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n paris on 18 november 1882 the son of paul maritain who was a lawyer and his wife geneviève favre the daughter of philosopher and educator julie favre and statesman and lawyer jules favre his niece was librarian and resistance member éveline garnier who he later made his principal legatee and introduced to her life partner andrée jacob 3 4 5 maritain was reared in a liberal protestant milieu he was sent to the lycée henri iv later he attended the sorbonne studying the natural sciences chemistry biology and physics at the sorbonne he met raïssa oumançoff a russian jewish émigré they married in 1904 but they made a private vow to abstain from sex 6 a noted poet and mystic raïssa participated as his intellectual partner in his search for truth raïssa s sister vera oumançoff lived with jacques and raïssa for almost all their married life at the sorbonne jacques and raïssa soon became disenchanted with scientism which could not in their view address the larger existential issues of life in 1901 in light of this disillusionment they made a pact to commit suicide together if they could not discover some deeper meaning to life within a year they were spared from following through on this because at the urging of charles péguy they attended the lectures of henri bergson at the collège de france bergson s critique of scientism dissolved their intellectual despair and instilled in them the sense of the absolute then through the influence of léon bloy they converted to the catholic faith in 1906 7 in the fall of 1907 the maritains moved to heidelberg where jacques studied biology under hans driesch hans driesch s theory of neo vitalism attracted jacques because of its affinity with henri bergson during this time raïssa fell ill and during her convalescence their spiritual advisor a dominican friar named humbert clérissac introduced her to the writings of thomas aquinas she read them with enthusiasm and in turn exhorted her husband to examine the saint s writings in thomas maritain found a number of insights and ideas that he had believed all along he wrote thenceforth in affirming to myself without chicanery or diminution the authentic value of the reality of our human instruments of knowledge i was already a thomist without knowing it when several months later i came to the summa theologiae i would construct no impediment to its luminous flood from the angelic doctor the honorary title of aquinas he was led to the philosopher as aquinas called aristotle still later to further his intellectual development he read the neo thomists beginning in 1912 maritain taught at the collège stanislas he later moved to the institut catholique de paris for the 1916 1917 academic year he taught at the petit séminaire de versailles in 1925 he founded the journal le roseau d or with jean cocteau 8 in 1930 maritain and étienne gilson received honorary doctorates in philosophy from the pontifical university of saint thomas aquinas angelicum 9 in 1933 maritain gave his first lectures in north america in toronto at the pontifical institute of mediaeval studies he also taught at columbia university at the committee on social thought university of chicago at the university of notre dame and at princeton university from 1945 to 1948 he was the french ambassador to the holy see afterwards maritain returned to princeton university in 1952 he gave the inaugural a w mellon lectures in the fine arts four years later he achieved the elysian status as he put it of a professor emeritus raïssa maritain died in 1960 after her death jacques published her journal under the title raïssa s journal for several years maritain was an honorary chairman of the congress for cultural freedom appearing as a keynote speaker at its 1960 conference in berlin 10 tomb of raïssa and jacques maritain from 1961 maritain lived with the little brothers of jesus in toulouse france he had an influence on the order since its foundation in 1933 and became a little brother in 1970 11 maritain was also an oblate for the order of saint benedict 12 in a 1938 interview published by the commonweal magazine they asked if he was a freemason maritain replied that question offends me for i should have a horror of belonging to freemasonry so much the worse for well intentioned people whose anxiety and need for explanations would have been satisfied by believing me to be one 13 jacques and raïssa maritain are buried in the cemetery of kolbsheim a little french village in alsace where he had spent many summers at the estate of his friends antoinette and alexander grunelius 14 work edit the foundation of maritain s thought is aristotle aquinas and the thomistic commentators especially john of st thomas he is eclectic in his use of these sources maritain s philosophy is based on evidence accrued by the senses and acquired by an understanding of first principles maritain defended philosophy as a science against those who would degrade it and promoted philosophy as the queen of sciences in 1910 jacques maritain completed his first contribution to modern philosophy a 28 page article titled reason and modern science published in revue de philosophie june issue in it he warned that science was becoming a divinity its methodology usurping the role of reason and philosophy supplanting the humanities 15 in 1917 a committee of french bishops commissioned jacques to write a series of textbooks to be used in catholic colleges and seminaries he wrote and completed only two of these projects titled elements de philosophie introduction of philosophy in 1920 and l ordre des concepts petite logique logique formelle in 1934 it has been a standard text ever since in many catholic seminaries he wrote in his introduction if the philosophy of aristotle as revived and enriched by thomas aquinas and his school may rightly be called the christian philosophy both because the church is never weary of putting it forward as the only true philosophy and because it harmonizes perfectly with the truths of faith nevertheless it is proposed here for the reader s acceptance not because it is christian but because it is demonstrably true this agreement between a philosophic system founded by a pagan and the dogmas of revelation is no doubt an external sign an extra philosophic guarantee of its truth but from its own rational evidence it derives its authority as a philosophy during the second world war jacques maritain protested the policies of the vichy government while teaching at the pontifical institute for medieval studies in canada moving to new york maritain became deeply involved in rescue activities seeking to bring persecuted and threatened academics many of them jews to america he was instrumental in founding the école libre des hautes études a kind of university in exile that was at the same time the centre of gaullist resistance in the united states after the war in a papal audience on 16 july 1946 he tried unsuccessfully to have pope pius xii officially denounce antisemitism 16 many of his american papers are held by the university of notre dame which established the jacques maritain center in 1957 the cercle d etudes jacques raïssa maritain is an association founded by the philosopher himself in 1962 in kolbsheim near strasbourg france where the couple is also buried the purpose of these centres is to encourage study and research of maritain s thoughts and expand upon them it is also absorbed in translating and editing his writings metaphysics