regions (5), forces (5), higher (5), cultures (5), provided (5), civil (5), korea (5), included (5), rome (5), elites (5), maintain (5), peak (5), trading (5), posts (5), justified (5), administrative (5), guinea (5), civilizing (5), along (5), turkish (5), industrialization (5), seen (5), create (5), growing (5), sent (5), even (5), ambitions (5), developed (5), attitudes (5), boer (5), formal (5), australia (5), growth (5), changes (5), contents (4), search (4), foundation (4), unsourced (4), number (4), cs1 (4), different (4), index (4), comparative (4), interest (4), pact (4), cold (4), wing (4), fascism (4), capitalist (4), party (4), supremacy (4), concessions (4), settler (4), linguistic (4), media (4), green (4), medieval (4), norwegian (4), yuan (4), classical (4), revolutionary (4), centre (4), 1980 (4), 1970 (4), vintage (4), impact (4), belgium (4), postcolonial (4), dark (4), 1933 (4), roger (4), same (4), decline (4), just (4), five (4), james (4), carl (4), 2024 (4), informal (4), thus (4), steppes (4), never (4), oclc (4), project (4), princeton (4), 1999 (4), practice (4), rational (4), robert (4), 1953 (4), england (4), september (4), times (4), critical (4), role (4), crimea (4), return (4), jeffrey (4), moment (4), 127 (4), himself (4), take (4), 1979 (4), iii (4), reflections (4), red (4), building (4), 174 (4), 130 (4), 100 (4), defined (4), perspectives (4), 1940 (4), bismarck (4), canadian (4), africans (4), successful (4), reality (4), nineteenth (4), 1851 (4), formation (4), arabization (4), arabic (4), gilmartin (4), representations (4), tropical (4), massachusetts (4), imaginative (4), geographies (4), los (4), angeles (4), fieldhouse (4), words (4), spaces (4), extended (4), 1917 (4), helped (4), promoted (4), opposed (4), treatment (4), presence (4), able (4), aggressive (4), orient (4), mexico (4), make (4), 1898 (4), causing (4), scholarly (4), ideological (4), driven (4), scale (4), placed (4), notable (4), methods (4), throughout (4), establish (4), four (4), compared (4), wrote (4), maintaining (4), effectively (4), extent (4), modeled (4), unified (4), relied (4), prussia (4), resulting (4), protectorate (4), invaded (4), siberia (4), exploited (4), before (4), russo (4), holdings (4), ruled (4), combination (4), way (4), administration (4), provinces (4), officials (4), distant (4), institutions (4), mid (4), prestige (4), height (4), brazil (4), coast (4), annexed (4), long (4), sometimes (4), inner (4), day (4), subcontinent (4), superior (4), indonesia (4), advantage (4), industrial (4), another (4), forced (4), gave (4), rest (4), ryukyu (4), conflicts (4), sought (4), albania (4), major (4), work (4), went (4), 1962 (4), lower (4), advanced (4), saint (4), dynasties (4), discourse (4), darwinism (4), lord (4), decades (4), congo (4), recent (4), believed (4), tools (4), here (4), wages (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), legal (3), using (3), organization (3), commons (3), 2026 (3), disputes (3), specifically (3), conflict (3), sociology (3), marxism (3), school (3), aggression (3), interventionism (3), community (3), collective (3), defense (3), 1648 (3), cooperation (3), court (3), totalitarian (3), hybrid (3), democratic (3), dictatorship (3), authoritarian (3), han (3), scientific (3), eurasianism (3), lithuanian (3), vietnamese (3), ethiopian (3), burmese (3), austro (3), tang (3), caliphate (3), xiongnu (3), greek (3), egyptian (3), babylonian (3), assyrian (3), columbia (3), publishers (3), critique (3), 1830 (3), worldwide (3), institute (3), lars (3), edinburgh (3), companion (3), 1912 (3), melvin (3), wide (3), ranging (3), william (3), retreat (3), strengthen (3), tradition (3), lawrence (3), kumar (3), krishan (3), visions (3), shaped (3), histories (3), christian (3), ground (3), richard (3), daniel (3), off (3), natural (3), horses (3), men (3), get (3), basic (3), 4129 (3), 4135 (3), darwin (3), determination (3), minorities (3), neither (3), makes (3), popular (3), 1910 (3), brendon (3), piers (3), illustrated (3), muslim (3), wiley (3), sons (3), publishing (3), encyclopædia (3), com (3), edu (3), downing (3), sreberny (3), mohammadi (3), wagner (3), group (3), grigas (3), agnia (3), eurasia (3), 128 (3), quarterly (3), genocide (3), thinking (3), current (3), 136 (3), arendt (3), hannah (3), revolution (3), light (3), 135 (3), mark (3), 138 (3), islam (3), origin (3), belief (3), caroline (3), 1923 (3), polities (3), hierarchy (3), realm (3), governed (3), vast (3), square (3), plateau (3), highlands (3), manchuria (3), 114 (3), cornell (3), fascist (3), adwa (3), historic (3), 