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on 2nd ed wiley blackwell p 231 isbn 978 1 4051 8895 1 indo iranian economist intelligence unit 2023 glottolog 4 7 indo iranian glottolog retrieved 1 february 2023 leschber corinna iranicturkishbulgarian language contact from a contact semantic point of view journal of turkish linguistics 1 1 2007 95 115 hindi l1 322 million 2011 indian census including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as hindi on the census l2 274 million 2016 source unknown urdu l1 67 million 2011 2017 censuses l2 102 million 1999 pakistan source unknown and 2001 indian census ethnologue 21 hindi at ethnologue 21st ed 2018 urdu at ethnologue 21st ed 2018 asatrian garnik 1995 dimlī encyclopedia iranica vi archived from the original on 29 april 2011 retrieved 11 june 2021 paul ludwig 1998 the pozition of zazaki the west iranian languages pdf iran chamber open publishing retrieved 4 december 2023 chatoev vladimir k osyan aram 1999 nationalities of armenia yegea publishing house p 61 isbn 978 99930 808 0 0 matras 2012 mallory adams 1997 p 213 iran alani aryana the name of an iranian group whose descendants are the ossetes one of whose subdivisions is the iron aryana aryanam pl of the aryans mpers iran schmitt 1987 the name aryan is the self designation of the peoples of ancient india and ancient iran who spoke aryan languages in contrast to the non aryan peoples of those aryan countries anthony 2007 p 408 1 2 mallory mair 2008 p 261 anthony 2007 pp 408 411 lubotsky 2023 p 259 there is growing consensus among both archaeologists and linguists that the sintashta petrovka culture 2100 1900 bce in the southern trans urals was inhabited by the speakers of proto indo iranian allentoft et al 2015 the close affinity we observe between peoples of corded ware and sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two although we cannot formally test whether the sintashta derives directly from an eastward migration of corded ware peoples or if they share common ancestry with an earlier steppe population the presence of european neolithic farmer ancestry in both the corded ware and the sintashta combined with the absence of neolithic farmer ancestry in the earlier yamnaya would suggest the former being more probable the enigmatic sintashta culture near the urals bears genetic resemblance to corded ware and was therefore likely to be an eastward migration into asia as this culture spread towards altai it evolved into the andronovo culture mathieson 2015 supplementary material sintashta and andronovo populations had an affinity to more western populations from central and northern europe like the corded ware and associated cultures the srubnaya sintashta andronovo group resembled late neolithic bronze age populations from mainland europe narasimhan et al 2019 supplementary materials we observed a main cluster of 41 sintashta individuals that was genetically similar to srubnaya potapovka and andronovo in being well modeled as a mixture of yamnaya related and anatolia_n european farmer related ancestry p 40 additional work has documented genetic similarity of people of the corded ware complex to those of both the sintashta and srubnaya archaeological cultures of the western steppe p 243 chintalapati patterson moorjani 2022 p 13 t he cwc expanded to the east to form the archaeological complexes of sintashta srubnaya andronovo and the ba cultures of kazakhstan kristiansen kristian allentoft morten e frei karin m iversen rune johannsen niels n kroonen guus pospieszny łukasz price t douglas rasmussen simon sjögren karl göran sikora martin 2017 re theorising mobility and the formation of culture and language among the corded ware culture in europe antiquity 91 356 334 347 doi 10 15184 aqy 2017 17 hdl 1887 70150 issn 0003 598x s2cid 15536709 malmström helena günther torsten svensson emma m juras anna fraser magdalena munters arielle r pospieszny łukasz tõrv mari lindström jonathan götherström anders storå jan 9 october 2019 the genomic ancestry of the scandinavian battle axe culture people and their relation to the broader corded ware horizon proceedings of the royal society b biological sciences 286 1912 20191528 doi 10 1098 rspb 2019 1528 pmc 6790770 pmid 31594508 pamjav h feher t nemeth e padar z 2012 brief communication new y chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup r1a1 american journal of physical anthropology 149 4 611 615 doi 10 1002 ajpa 22167 pmid 23115110 however with the discovery of the z280 and z93 substitutions within phase 1 1000 genomes project data and subsequent genotyping of these snps in 200 samples a schism between european and asian r1a chromosomes has emerged kristiansen kristian kroonen guus willerslev eske 11 may 2023 the indo european puzzle revisited integrating archaeology genetics and linguistics cambridge university press pp 70 71 isbn 978 1 009 26174 6 how exactly the emergence and expansion of the corded ware are linked to the emergence and expansion