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ity portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 types 2 signs and symptoms toggle signs and symptoms subsection 2 1 bacterial or viral 3 pathophysiology toggle pathophysiology subsection 3 1 colonization 3 2 disease 3 3 transmission 4 diagnosis toggle diagnosis subsection 4 1 symptomatic diagnostics 4 2 microbial culture 4 3 microscopy 4 4 biochemical tests 4 5 pcr based diagnostics 4 6 metagenomic sequencing 4 7 indication of tests 4 8 classification 4 8 1 subclinical versus clinical latent versus apparent 4 8 2 course of infection 4 8 3 primary versus opportunistic 4 8 3 1 primary pathogens 4 8 3 2 opportunistic pathogens 4 8 3 3 secondary infection 4 8 3 4 other types of infection 4 8 4 infectious or not 4 8 5 contagiousness 4 8 6 by anatomic location 5 prevention toggle prevention subsection 5 1 immunity 5 1 1 host genetic factors 6 treatments 7 susceptibility to infection 8 epidemiology toggle epidemiology subsection 8 1 historic pandemics 8 2 emerging diseases 9 germ theory of disease toggle germ theory of disease subsection 9 1 medical specialists 10 society and culture 11 fossil record 12 outer space 13 see also 14 references 15 external links toggle the table of contents infection 103 languages afrikaans alemannisch aragonés العربية مصرى অসমীয়া aymar aru azərbaycanca bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български banjar বাংলা bosanski català کوردی čeština cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi na vosa vakaviti français gaeilge galego hausa עברית हिन्दी hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 ქართული taqbaylit қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر кыргызча latina lingua franca nova limburgs lietuvių latviešu македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål oromoo polski پنجابی پښتو português ikirundi română русский sicilianu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina soomaaliga shqip српски srpski sesotho svenska kiswahili தமிழ் ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt winaray 吴语 isixhosa მარგალური ייִדיש 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia invasion of an organism s body by pathogenic agents for other uses see infection disambiguation infectious disease redirects here for the medical specialty see infectious diseases medical specialty for the journal see infectious disease journal medical condition infection pus oozing from an abscess caused by bacteria specialty infectious diseases causes bacterial viral parasitic fungal prion an infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens their multiplication and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce 1 an infectious disease is an illness resulting from an infection and some infectious diseases are also communicable transmissible infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens most prominently bacteria and viruses 2 hosts can fight infections using their immune systems mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response often involving inflammation followed by an adaptive response treatment for infections depends on the type of pathogen involved common medications include antibiotics for bacterial infections antivirals for viral infections antifungals for fungal infections antiprotozoals for protozoan infections antihelminthics for infections caused by parasitic worms infectious diseases remain a significant global health concern communicable maternal neonatal and nutritional diseases together accounted for an estimated 18 6 of global deaths in 2017 3 the branch of medicine that focuses on infections is referred to as infectious diseases 4 types edit infections are caused by infectious agents pathogens including bacteria e g mycobacterium tuberculosis staphylococcus aureus escherichia coli clostridium botulinum and salmonella spp viruses and subviral agents such as viroids and prions e g hiv rhinovirus lyssaviruses such as rabies virus ebolavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 fungi further subclassified into ascomycota including yeasts such as candida the most common fungal infection filamentous fungi such as aspergillus pneumocystis species and dermatophytes a group of organisms causing infection of skin and other superficial structures in humans 5 basidiomycota including the human pathogenic genus cryptococcus 6 parasites which are usually divided into 7 unicellular organisms e g malaria toxoplasma babesia macroparasites 8 worms or helminths including nematodes such as parasitic roundworms and pinworms tapeworms cestodes and flukes trematodes such as schistosomes diseases caused by helminths are sometimes termed infestations but are sometimes called infections arthropods such as ticks mites fleas and lice can also cause human disease which conceptually are similar to infections but invasion of a human or animal body by these macroparasites is usually termed infestation signs and symptoms edit the signs and symptoms of an infection depend on the type of disease some signs of infection affect the whole body generally such as fatigue loss of appetite weight loss fevers night sweats chills aches and pains others are specific to individual body parts such as skin rashes coughing or a runny nose 9 in certain cases infectious diseases may be asymptomatic for much or even all of their course in a given host in the latter case the disease may only be defined as a disease which by definition means an illness in hosts who secondarily become ill after contact with an asymptomatic carrier an infection is not synonymous with an infectious disease as some infections do not cause illness in a host 10 bacterial or viral edit as bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms it can be difficult to distinguish which is the cause of a specific infection 11 distinguishing the two is important since viral infections cannot be cured by antibiotics whereas bacterial infections can 12 comparison of viral and bacterial infection characteristic viral infection bacterial infection typical symptoms in general viral infections are systemic this means they involve many different parts of the body or more than one body system at the same time i e a runny nose sinus congestion cough body aches etc they can be local at times as in viral conjunctivitis or pink eye and herpes only a few viral infections are painful like herpes the pain of viral infections is often described as itchy or burning 11 the classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness heat swelling and pain one of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain pain that is in a specific part of the body for example if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria pain occurs at the site of the infection bacterial throat pain is often characterized by more pain on one side of the throat an ear infection is more likely to be diagnosed as bacterial if the pain