Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

life, james, rainwater, contents, early, manhattan, project, later, notes, references, external, links, related, archival, collections,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (92), and (48), #rainwater (43), james (30), was (30), physics (23), nobel (19), his (19), for (18), from (17), nuclear (16), american (15), columbia (15), project (14), physical (14), 1975 (14), that (13), with (12), bohr (12), john (12), fitch (12), 1986 (11), prize (11), atomic (11), edit (11), neutron (10), united (9), society (9), manhattan (9), university (9), retrieved (9), model (9), studies (9), had (9), this (8), states (8), 2015 (8), 2009 (8), 1946 (8), energy (8), march (8), wikipedia (7), 1917 (7), george (7), doi (7), bibcode (7), havens (7), review (7), spectrometer (7), sciences (6), wilson (6), fermi (6), dunning (6), william (6), new (6), york (6), december (6), 1103 (6), physrev (6), laboratories (6), who (6), use (5), page (5), laureates (5), academy (5), california (5), institute (5), technology (5), mottelson (5), 1950 (5), lawrence (5), related (5), robert (5), leo (5), val (5), links (5), atoms (5), beam (5), professor (5), not (5), move (5), contents (4), search (4), may (4), foundation (4), commons (4), wikidata (4), national (4), aage (4), 1963 (4), 1954 (4), 1952 (4), 1949 (4), 1939 (4), reactor (4), chicago (4), niels (4), ernest (4), lecture (4), notes (4), spheroidal (4), award (4), boron (4), cadmium (4), distribution (4), paraffin (4), pupin (4), but (4), became (4), died (4), built (4), which (4), worked (4), where (4), work (4), structure (4), shell (4), could (4), published (4), later (4), life (4), thesis (4), first (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), toggle (3), view (3), about (3), under (3), using (3), wikimedia (3), 2026 (3), nobelprize (3), articles (3), physicists (3), people (3), council (3), idaho (3), fellows (3), org (3), history (3), 1976 (3), ben (3), chemistry (3), van (3), fowler (3), goeppert (3), mayer (3), born (3), 1953 (3), 1951 (3), rabi (3), 1942 (3), franck (3), uranium (3), wheeler (3), enrico (3), charles (3), thomas (3), student (3), proposal (3), external (3), pdf (3), august (3), after (3), three (3), sons (3), nevis (3), when (3), naval (3), would (3), also (3), theoretical (3), developed (3), nucleus (3), theory (3), bombs (3), war (3), awarded (3), orlando (3), then (3), received (3), nuclei (3), tools (3), main (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), available (2), terms (2), apply (2), site (2), july (2), categories (2), category (2), link (2), september (2), 2017 (2), short (2), description (2), faculty (2), alumni (2), mathematics (2), science (2), 1980 (2), 1979 (2), 1978 (2), 1977 (2), 1974 (2), 1973 (2), 1972 (2), 1971 (2), 1970 (2), soviet (2), union (2), denmark (2), present (2), 2025 (2), 2014 (2), 2013 (2), smith (2), 2001 (2), 2000 (2), richardson (2), lee (2), taylor (2), paul (2), ramsey (2), 1985 (2), von (2), der (2), 1983 (2), 1982 (2), siegbahn (2), anderson (2), bardeen (2), alvarez (2), bethe (2), 1965 (2), feynman (2), townes (2), wigner (2), 1961 (2), segrè (2), frank (2), 1957 (2), 1955 (2), cockcroft (2), 1948 (2), 1945 (2), 1941 (2), thomson (2), chadwick (2), compton (2), 1926 (2), 1925 (2), einstein (2), 1918 (2), bragg (2), curie (2), 1901 (2), special (2), engineer (2), smyth (2), report (2), committee (2), agreement (2), oppenheimer (2), los (2), alamos (2), materials (2), szilard (2), pile (2), man (2), great (2), group (2), operation (2), chien (2), shiung (2), eugene (2), edward (2), teller (2), isidor (2), isaac (2), pegram (2), maria (2), scientists (2), heavy (2), sites (2), hanford (2), courses (2), archival (2), collections (2), including (2), background (2), biographical (2), references (2), won (2), study (2), 291 (2), experimental (2), meson (2), mesonic (2), 789 (2), rays (2), 432 (2), 426 (2), fission (2), cross (2), sections (2), 154 (2), 1946phrv (2), 136 (2), wife (2), half (2), brother (2), full (2), synchrocyclotron (2), muonic (2), shared (2), office (2), research (2), all (2), theorists (2), why (2), more (2), remained (2), began (2), they (2), based (2), than (2), results (2), indicated (2), between (2), liquid (2), drop (2), were (2), spherical (2), other (2), shapes (2), papers (2), moved (2), joined (2), sam (2), during (2), development (2), two (2), commission (2), world (2), time (2), its (2), recently (2), married (2), she (2), general (2), early (2), connection (2), motion (2), what (2), scientific (2), projects (2), physicist (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), english (2), article (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, additional, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, utc, hidden, template, property, p8024, hcards, mdy, dates, good, matches, 20th, century, members, optica, ieee, deaths, births, https, index, php, title, james_rainwater, oldid, 1366943943, deutsche, biographie, zbmath, genealogy, academics, worldcat, gnd, viaf, international, authority, control, databases, biography, portals, recipients, tjalling, koopmans, leonid, kantorovich, economic, howard, martin, temin, renato, dulbecco, david, baltimore, physiology, medicine, roy, andrei, sakharov, peace, italy, eugenio, montale, literature, switzerland, vladimir, prelog, kingdom, australia, cornforth, halzen, martinis, devoret, clarke, 2024, hinton, hopfield, 2023, huillier, krausz, agostini, 2022, zeilinger, clauser, aspect, 2021, manabe, hasselmann, parisi, 2020, ghez, genzel, penrose, 2019, queloz, mayor, peebles, 2018, strickland, mourou, ashkin, thorne, barish, weiss, 2016, kosterlitz, haldane, thouless, mcdonald, kajita, nakamura, amano, akasaki, higgs, englert, 2012, haroche, wineland, 2011, riess, schmidt, perlmutter, 2010, novoselov, geim, boyle, kao, 2008, maskawa, makoto, kobayashi, nambu, 2007, grünberg, fert, 2006, smoot, mather, 2005, hänsch, hall, glauber, 2004, wilczek, politzer, gross, 2003, leggett, ginzburg, abrikosov, 2002, giacconi, koshiba, davis, wieman, ketterle, cornell, kilby, kroemer, alferov, 1999, veltman, hooft, 1998, tsui, störmer, laughlin, 1997, phillips, cohen, tannoudji, chu, 1996, osheroff, 1995, reines, perl, 1994, shull, brockhouse, 1993, hulse, 1992, charpak, 1991, gennes, 1990, kendall, friedman, 1989, dehmelt, 1988, steinberger, schwartz, lederman, 1987, müller, bednorz, rohrer, binnig, ruska, klitzing, 1984, meer, rubbia, chandrasekhar, 1981, schawlow, bloembergen, cronin, weinberg, salam, glashow, penzias, kapitsa, vleck, mott, ting, richter, hewish, ryle, josephson, giaever, esaki, schrieffer, cooper, gabor, néel, alfvén, 1969, gell, mann, 1968, 1967, 1966, kastler, schwinger, tomonaga, 1964, prokhorov, basov, jensen, 1962, landau, mössbauer, hofstadter, 1960, glaser, 1959, chamberlain, 1958, tamm, cherenkov, yang, 1956, brattain, shockley, kusch, lamb, bothe, zernike, purcell, bloch, walton, powell, yukawa, blackett, 1947, appleton, bridgman, pauli, 1944, 1943, stern, 1940, 1938, 1937, davisson, 1936, hess, 1935, 1934, 1933, dirac, schrödinger, 1932, heisenberg, 1931, 1930, raman, 1929, broglie, 1928, 1927, perrin, hertz, 1924, 1923, millikan, 1922, 1921, 1920, guillaume, 1919, stark, planck, barkla, 1916, 1915, 1914, laue, 1913, kamerlingh, onnes, 1912, dalén, 1911, wien, 1910, waals, 1909, braun, marconi, 1908, lippmann, 1907, michelson, 1906, 1905, lenard, 1904, rayleigh, 1903, becquerel, 1902, zeeman, lorentz, röntgen, graphite, detachment, executive, rala, experiment, quebec, plutonium, security, hearing, primer, interim, feed, letter, demon, core, calutron, girls, british, contribution, bismuth, phosphate, process, act, african, americans, topics, thin, pumpkin, bomb, little, boy, fat, weapons, artiste, bockscar, enola, gay, 509th, composite, silverplate, alberta, peppermint, crossroads, bombings, hiroshima, nagasaki, alsos, mission, operations, leona, woods, neumann, stanisław, ulam, henry, dewolf, louis, slotin, emilio, glenn, seaborg, bruno, rossi, norman, mark, oliphant, edwin, mcmillan, willard, libby, koval, kistiakowsky, klaus, fuchs, richard, harry, daghlian, critchfield, norris, bradbury, hans, bacher, luis, roscoe, westcott, stafford, warren, harold, urey, bud, uanna, tibbets, spedding, purnell, boris, pash, deak, parsons, kenneth, nichols, dorothy, mckibbin, franklin, matthias, marshall, lansdale, leslie, groves, farrell, priscilla, duffield, conant, arthur, vannevar, bush, lyman, briggs, administrators, water, wendover, trinity, salt, wells, pilot, plant, oak, ridge, montreal, inyokern, dayton, berkeley, ames, timeline, includes, haskell, reich, collection, circa, library, archives, has, media, 