1093 (3), religion (3), 1946 (3), king (3), complex (3), mandates (3), von (3), 140 (3), 1890 (3), 119 (3), 1974 (3), tony (3), 209 (3), morocco (3), students (3), 147 (3), notion (3), 0020 (3), context (3), 107 (3), 1996 (3), greater (3), 328 (3), 1902 (3), porter (3), plata (3), arabs (3), iraq (3), perspective (3), shift (3), mountz (3), alison (3), mary (3), falla (3), theoriesofimperi0000momm (3), mommsen (3), wolfgang (3), psychology (3), mind (3), ruling (3), 1932 (3), 1952 (3), bassett (3), sharp (3), underdeveloped (3), 1961 (3), 187 (3), understanding (3), painter (3), utsa (3), patnaik (3), 1st (3), hale (3), oron (3), robinson (3), gallagher (3), waltz (3), kenneth (3), boston (3), catholicism (3), 1967 (3), schumpeter (3), imperium (3), mass (3), propaganda (3), rhodes (3), notes (3), might (3), historiography (3), demanded (3), conference (3), rights (3), ending (3), groups (3), financial (3), difference (3), any (3), prominent (3), assert (3), roosevelt (3), expected (3), attempted (3), achieved (3), created (3), cuba (3), labor (3), occupation (3), doctrine (3), cartoon (3), sweden (3), specific (3), theoretical (3), directly (3), particularly (3), disraeli (3), chamberlain (3), subject (3), emphasis (3), activity (3), semi (3), reflects (3), expanding (3), geopolitical (3), maritime (3), says (3), behavior (3), georgia (3), declared (3), spread (3), polity (3), 1921 (3), particular (3), develop (3), formally (3), interests (3), 1937 (3), help (3), sino (3), sphere (3), mongolia (3), forming (3), involved (3), 1864 (3), tribes (3), poland (3), evolution (3), authorities (3), integrate (3), governance (3), communication (3), roads (3), gradually (3), citizenship (3), civilization (3), cape (3), broader (3), maximum (3), declined (3), 1970s (3), commonly (3), persia (3), 1815 (3), 1908 (3), core (3), autonomous (3), asian (3), river (3), 1938 (3), gain (3), necessary (3), bringing (3), success (3), defeated (3), naval (3), city (3), province (3), pressure (3), meant (3), incident (3), claimed (3), taiwanese (3), few (3), annex (3), followed (3), relative (3), 1936 (3), libya (3), somaliland (3), elite (3), interwar (3), 1960 (3), 1920 (3), navigation (3), oceania (3), inhabited (3), 1883 (3), build (3), themselves (3), two (3), rejected (3), colonists (3), best (3), paris (3), formed (3), 1950s (3), 116 (3), duty (3), inferior (3), intervention (3), indies (3), 1820 (3), position (3), influential (3), markets (3), zealand (3), highly (3), almost (3), colonizing (3), ever (3), scotland (3), meaning (3), served (3), human (3), therefore (3), effects (3), out (3), dominated (3), terra (3), nullius (3), associated (3), psychological (3), cartographic (3), technology (3), serve (3), issues (3), phase (3), profits (3), standard (3), wealth (3), periphery (3), region (3), describe (3), subsection (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), available (2), apply (2), agree (2), profit (2), wikimedia (2), inc (2), categories (2), wayback (2), accuracy (2), needing (2), excerpts (2), weasel (2), worded (2), phrases (2), clarification (2), maint (2), dates (2), description (2), wikidata (2), marxian (2), israel (2), geopolitics (2), diplomacy (2), liberalism (2), feminism (2), whole (2), regionalism (2), belligerent (2), internationalism (2), idealism (2), crisis (2), alliance (2), warsaw (2), organizations (2), statism (2), orientation (2), totalitarianism (2), indices (2), wave (2), personality (2), leadership (2), style (2), chi (2), minh (2), maoism (2), leninism (2), nazism (2), digital (2), conservative (2), ideologies (2), theocracy (2), oligarchy (2), dominant (2), tsarist (2), electoral (2), autocracy (2), monarchy (2), aragonese (2), genoese (2), venetian (2), scottish (2), austrian (2), sơn (2), revival (2), moroccan (2), mexican (2), korean (2), indo (2), nazi (2), manchukuo (2), afghan (2), tran (2), byzantine (2), berber (2), khanate (2), grand (2), aztec (2), armenian (2), qin (2), federalism (2), libertarianism (2), communism (2), radical (2), moderate (2), wikiquote (2), projects (2), primary (2), dimensions (2), hdl (2), 1931 (2), sociological (2), 1086 (2), tariff (2), commission (2), smith (2), 1783 (2), three (2), compares (2), netherlands (2), poddar (2), prem (2), jensen (2), literatures (2), 1992 (2), continent (2), 1876 (2), pakenham (2), 1926 (2), 583 (2), 1905 (2), murray (2), ideal (2), merriman (2), bigelow (2), 459 (2), bulmer (2), cited (2), future (2), globalization (2), violence (2), reader (2), cosimo (2), hobsbawm (2), 102467 (2), 1016 (2), change (2), unequal (2), exchange (2), machine (2), penguin (2), unlike (2), roots (2), down (2), recover (2), wild (2), find (2), succeeded (2), conquering (2), decisive (2), civilizations (2), ronald (2), 1400 (2), belknap (2), permanent (2), native (2), barbara (2), incentives (2), manchester (2), 1781 (2), heavily (2), atlas (2), approach (2), reading (2), streusand (2), douglas (2), gunpowder (2), stein (2), newman (2), victoria (2), 4051 (2), iranica (2), matthee (2), springer (2), racket (2), bloomsbury (2), 57607 (2), timor (2), policeman (2), council (2), needs (2), woodrow (2), wilson (2), 482 (2), ali (2), annabelle (2), plundering (2), alexander (2), case (2), hirsh (2), thousand (2), oksamytna (2), kseniya (2), mankoff (2), 0163660x (2), 2090761 (2), washington (2), 481 (2), 153 (2), 133 (2), question (2), royal (2), define (2), vision (2), iron (2), documents (2), 2127387 (2), 3138 (2), tito (2), split (2), djilas (2), milovan (2), internet (2), class (2), 20031013 (2), 4148594 (2), slavic (2), 335 (2), museum (2), 1913 (2), rural (2), 1850s (2), 4324 (2), shaw (2), texas (2), 145 (2), michigan (2), helen (2), eurasian (2), vestiges (2), 159 (2), uplands (2), deccan (2), indus (2), 1987 (2), total (2), meiji (2), restoration (2), effect (2), 2001 (2), theodore (2), significance (2), charles (2), aleixo (2), garcia (2), 2507650 (2), 0018 (2), collapse (2), inka (2), 1943638 (2), 1969 (2), 1862 (2), 167 (2), deutschen (2), rivalry (2), missions (2), 1976 (2), 1017 (2), equatorial (2), chafer (2), teaching (2), civilising (2), pmid (2), 190 (2), legacy (2), tunisia (2), 347 (2), insee (2), taagepera (2), 8833 (2), patterns (2), 142 (2), christopher (2), radiocarbon (2), 105 (2), passim (2), 1867 (2), bbc (2), 521 (2), 156 (2), 924678 (2), volume (2), workshop (2), 332 (2), brill (2), 169 (2), 1852 (2), syria (2), claims (2), cleansing (2), gallaher (2), carolyn (2), dahlman (2), shirlow (2), 4672 (2), 9781446279496 (2), arnold (2), 154 (2), 164 (2), chambers (2), dictionary (2), rhodesia (2), asserted (2), individual (2), having (2), scope (2), savage (2), mentality (2), manshardt (2), clifford (2), will (2), 340 (2), sciences (2), 316 (2), 1994 (2), 215456 (2), harley (2), orientalizing (2), walter (2), rodney (2), 1972 (2), historiographical (2), revision (2), 1468 (2), 4th (2), uneven (2), joe (2), investment (2), 621891 (2), geographers (2), link (2), cite (2), book (2), louis (2), 1966 (2), hedinger (2), heé (2), nadin (2), competition (2), 134 (2), axial (2), mcgraw (2), hill (2), 132 (2), las (2), 123 (2), 115 (2), catholic (2), church (2), frank (2), nkrumah (2), resistance (2), 2009130 (2), sasaki (2), steinmetz (2), personal (2), ashcroft (2), bill (2), 111 (2), aspect (2), neighbouring (2), direct (2), involves (2), frequently (2), references (2), mercantilism (2), kingdoms (2), reforms (2), held (2), allowed (2), apart (2), each (2), instead (2), tried (2), criticized (2), showed (2), abroad (2), westward (2), referred (2), participation (2), viewed (2), complete (2), attack (2), stating (2), backward (2), living (2), upon (2), 191 (2), start (2), president (2), churchill (2), expressed (2), least (2), capture (2), changed (2), behind (2), oppose (2), denounced (2), interpreted (2), agenda (2), functions (2), instrument (2), designed (2), objectives (2), powerful (2), exploitation (2), moreover (2), 184 (2), substantial (2), benjamin (2), stems (2), interpretation (2), scientists (2), controversy (2), rivals (2), maintained (2), extraction (2), exportation (2), precious (2), metals (2), objective (2), rich (2), puerto (2), rico (2), widely (2), emergence (2), gradual (2), prioritization (2), increasingly (2), production (2), embraced (2), borders (2), competing (2), 15th (2), similar (2), recognized (2), canary (2), voyages (2), committed (2), transatlantic (2), expeditionary (2), portions (2), notably (2), accompanied (2), discourses (2), she (2), 180 (2), diaspora (2), 175 (2), neighboring (2), 173 (2), effort (2), critics (2), hold (2), multinational (2), once (2), action (2), hostile (2), marxists (2), like (2), version (2), 170 (2), 1956 (2), sultan (2), mao (2), zedong (2), 165 (2), limited (2), intended (2), russians (2), implemented (2), installed (2), advance (2), assistance (2), 1941 (2), 1949 (2), xinjiang (2), border (2), resulted (2), campaigns (2), negative (2), exist (2), special (2), estate (2), cossacks (2), caucasus (2), traditionally (2), dated (2), infrastructure (2), presenting (2), appointed (2), effective (2), shared (2), covered (2), lasting (2), architecture (2), literature (2), despite (2), influencing (2), army (2), christianity (2), 1453 (2), mediterranean (2), comprised (2), goa (2), considerations (2), spreading (2), govern (2), focused (2), vocational (2), training (2), selected (2), promoting (2), politically (2), culturally (2), angola (2), mozambique (2), coincided (2), arose (2), macau (2), symbol (2), aiming (2), course (2), parties (2), turkey (2), cyprus (2), crimean (2), losing (2), numerous (2), granted (2), vassal (2), steppe (2), tajikistan (2), stretched (2), kashmir (2), contiguous (2), attempt (2), expansions (2), 1942 (2), burma (2), ocean (2), base (2), prosperity (2), open (2), winning (2), shandong (2), good (2), area (2), decade (2), grow (2), already (2), strong (2), nevertheless (2), mariana (2), 1869 (2), rebels (2), 1871 (2), citizens (2), bring (2), 1872 (2), 1874 (2), 1879 (2), finally (2), killed (2), failure (2), exposed (2), eventually (2), 1894 (2), hokkaido (2), ezo (2), turned (2), compensating (2), market (2), isolation (2), rapid (2), desire (2), outside (2), possessed (2), italo (2), eritrea (2), dodecanese (2), addition (2), smaller (2), elsewhere (2), structures (2), curricula (2), inhabitants (2), somalia (2), 1947 (2), incorporated (2), irredentism (2), becoming (2), acquired (2), suez (2), bay (2), italiano (2), motivated (2), supremacism (2), fully (2), 13th (2), pre (2), versailles (2), majority (2), namibia (2), burundi (2), rwanda (2), opinion (2), reasons (2), started (2), 1884 (2), drang (2), nach (2), osten (2), element (2), involvement (2), seizure (2), burden (2), benefits (2), tropics (2), goals (2), high (2), looked (2), money (2), set (2), prized (2), pied (2), noir (2), perceived (2), full (2), metropolitan (2), promise (2), equality (2), europeans (2), built (2), emphasized (2), influenced (2), exported (2), bureaucracy (2), saw (2), little (2), centered (2), colonials (2), bases (2), fought (2), gaulle (2), supporters (2), retained (2), troops (2), 110 (2), manufactured (2), items (2), crucial (2), manpower (2), standards (2), civilize (2), contrasting (2), jules (2), ferry (2), caledonia (2), creation (2), newfoundland (2), blue (2), prosperous (2), intermediate (2), sold (2), tranquebar (2), originally (2), greenland (2), threat (2), actions (2), governing (2), dominions (2), significantly (2), irish (2), cairo (2), mandate (2), voting (2), increased (2), adopted (2), unchallenged (2), opium (2), caused (2), evident (2), nature (2), jamaica (2), barbados (2), antigua (2), honduras (2), mysore (2), collectively (2), found (2), either (2), chartered (2), queen (2), strength (2), ireland (2), republics (2), bonaparte (2), 1870 (2), uruguayan (2), 1816 (2), banda (2), annexing (2), uruguay (2), río (2), sudan (2), becomes (2), music (2), art (2), certain (2), divided (2), hard (2), allegedly (2), justifying (2), temperate (2), efficiency (2), supposedly (2), grounds (2), should (2), ratzel (2), applied (2), expression (2), tianxia (2), participants (2), aspects (2), willing (2), expectations (2), unknown (2), better (2), illustrate (2), focuses (2), contributed (2), blank (2), obtain (2), implies (2), knowledge (2), artificially (2), 1978 (2), imagined (2), level (2), dependent (2), conception (2), capitalists (2), theoreticians (2), structural (2), systemic (2), writers (2), reflect (2), enterprise (2), fast (2), otherwise (2), theorists (2), 1870s (2), opponents (2), alleged (2), topics (2), election (2), separation (2), presidential (2), parliamentary (2), outline (2), 1880s (2), railroads (2), steam (2), metal (2), manufacturing (2), seas (2), important (2), provide (2), suggests (2), places (2), extracted (2), profitable (2), scandal (2), neocolonialism (2), fiji (2), date (2), band (2), distinguished (2), word (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, additional, site, you, registered, trademark, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, webarchive, template, disputed, citations, dmy, economics, terminology, php, title, oldid

Text of the page (random words):