of the yamnaya horizon remains unclear however the y chromosome record of both groups indicates that corded ware cannot be derived directly from the yamnaya or late eastern farming groups sampled thus far and is therefore likely to constitute a parallel development in the forest steppe and temperate forest zones of eastern europe even in central europe the formation of the earliest regional corded ware identities was the result of local and regional social practices that resulted in the typical corded ware rite of passage chechushkov i v epimakhov a v 2018 eurasian steppe chariots and social complexity during the bronze age journal of world prehistory 31 4 435 483 doi 10 1007 s10963 018 9124 0 s2cid 254743380 raulwing peter 2000 horses chariots and indo europeans foundations and methods of chariotry research from the viewpoint of comparative indo european linguistics archaeolingua alapítvány budapest isbn 978 963 8046 26 0 anthony 2007 p 402 eight radiocarbon dates have been obtained from five sintashta culture graves containing the impressions of spoked wheels including three at sintashta sm cemetery gr 5 19 28 one at krivoe ozero k 9 gr 1 and one at kammeny ambar 5 k 2 gr 8 three of these 3760 120 bp 3740 50 bp and 3700 60 bp with probability distributions that fall predominantly before 2000 bce suggest that the earliest chariots probably appeared in the steppes before 2000 bce table 15 1 p 376 holm hans j j g 2019 the earliest wheel finds their archeology and indo european terminology in time and space and early migrations around the caucasus series minor 43 budapest archaeolingua alapítvány isbn 978 615 5766 30 5 mallory 1997 pp 20 21 grigoriev stanislav 2021 andronovo problem studies of cultural genesis in the eurasian bronze age open archaeology 7 3 36 doi 10 1515 opar 2020 0123 bjørn rasmus g january 2022 indo european loanwords and exchange in bronze age central and east asia six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the eastern steppe zone evolutionary human sciences 4 e23 doi 10 1017 ehs 2022 16 issn 2513 843x pmc 10432883 pmid 37599704 1 2 parpola 2015 p 76 bryant 2001 p 206 francfort in fussman et al 2005 p 268 fussman in fussman et al 2005 p 220 francfort 1989 fouilles de shortugai bryant 2001 bryant 2001 p 216 sources edit allentoft morten e et al 11 june 2015 population genomics of bronze age eurasia nature 522 7555 nature research 167 172 bibcode 2015natur 522 167a doi 10 1038 nature14507 pmid 26062507 s2cid 4399103 anthony david w 2007 the horse the wheel and language princeton nj princeton university press isbn 978 0 691 05887 0 chintalapati manjusha patterson nick moorjani priya 18 july 2022 the spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the european holocene elife 11 11 e77625 doi 10 7554 elife 77625 pmc 9293011 pmid 35635751 lubotsky alexander 2023 indo european and indo iranian wagon terminology and the date of the indo iranian split in willerslev eske kroonen guus kristiansen kristian eds the indo european puzzle revisited integrating archaeology genetics and linguistics cambridge cambridge university press pp 257 262 isbn 978 1 009 26175 3 retrieved 16 november 2023 narasimhan vagheesh m et al 6 september 2019 the formation of human populations in south and central asia science 365 6457 eaat7487 american association for the advancement of science biorxiv 10 1101 292581 doi 10 1126 science aat7487 pmc 6822619 pmid 31488661 bryant edwin 2001 the quest for the origins of vedic culture the indo aryan migration debate oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 513777 4 fussman g kellens j francfort h p tremblay x 2005 āryas aryens et iraniens en asie centrale paris collège de france isbn 2 86803 072 6 mallory j p 1997 encyclopedia of indo european culture taylor francis isbn 978 1 884964 98 5 retrieved 15 february 2015 mallory j p mair victor h 2008 the tarim mummies ancient china and the mystery of the earliest peoples from the west thames hudson isbn 978 0 500 28372 1 mathieson iain 23 november 2015 genome wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient eurasians nature 528 7583 499 503 bibcode 2015natur 528 499m doi 10 1038 nature16152 pmc 4918750 pmid 26595274 parpola asko 2015 the roots of hinduism the early aryans and the indus civilization oxford university press schmitt rüdiger 1987 aryans encyclopædia iranica vol 2 iranica foundation further reading edit contact and change in the diversification of the indo iranic languages pdf dr russell gray max planck institute for the science of human history department of linguistic and cultural evolution matras yaron 2012 a grammar of domari pdf mouton grammar library berlin de gruyter mouton doi 10 1515 9783110291421 isbn 978 3 11 028914 5 baly joseph 1897 eur aryan roots with their english derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged vol 1 london keegan paul trench trubner company chakrabarti byomkes 1994 a comparative study of santali and bengali calcutta k p bagchi co isbn 