143, 1063, 2815185, 1986pht, 39j, 140h, 140, today, memoirs, ennis, june, times, dead, atom, koslov, 292, 1954phrv, 291k, mass, vacuum, polarization, november, 800, 1953phrv, 789f, ceremony, speech, 434, 1950phrv, 432r, level, argument, 450, 1939phrv, 426b, mechanism, archibald, 142, slow, indium, gold, silver, antimony, lithium, mercury, measured, 173, 2027, mdp, 39015077319682, hdl, 154h, 153, 136r, 77870480, oclc, array, contemporary, archived, original, soylent, communications, january, collapsed, revived, knew, how, administer, declining, health, retired, emeritus, february, cardiopulmonary, arrest, riverside, hospital, survived, yonkers, cpr, succeeded, michael, fellow, member, optical, america, association, teachers, electrical, electronics, engineers, funding, operational, estate, willed, family, director, again, replaced, turning, into, facility, reporter, rang, inform, him, initially, thought, several, hours, passed, before, discovered, being, muon, electron, dupont, irvington, hudson, river, made, seemed, obvious, answer, immediately, simultaneously, suggested, field, understand, surprised, dismayed, hear, one, respected, announce, every, conference, attended, through, some, such, comment, although, seems, empirically, very, well, there, justification, should, instructor, teaching, treatment, superseded, explain, elements, older, still, limits, colloquium, reported, moments, greater, those, occurred, explained, differences, models, reconciled, been, assumed, assume, paper, chance, year, sharing, independently, come, similar, idea, their, demonstrated, convincing, data, felt, overlooked, recalled, quadrupole, substitute, alloy, allied, effort, develop, primary, task, produce, mostly, dozen, declassified, too, parts, doctorate, 235, fissile, enrichment, gaseous, diffusion, metallurgical, laboratory, chose, undertake, postgraduate, unusual, scholar, renowned, changed, department, hired, like, studied, engaged, lead, construction, while, basement, written, supervision, techniques, emma, louise, daughter, elizabeth, ann, leukaemia, nine, doctor, philosophy, master, arts, cyclotron, booth, moderator, son, former, civil, ran, local, store, jaspar, edna, eliza, née, teague, never, used, name, always, referred, jim, father, mother, widower, freeman, acquired, officer, high, school, excelled, admitted, strength, competition, degree, major, bachelor, influenza, epidemic, reached, rank, named, discovery, collective, particle, developing, contrary, believed, are, ideas, tested, confirmed, experiments, contributed, understanding, participated, part, determining, asymmetrical, certain, doctoral, advisor, workplaces, career, awards, phd, education, aged, city, free, encyclopedia, item, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get, shortened, url, cite, information, permanent, here, actions, talk, 閩南語, bân, lâm, yorùbá, მარგალური, tiếng, việt, oʻzbekcha, ўзбекча, اردو, українська, татарча, tatarça, türkçe, kiswahili, svenska, српски, srpski, slovenščina, slovenčina, simple, संस्कृतम्, русский, română, português, پنجابی, polski, bokmål, nynorsk, nederlands, नेपाल, भाषा, مازِرونی, melayu, मराठी, македонски, latviešu, latina, 한국어, қазақша, 日本語, italiano, ido, indonesia, հայերեն, kreyòl, ayisyen, hrvatski, हिन्दी, עברית, 客家語, hak, ngî, galego, français, suomi, فارسی, euskara, eesti, español, esperanto, deutsch, dansk, čeština, català, বাংলা, български, беларуская, تۆرکجه, azərbaycanca, مصرى, العربية, subsection, top, personal, pages, recent, community, portal, learn, help, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