occurs in only one ear 11 cause pathogenic viruses pathogenic bacteria pathophysiology edit chain of infection the chain of events that lead to infection there is a general chain of events that applies to infections sometimes called the chain of infection or transmission chain the chain of events involves several steps which include the infectious agent reservoir entering a susceptible host exit and transmission to new hosts each of the links must be present in a chronological order for an infection to develop understanding these steps helps health care workers target the infection and prevent it from occurring in the first place 13 colonization edit infection of an ingrown toenail there is pus yellow and resultant inflammation redness and swelling around the nail infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body grows and multiplies this is referred to as colonization most humans are not easily infected those with compromised or weakened immune systems have an increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections individuals who have a suppressed immune system are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections entrance to the host at host pathogen interface generally occurs through the mucosa in orifices like the oral cavity nose eyes genitalia anus or the microbe can enter through open wounds while a few organisms can grow at the initial site of entry many migrate and cause systemic infection in different organs some pathogens grow within the host cells intracellular whereas others grow freely in bodily fluids 14 wound colonization refers to non replicating microorganisms within the wound while in infected wounds replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured 15 all multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host an example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species which colonizes the mammalian colon and an example of the latter are the various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin neither of these colonizations are considered infections the difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance non pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic given specific conditions and even the most virulent organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection some colonizing bacteria such as corynebacteria sp and viridans streptococci prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria and thus have a symbiotic relationship with the host preventing infection and speeding wound healing this image depicts the steps of pathogenic infection 16 the variables involved in the outcome of a host becoming inoculated by a pathogen and the ultimate outcome include the route of entry of the pathogen and the access to host regions that it gains the intrinsic virulence of the particular organism the quantity or load of the initial inoculant the immune status of the host being colonized as an example several staphylococcal species remain harmless on the skin but when present in a normally sterile space such as in the capsule of a joint or the peritoneum multiply without resistance and cause harm 17 an interesting fact that gas chromatography mass spectrometry 16s ribosomal rna analysis omics and other advanced technologies have made more apparent to humans in recent decades is that microbial colonization is very common even in environments that humans think of as being nearly sterile because it is normal to have bacterial colonization it is difficult to know which chronic wounds can be classified as infected and how much risk of progression exists despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs a review of chronic wounds in the journal of the american medical association s rational clinical examination series quantified the importance of increased pain as an indicator of infection 18 the review showed that the most useful finding was an increase in the level of pain likelihood ratio range 11 20 which makes infection much more likely the absence of pain likelihood ratio range 0 64 0 88 does not rule out infection disease edit disease can arise if the host s protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes for example clostridium tetani releases a toxin that paralyzes muscles and staphylococcus releases toxins that produce shock and sepsis not all infectious agents cause disease in all hosts for example less than 5 of individuals infected with polio develop disease 19 on the other hand some infectious agents are highly virulent the prion causing mad cow disease and creutzfeldt jakob disease invariably kills all animals and people that are infected 20 persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection there are some viruses that can maintain a persistent infection by infecting different cells of the body some viruses once acquired never leave the body a typical example is the herpes virus which tends to hide in nerves and become reactivated when specific circumstances arise 21 persistent infections cause millions of deaths globally each year better source needed chronic infections by parasites account for a high morbidity and mortality in many underdeveloped countries 22 23 transmission edit main article transmission medicine a southern house mosquito culex quinquefasciatus is a vector that transmits the pathogens that cause west nile fever and avian malaria among others for infecting organisms to survive and repeat the infection cycle in other hosts they or their progeny must leave an existing reservoir and cause infection elsewhere infection transmission can take place via many potential routes 24 droplet contact also known as the respiratory route and the resultant infection can be termed airborne disease if an infected person coughs or sneezes on another person the microorganisms suspended in warm moist droplets may enter the body through the nose mouth or eye surfaces fecal oral transmission wherein foodstuffs or water become contaminated by people not washing their hands before preparing food or untreated sewage being released into a drinking water supply and the people who eat and drink them become infected common fecal oral transmitted pathogens include vibrio cholerae giardia species rotaviruses entamoeba histolytica escherichia coli and tape worms better source needed most of these pathogens cause gastroenteritis sexual transmission with the result being called sexually transmitted infection oral transmission diseases that are transmitted primarily by oral means may be caught through direct oral contact such as kissing or by indirect contact such as by sharing a drinking glass or a cigarette transmission by direct contact some diseases that are transmissible by direct contact include athlete s foot impetigo and warts vehicle transmission transmission by an inanimate reservoir food water soil 25 vertical transmission directly from the mother to an embryo fetus or baby during pregnancy or c...