81 7074 128 9 kümmel martin joachim 2018 the morphology of indo iranian in klein jared joseph brian fritz matthias eds handbook of comparative and historical indo european linguistics vol 3 de gruyter mouton pp 1888 1924 doi 10 1515 9783110542431 032 s2cid 135347276 kümmel martin joachim 2020 substrata of indo iranic and related questions in garnier romain ed loanwords and substrata proceedings of the colloquium held in limoges 5th 7th june 2018 innsbruck institut für sprachwissenschaft der universität innsbruck pp 237 277 isbn 978 3 85124 751 0 kümmel martin joachim 2022 indo iranian in olander thomas ed the indo european language family a phylogenetic perspective cambridge cambridge university press pp 246 268 doi 10 1017 9781108758666 014 isbn 978 1 108 75866 6 lubotsky alexander 2018 the phonology of proto indo iranian in klein jared joseph brian fritz matthias eds handbook of comparative and historical indo european linguistics vol 3 de gruyter mouton pp 1875 1888 doi 10 1515 9783110542431 031 hdl 1887 63480 s2cid 165490459 pinault georges jean 2005 contacts religieux et culturels des indo iraniens avec la civilisation de l oxus comptes rendus des séances de l académie des inscriptions et belles lettres in french 149 1 213 257 doi 10 3406 crai 2005 22848 pinault georges jean 2008 la langue des scythes et le nom des arimaspes comptes rendus des séances de l académie des inscriptions et belles lettres in french 152 1 105 138 doi 10 3406 crai 2008 92104 sims williams nicholas ed 2002 indo iranian languages and peoples oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 726285 6 kümmel martin substrata of indo iranic and related questions loanwords and substrata proceedings of the colloquium held in limoges 5th 7 june 2018 2020 external links edit look up appendix indo iranian swadesh lists in wiktionary the free dictionary wikimedia commons has media related to indo iranian languages swadesh lists of indo iranian basic vocabulary words from wiktionary s swadesh list appendix v t e indo european languages list albanoid albanian messapic dardanian illyrian anatolian hittite lydian palaic luwic carian luwian lycian milyan pisidian sidetic kalasmaic balto slavic baltic dnieper oka golyad east baltic west baltic slavic east slavic south slavic west slavic celtic hispano celtic celtiberian gallaecian continental celtic insular celtic germanic east germanic north germanic west germanic hellenic ancient macedonian greek indo iranian indo aryan iranian nuristani badeshi unclassified italic latino faliscan romance osco umbrian siculian belgic tocharian tocharian a tocharian b tocharian c others armenian unclassified dacian dardanian elymian getaean liburnian ligurian lusitanian moesian mysian paeonian phrygian thracian venetic wusun philistine sorothaptic proto languages proto indo european proto albanian proto anatolian proto armenian proto balto slavic proto baltic proto slavic proto celtic proto germanic proto norse proto hellenic proto indo iranian proto indo aryan proto iranian proto nuristani proto italic proto romance proto tocharian italics indicate extinct languages indo iranian languages v t e indo aryan languages dardic kashmiric kashmiri kishtwari pogali shinaic brokskat kalkoti kohistani shina kundal shahi sawi shina palula ushoji kunar dameli gawar bati nangalami shumashti kohistani bateri chilisso gawri gowro indus kohistani tirahi torwali mankiyali wotapuri katarqalai others chitrali chitrali kalasha urtsuniwar khowar gandhari pashayi northern eastern doteli jumli nepali central garhwali kumaoni western dogri kangri bhadarwahi churahi bhateali bilaspuri chambeali gaddi pangwali mandeali mahasu pahari jaunsari kullui pahari kinnauri hinduri sirmauri sarazi northwestern punjabi eastern punjabi dialects sansi lahnda hindko inku khetrani pahari pothwari saraiki sindhi jadgali kholosi kutchi luwati memoni sindhi western gujarati aer gujarati lisan ud dawat jandavra koli kachi parkari wadiyara saurashtra vaghri rajasthani bagri thari dhundari goaria gujari harauti lambadi loarki malvi marwari mewari mewati ahirwati nimadi od shekhawati bhil bhili bhilali chodri dhodia kukna dhanki dubli bauria bhilori mawchi magari palya bareli pauri bareli rathwi bareli pardhi gamit kalto vasavi wagdi vaagri booli romani northern british romani angloromani scottish cant welsh romani northwestern romani finnish romani laiuse romani scandoromani sinte romani others balkan romani rumelian romani zargari romani baltic romani caló carpathian romani bohemian romani greek romani serbian romani vlax romani kalderash romani erromintxela others khandeshi dawoodi domari kurbet lomavren central western braj bhasha bundeli haryanvi hindustani kauravi hindi hinglish urdish urdu deccani judeo urdu hyderabadi urdu rekhta kannauji sansi sadhukkadi eastern awadhi bagheli chhattisgarhi fiji hindi others parya eastern bihari bhojpuric bhojpuri caribbean hindustani magahi magahi maithili maithili angika bajjika sadanic sadri kurmali khortha t...