and epistemology edit maritain s philosophy is based on the view that metaphysics is prior to epistemology being is first apprehended implicitly in sense experience and is known in two ways first being is known reflexively by abstraction from sense experience one experiences a particular being e g a cup a dog etc and through reflection bending back on the judgement e g this is a dog one recognizes that the object in question is an existent second in light of attaining being reflexively through apprehension of sense experience one may arrive at what maritain calls an intuition of being for maritain this is the point of departure for metaphysics without the intuition of being one cannot be a metaphysician at all the intuition of being involves rising to the apprehension of ens secundum quod est ens being insofar as it is a being in existence and the existent he explains it is being attained or perceived at the summit of an abstractive intellection of an eidetic or intensive visualization which owes its purity and power of illumination only to the fact that the intellect one day was stirred to its depths and trans illuminated by the impact of the act of existing apprehended in things and because it was quickened to the point of receiving this act or hearkening to it within itself in the intelligible and super intelligible integrity of the tone particular to it p 20 in view of this priority given to metaphysics maritain advocates an epistemology he calls critical realism maritain s epistemology is not critical in kant s sense which held that one could only know anything after undertaking a thorough critique of one s cognitive abilities rather it is critical in the sense that it is not a naive or non philosophical realism but one that is defended by way of reason against kant s critical project maritain argues that epistemology is reflexive you can only defend a theory of knowledge in light of knowledge you have already attained consequently the critical question is not the question of modern philosophy how do we pass from what is perceived to what is rather since the mind from the very start reveals itself as warranted in its certitude by things and measured by an esse the latin verb to be aquinas preferred term for existence independent of itself how are we to judge if how on what conditions and to what extent it is so both in principle and in the various moments of knowledge in contrast idealism inevitably ends up in contradiction since it does not recognize the universal scope of the first principles of identity contradiction and finality these become merely laws of thought or language but not of being which opens the way to contradictions being instantiated in reality maritain s metaphysics ascends from this account of being to a critique of the philosophical aspects of modern science through analogy to an account of the existence and nature of god as it is known philosophically and through mystical experience ethics edit maritain was a strong defender of a natural law ethics he viewed ethical norms as being rooted in human nature for maritain the natural law is known primarily not through philosophical argument and demonstration but rather through connaturality connatural knowledge is a kind of knowledge by acquaintance we know the natural law through our direct acquaintance with it in our human experience of central importance is maritain s argument that natural rights are rooted in the natural law this was key to his involvement in the drafting of the un s universal declaration of human rights another important aspect of his ethics was his insistence upon the need for moral philosophy to be conducted in a theological context while a christian could engage in speculative thought about nature or metaphysics in a purely rational manner and develop an adequate philosophy of nature of metaphysics this is not possible with ethics moral philosophy must address the actual state of the human person and this is a person in a state of grace thus moral philosophy adequately considered must take into account properly theological truths it would be impossible for instance to develop an adequate moral philosophy without giving consideration to proper theological facts such as original sin and the supernatural end of the human person in beatitude any moral philosophy that does not take into account these realities that are only known through faith would be fundamentally incomplete 17 political theory edit part of a series on christian democracy principles catholic social teaching christian corporatism common good communitarianism confessionalism consistent life ethic culture of life distributism human dignity neo scholasticism option for the poor person dignity theory personalism pillarisation popolarismo social gospel social justice social market economy ecological solidarity sphere sovereignty stewardship subsidiarity catholic welfare state intellectuals arizmendiarrieta belloc dooyeweerd gebhardt gilson görres groen ketteler kurth leo xiii lima maritain mounier pesch rohrmoser schuman stomma sturzo vialatoux politicians adenauer andreotti antall bayrou beel bondevik bryan busch buzek caldera carroll clerides cosgrave daul de gasperi dehaene donnelly dzurinda erhard erzberger fenech adami frei gemayel groen haller joseph juncker kaas kaiser kennedy john kennedy robert ketteler klausener kohl komorowski korfanty kramp karrenbauer kurz kuyper lacalle pou laschet letta lubbers martens mattarella mazowiecki merkel metsola mikołajczyk moro pastrana peterle pethrus popiel portas pöttering prodi quadros schäffer seipel söder stegerwald strauss sturzo tindemans vogelsang von der leyen wałęsa weber werner windthorst parties american solidarity party austrian people s party christian democracy christian democratic appeal christian democratic and flemish christian democratic party christian democratic party of uruguay christian democratic people s party christian democratic rebirth party christian democratic union of germany christian social people s party christian social union in bavaria christian union centre party centrists for europe civic platform croatian democratic union democratic rally democrats european christian political party fianna fáil fine gael free patriotic movement kataeb party national action party national party nationalist party new democracy patriotic union people s party polish people s party popular republican movement prohibition party the centre vmro dpmne organizations catholic action centrist democrat international center for public justice christian democrat organization of america european people s party konrad adenauer foundation young union documents rerum novarum 1891 graves de communi re 1901 quadragesimo anno 1931 populorum progressio 1967 centesimus annus 1991 related topics catholic church and politics christian left christian anarchism christian communism christian socialism evangelical left christian libertarianism christian right christian nationalism clerical philosophers ethical socialism integralism progressive christianity religious democracy buddhist islamic jewish mormon social democracy christianity portal politics portal v t e maritain corresponded with and was a friend of 18 the american radical community organizer saul alinsky 19 as well as french prime minister robert schuman 20 in the study the radical vision of saul alinsky author p david finks noted that for years jacques maritain had spoken approvingly to montini of the democratic community or...