wer with two sons freeman and john in time he also acquired a half brother george fowler jr who became naval officer at high school he excelled in mathematics chemistry and physics and was admitted to the california institute of technology on the strength of a chemistry competition 3 4 he received his bachelor of science degree as a physics major in 1939 5 manhattan project edit rainwater then chose to undertake postgraduate studies at columbia university at the time this was an unusual move for a scholar from california as columbia was not then renowned for its physics but this had recently changed george b pegram had recently built up the physics department and hired scientists like enrico fermi 4 at columbia rainwater studied under isidor isaac rabi enrico fermi edward teller and john r dunning 2 fermi was engaged in neutron moderator studies that would lead to the construction of the first nuclear reactor while dunning and eugene t booth had built columbia s first cyclotron in the basement of the pupin physics laboratories 6 rainwater received his master of arts in 1941 5 for his doctor of philosophy thesis on neutron beam spectrometer studies of boron cadmium and the energy distribution from paraffin 7 written under dunning s supervision he built a neutron spectrometer and developed techniques for its use 6 rainwater married emma louise smith in march 1942 2 they had three sons james robert and william and a daughter elizabeth ann who died from leukaemia when she was nine 8 fermi s reactor group moved to the metallurgical laboratory at the university of chicago in 1942 rainwater remained at columbia where he joined the manhattan project s substitute alloy materials sam laboratories the manhattan project was the allied effort during world war ii to develop atomic bombs the sam laboratories primary task was the development of gaseous diffusion technology for uranium enrichment to produce fissile uranium 235 for use in atomic bombs rainwater worked with william w havens jr and chien shiung wu mostly on studies of neutron cross sections using the neutron spectrometer 2 after the war a dozen papers by dunning havens rainwater and wu would be declassified and published 9 so too was his thesis published in the physical review in two parts with havens s thesis 10 11 and he was awarded his doctorate in 1946 2 in 1963 he was awarded the united states atomic energy commission s ernest orlando lawrence award for his work on the manhattan project 12 later life edit rainwater remained at columbia as an instructor in 1948 he began teaching courses on nuclear structure niels bohr and john wheeler had developed a theoretical treatment for nuclear fission in 1939 that they based on the liquid drop model of the nucleus 13 this was superseded in 1949 by maria goeppert mayer s nuclear shell model which could explain more about the structure of heavy elements than the older theory but it still had limits at a colloquium at columbia in 1949 charles h townes reported experimental results that indicated quadrupole moments greater than those indicated by the shell model it occurred to rainwater that this could be explained and the differences between the liquid drop and nuclear shell models could be reconciled if the atomic nucleus were not spherical as had been assumed but could assume other shapes 12 rainwater published his theoretical paper in 1950 14 by chance that year he was sharing an office with aage bohr 2 who had independently come to a similar idea bohr and ben mottelson published their results in three papers in 1952 and 1953 that demonstrated convincing agreement with available data 15 rainwater felt that his model was overlooked he later recalled that when i made my proposal for use of a spheroidal nuclear model it seemed to be an obvious answer which would immediately be simultaneously suggested by all theorists in the field i do not understand why it was not i was also surprised and dismayed to hear one or more respected theorists announce in every nuclear physics conference which i attended through 1955 some such comment as although the nuclear shell model seems empirically to work very well there is at present no theoretical justification as to why it should apply 16 with funding from the office of naval research 2 rainwater built a synchrocyclotron which became operational in 1950 at the nevis laboratories on an estate on the hudson river at irvington new york willed to columbia university by the dupont family 17 he became a full professor in 1952 and was the director of nevis laboratories from 1951 to 1954 and again from 1957 to 1961 12 he worked with his student val fitch on studies of muonic atoms atoms where an electron is replaced by a muon 18 19 after 1965 he worked on turning the nevis synchrocyclotron into a meson facility when a reporter rang in 1975 to inform him that he had won the nobel prize in physics he