terprise however scandal after scandal regarding atrocities in the congo free state led the international community to force the government of belgium to take it over in 1908 and it became much less profitable the philippines cost the united states much more than expected because of military action against rebels 39 7 10 because of the resources which were made available by imperialism the world s economy grew significantly and it became much more interconnected in the decades before world war i making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous 41 europe s expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies in combination with assuming political control by military and political means the colonization of india in the mid 18th century offers an example of this focus there the british exploited the political weakness of the mughal state and while military activity was important at various times the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance for the establishment of control over the subcontinent s resources markets and manpower 42 although a substantial number of colonies had been designed to provide economic profit and to ship resources to home ports in the 17th and 18th centuries d k fieldhouse suggests that in the 19th and 20th centuries in places such as africa and asia this idea is not necessarily valid 43 modern empires were not artificially constructed economic machines the second expansion of europe was a complex historical process in which political social and emotional forces in europe and on the periphery were more influential than calculated imperialism individual colonies might serve an economic purpose collectively no empire had any definable function economic or otherwise empires represented only a particular phase in the ever changing relationship of europe with the rest of the world analogies with industrial systems or investment in real estate were simply misleading 24 184 during this time european merchants had the ability to roam the high seas and appropriate surpluses from around the world sometimes peaceably sometimes violently and to concentrate them in europe 44 british assault on canton during the first opium war may 1841 european expansion greatly accelerated in the 19th century to obtain raw materials europe expanded imports from other countries and from the colonies european industrialists sought raw materials such as dyes cotton vegetable oils and metal ores from overseas concurrently industrialization was quickly making europe the centre of manufacturing and economic growth driving resource needs 45 communication became much more advanced during european expansion with the invention of railroads and telegraphs it became easier to communicate with other countries and to extend the administrative control of a home nation over its colonies steam railroads and steam driven ocean shipping made possible the fast cheap transport of massive amounts of goods to and from colonies 45 along with advancements in communication europe also continued to advance in military technology european chemists made new explosives that made artillery much more deadly by the 1880s the machine gun had become a reliable battlefield weapon this technology gave european armies an advantage over their opponents as armies in less developed countries were still fighting with arrows swords and leather shields e g the zulus in southern africa during the anglo zulu war of 1879 45 some exceptions of armies that managed to get nearly on par with the european expeditions and standards include the ethiopian armies at the battle of adwa and the japanese imperial army of japan but these still relied heavily on weapons imported from europe and often on european military advisors this cartoon reflects the view of judge magazine regarding america s imperial ambitions following mckinley s quick victory in the spanish american war of 1898 46 theories of imperialism edit main article theories of imperialism part of a series on politics outline index category primary topics outline of political science index of politics articles politics by country politics by subdivision political economy political history political history of the world political philosophy systems anarchy city state collective leadership confessional democracy dictatorship directorial federacy feudalism hybrid regime meritocracy monarchy parliamentary presidential republic semi parliamentary semi presidential theocracy academic disciplines political science political scientists international relations theory comparative politics election science political analysis political theory policy studies political psychology political sociology public administration bureaucracy street level technocracy adhocracy service public civil policy public policy doctrine domestic policy foreign policy civil society public interest government branches separation of powers legislature executive judiciary election commission related topics sovereignty polity state country biology and political orientation critique of political economy political censorship political organisations theories of political behavior subseries electoral systems elections voting unitarism federalism government forms governance ideology culture political campaigning political parties politics portal v t