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Text of the page (random words):
r example what the user types into a search box client side code then sends to the server which immediately responds with a drop down list of matching database items json has seen ad hoc usage as a configuration language despite lacking native support for comments see comments mongodb uses json like data for its document oriented database some relational databases have added support for native json data types such as jsonb in postgresql 33 and json in mysql 34 this allows developers to insert json data directly without having to convert it to another format safety edit json being a subset of javascript can lead to the misconception that it is safe to pass json texts to the javascript eval function this is not safe due to certain valid json texts specifically those containing u 2028 line separator or u 2029 paragraph separator not being valid javascript code until javascript specifications were updated in 2019 and so older engines may not support it 14 to avoid the many pitfalls caused by executing arbitrary code from the internet a new function json parse was first added to the fifth edition of ecmascript 35 which as of 2017 is supported by all major browsers for non supported browsers an api compatible javascript library is provided by douglas crockford 36 in addition the tc39 proposal subsume json made ecmascript a strict json superset as of the language s 2019 revision 15 16 various json parser implementations have suffered from denial of service attack and mass assignment vulnerability 37 38 alternatives edit see also comparison of data serialization formats json is promoted as a low overhead alternative to xml as both of these formats have widespread support for creation reading and decoding in the real world situations where they are commonly used 39 depending on the specific use case json alternatives include for textual formats csv and supersets of json see below ion also offers a textual format that s a json superset wider range of primary types annotations comments and allowing trailing commas 40 for faster processing at the cost of human readability data interchange formats that can express all json objects i e that have a data model that is a superset of json s include cbor an ietf rfc standard and ion binary 40 google protocol buffers can also fill this niche due to the ability to be parsed without a schema but it is not intended as an interchange language in addition databases such as sqlite and postgresql have their own internal binary representations called jsonb not intended for outside use 41 xml edit main article xml xml has been used to describe structured data and to serialize objects various xml based protocols exist to represent the same kind of data structures as json for the same kind of data interchange purposes data can be encoded in xml in several ways the most expansive form using tag pairs results in a much larger in character count representation than json but if data is stored in attributes and short tag form where the closing tag is replaced with the representation is often about the same size as json or just a little larger 42 however an xml attribute can only have a single value and each attribute can appear at most once on each element xml separates data from metadata via the use of elements and attributes while json does not have such a concept another key difference is the addressing of values json has objects with a simple key to value mapping whereas in xml addressing happens on nodes each of which receives a unique id via the xml processor additionally the xml standard defines a common attribute xml id that can be used by the user to set an id explicitly xml tag names cannot contain any of the characters nor a space character and cannot begin with or a numeric digit whereas json keys can even if quotation mark and backslash must be escaped 43 xml values are strings of characters with no built in type safety xml has the concept of schema that permits strong typing user defined types predefined tags and formal structure allowing for formal validation of an xml stream json has several types built in and has a similar schema concept in json schema xml supports comments while json does not 44 22 supersets edit support for comments and other features have been deemed useful which has led to several nonstandard json supersets being created among them are hjson 45 hocon and json5 which despite its name is not the fifth version of json 46 47 yaml edit see also yaml json yaml version 1 2 is a superset of json prior versions were not strictly compatible for example escaping a slash with a backslash is valid in json but was not valid in yaml 48 yaml supports comments while json does not 48 46 22 cson edit cson coffeescript object notation uses significant indentation and unquoted keys and assumes an outer object declaration it was used for configuring github s atom text editor 49 50 51 there is also an unrelated project called cson cursive script object notation that is more syntactically similar to json 52 hocon edit hocon human optimized config object notation is a format for human readable data and a superset of json 53 the uses of hocon are it is used mostly along with the play framework 54 and is developed by lightbend it is also supported as a configuration format for net projects via akka net 55 56 and puppet 57 tibco streaming 58 hocon is the primary configuration file format for the tibco streaming 59 family of products streambase liveview and artifact management server as of tibco streaming release 10 60 it is also the primary configuration file format for several subsystems of exabeam advanced analytics 61 jitsi uses it as the new config system and properties files as fallback 62 63 json5 edit json5 json5 data interchange format is an extension of json syntax that like json is also valid javascript syntax the specification was started in 2012 and finished in 2018 with version 1 0 0 64 the main differences to json syntax are example needed optional trailing commas unquoted object keys single quoted and multiline strings additional number formats comments json5 syntax is supported in some software as an extension of json syntax for instance in sqlite 65 jsonc edit jsonc json with comments is a subset of json5 used in microsoft s visual studio code 66 67 supports single line comments and block comments 68 accepts trailing commas but they are discouraged and the editor will display a warning derivatives edit several serialization formats have been built on or from the json specification examples include geojson a format designed for representing simple geographical features 69 70 json ld a method of encoding linked data using json 71 72 json rpc a remote procedure call protocol encoded in json 73 jsonml a lightweight markup language used to map between xml and json 74 75 smile data interchange format 76 77 ubjson a binary computer data interchange format imitating json but requiring fewer bytes of data 78 79 jsonnet is a prototype based domain specific language that produces json files all json documents are valid jsonnet programs that will be emitted unchanged when run jsonnet extends json by supporting variables imports loops comments etc 80 81 jsonnet is used as a configuration language for cloud infrastructure engineering 82 see also edit bson comparison of data serialization formats extensible data notation amazon ion a superset of json though limited to utf 8 like json for interchange unlike general json jackson api jaql a functional data processing and query language most commonly used for json query processing jq a json query language and high level programming language jsoniq a json oriented query and processing language based on xquery json streaming s expression notes edit references edit 1 2 3 crockford douglas august 28 2011 the json saga video yui library retrieved february 21 2022 via youtube transcript archived 2019 10 30 from transcript vids 1 2 3 iso iec 21778 2017 information technology the json data interchange syntax iso retrieved june 24 2025 ecma 404 the json data interchange syntax 2nd ed ecma international december 2017 p iii footnote archived pdf from the original on october 27 2019 retrieved april 29 2024 1 2 3 ecma 404 the json data interchange format 1st ed ecma international october 2013 archived pdf from the original on november 1 2013 retrieved november 20 2023 sweigart al 2015 automate the boring stuff with python practical programming for total beginners no starch press p 319 isbn 9781593276850 retrieved october 29 2019 pronounced jay sawn or jason it doesn t matter how because either way people will say you re pronouncing it wrong assuming the cot caught merger sawn s ɔː n sɒn 1 2 3 t bray december 2017 the javascript object notation json data interchange format internet engineering task force doi 10 17487 rfc8259 issn 2070 1721 std 90 rfc 8259 internet standard 90 obsoletes rfc 7159 bray tim json redux aka rfc7159 ongoing retrieved march 16 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original on july 30 2016 retrieved august 30 2019 i removed comments from json because i saw people were using them to hold parsing directives a practice which would have destroyed interoperability i know that the lack of comments makes some people sad but it shouldn t suppose you are using json to keep configuration files which you would like to annotate go ahead and insert all the comments you like then pipe it through jsmin before handing it to your json parser trailing commas javascript mdn developer mozilla org september 12 2023 retrieved december 16 2023 json5 json5 archived from the original on november 29 2020 retrieved december 16 2020 ecma 404 2nd ed p iii the json syntax is not a specification of a complete data interchange meaningful data interchange requires agreement between a producer and consumer on the semantics attached to a particular use of the json syntax what json does provide is the syntactic framework to which such semantics can be attached media types iana org 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