e anglophone academic studies often base their theories regarding imperialism on the british empire the term imperialism was originally introduced into english in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of british prime minister benjamin disraeli 47 supporters of imperialism such as joseph chamberlain quickly appropriated the concept for some imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy others alleged that it was characterized by political self interest and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed historians and political theorists have long debated the correlation between capitalism class and imperialism much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as john a hobson 1858 1940 joseph schumpeter 1883 1950 thorstein veblen 1857 1929 and norman angell 1872 1967 while these non marxist writers were at their most prolific before world war i they remained active in the interwar years their combined work informed the study of imperialism and its impact on europe and contributed to reflections on the rise of the military industrial complex in the united states from the 1950s in imperialism a study 1902 hobson developed a highly influential interpretation of imperialism that expanded on his belief that free enterprise capitalism had a harmful effect on the majority of the population in imperialism he argued that the financing of overseas empires drained money that was needed at home it was invested abroad because lower wages paid to workers overseas made for higher profits and higher rates of return compared to domestic wages so although domestic wages remained higher they did not grow nearly as fast as they might otherwise have exporting capital he concluded put a lid on the growth of domestic wages and the domestic standard of living hobson theorized that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation while state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption create wealth and encourage a peaceful tolerant multipolar world order 48 49 european marxists picked up hobson s ideas incorporated them their own theory of imperialism most notably in vladimir lenin s imperialism the highest stage of capitalism 1916 lenin portrayed imperialism as monopoly capitalism at the global stage resulting in colonial expansion in order to secure capitalist economic growth and profits later marxist theoreticians echo this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism which explained the world wars as the battle between imperialists for control of external markets lenin s treatise became a standard textbook that flourished until the collapse of the soviet union in 1989 91 50 entrance of the russian troops in tiflis 26 november 1799 by franz roubaud 1886 the capture of lạng sơn during the french conquest of vietnam in 1885 some theoreticians on the non communist left have emphasized the structural or systemic character of imperialism such writers have expanded the period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century but a world system extending over a period of centuries often going back to colonization and in some accounts to the crusades as the application of the term has expanded its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes the moral the economic the systemic the cultural and the temporal those changes reflect among other shifts in sensibility a growing unease even great distaste with the pervasiveness of such power specifically western power 51 52 by the 1970s historians such as david k fieldhouse 52 david landes and oron hale 39 5 6 argued that the hobsonian conception of imperialism was no longer supported they advocated that modern imperialism was primarily a political product caused by the national mass hysteria rather than by the capitalists 53 54 the british experience failed to support it clarification needed walter rodney in his 1972 how europe underdeveloped africa proposes the idea that imperialism is a phase of capitalism in which western european capitalist countries the us and japan established political economic military and cultural hegemony over other parts of the world which were initially at a lower level and therefore could not resist domination 55 as a result imperialism for many years embraced the whole world one part being the exploiters and the other the exploited one part being dominated and the other acting as overlords one part making policy and the other being dependent 55 justification and issues edit expansionism edit ottoman wars in europe imperialism was common in the form of expansionism through vassalage irredentism and conquest 56 orientalism and imaginative geography edit bonaparte visiting the plague victims of jaffa antoine jean gros 1804 imperial control territorial and cultural is justified through discourses about the imperialists understanding of different spaces 57 conceptually imagined geographies explain the limitations of the imperialist understanding of the societies of the different spaces inhabited by the non european other 57 in orientalism 1978 edward said said that the west developed the concept of the orient an imagined geography of the eastern world which functions as an essentializing discourse that represents neither the ethnic diversity nor the social reality of the eastern world 58 that by reducing the east into cultural essences the imperial discourse uses place based identities to create cultural difference and psychologic distance between we the west and they the east and between here in the west and there in the east 59 that cultural differentiation was especially noticeable in the books and paintings of early oriental studies the european examinations of the orient which misrepresented the east as irrational and backward the opposite of the rational and progressive west 57 60 defining the east as a negative vision of the western world as its inferior not only increased the sense of self of the west but also was a way of ordering the east and making it known to the west so that it could be dominated and controlled 61 62 therefore orientalism was the ideological justification of early western imperialism a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social cultural political and economic control of other non white peoples 59 23 116 cartography edit see also cartographic propaganda by displaying oversized flags of british possessions this map artificially increases the apparent influence and presence of the british empire one of the main tools used by imperialists was cartography cartography is the art science and technology of making maps 63 but this definition is problematic it implies that maps are objective representations of the world when in reality they serve political means 63 for harley maps serve as an example of foucault s power and knowledge concept to better illustrate this idea bassett focuses his analysis of the role of 19th century maps during the scramble for africa 64 he states that maps contributed to empire by promoting assisting and legitimizing the extension of french and british power into west africa 64 during his analysis of 19th century cartographic techniques he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory 64 this provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps 64 although cartographic processes advanced through imperialism further analysis of their progress reveals many biases linked to eurocentrism according to bassett n ineteenth century explorers commonly requested africans to sketch maps of unknown areas on the ground many of those maps were highly regarded for their accuracy 64 but were not printed in europe unless europeans verified them cultural imperialism edit the concept of cultural imperialism refers to the cultural influence of one dominant culture over others i e a form of soft power which changes the moral cultural and societal worldview of the subordinate culture this means more than just foreign music television or film becoming popular with young people rather that a populace changes its own expectations of life desiring for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted for example depictions of opulent american lifestyles in the soap opera dallas during the cold war changed the expectations of romanians a more recent example is the influence of smuggled south korean drama series in north korea the importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes which may oppose such influence with bans on foreign popular culture control of the internet and of unauthorized satellite dishes etc nor is such a usage of culture recent as part of roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of roman culture and lifestyle with the aim that they would then become willing participants imperialism has been subject to moral or immoral censure by its critics which and thus the term imperialism is frequently used in international propaganda as a pejorative for expansionist and aggressive foreign policy 65 religious imperialism edit aspects of imperialism motivated by religious supremacism can be described as religious imperialism 66 religious imperialism involves the extension of religious authority modeled on colonial power structures in 1932 scholar clifford manshardt defined religious ...