initially thought that it was for his work on muonic atoms several hours passed before he discovered that it was for his work on nuclear structure the nobel prize being shared with bohr and mottelson 12 he was a fellow of the american physical society the new york academy of sciences and the institute of electrical and electronics engineers and was a member of the national academy of sciences the american institute of physics the american association of physics teachers and the optical society of america 20 rainwater succeeded robert r wilson as michael i pupin professor of physics in 1983 21 rainwater collapsed after a lecture at the pupin laboratories in 1985 but was revived by a student who knew how to administer cpr 17 in declining health he retired and became a professor emeritus in february 1986 he died from cardiopulmonary arrest 3 at st john s riverside hospital in yonkers new york on may 31 1986 he was survived by his wife three sons and half brother george 21 notes edit the nobel prize in physics 1975 nobel foundation retrieved january 16 2014 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 james rainwater biographical nobel foundation retrieved march 28 2015 1 2 3 james rainwater soylent communications retrieved march 28 2015 1 2 fitch 2009 pp 3 4 1 2 l james rainwater array of contemporary american physicists archived from the original on december 22 2015 retrieved march 28 2015 1 2 fitch 2009 p 5 rainwater l james 1946 neutron beam spectrometer studies of boron cadmium and the energy distribution from paraffin columbia university oclc 77870480 retrieved march 28 2015 fitch 2009 p 14 fitch 2009 p 18 rainwater james havens william w august 1946 neutron beam spectrometer studies of boron cadmium and the energy distribution from paraffin physical review 70 3 4 american physical society 136 153 bibcode 1946phrv 70 136r doi 10 1103 physrev 70 136 havens william w rainwater james august 1946 the slow neutron cross sections of indium gold silver antimony lithium and mercury as measured with a neutron beam spectrometer physical review 70 3 4 american physical society 154 173 bibcode 1946phrv 70 154h doi 10 1103 physrev 70 154 hdl 2027 mdp 39015077319682 1 2 3 4 havens 1986 p 142 bohr niels wheeler john archibald september 1939 the mechanism of nuclear fission pdf physical review 56 5 426 450 bibcode 1939phrv 56 426b doi 10 1103 physrev 56 426 rainwater james august 1950 nuclear energy level argument for a spheroidal nuclear model physical review 79 3 american physical society 432 434 bibcode 1950phrv 79 432r doi 10 1103 physrev 79 432 the nobel prize in physics 1975 award ceremony speech nobel foundation retrieved march 28 2015 james rainwater on nobelprize org including the nobel lecture december 11 1975 background for the spheroidal nuclear model proposal 1 2 fitch 2009 p 15 fitch val l rainwater james november 1953 studies of x rays from mu mesonic atoms physical review 92 3 american physical society 789 800 bibcode 1953phrv 92 789f doi 10 1103 physrev 92 789 fitch val l koslov s rainwater james july 1954 experimental study of the μ meson mass and the vacuum polarization in mesonic atoms physical review 95 1 american physical society 291 292 bibcode 1954phrv 95 291k doi 10 1103 physrev 95 291 2 fitch 2009 p 16 1 2 ennis thomas w june 3 1986 james rainwater dead at 68 won nobel for atom study new york times retrieved march 28 2015 references edit fitch val l 2009 james rainwater 1917 1986 pdf biographical memoirs of the national academy of sciences national academy of sciences retrieved march 28 2013 havens william w jr 1986 james rainwater physics today 39 10 140 143 bibcode 1986pht 39j 140h doi 10 1063 1 2815185 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to james rainwater james rainwater on nobelprize org including the nobel lecture december 11 1975 background for the spheroidal nuclear model proposal related archival collections edit haskell a reich collection of student notes circa 1945 1954 niels bohr library archives includes lecture notes from james rainwater s courses at columbia university v t e manhattan project timeline sites ames berkeley chicago site a dayton hanford inyokern los alamos montreal new york oak ridge salt wells pilot plant trinity wendover heavy water sites administrators lyman briggs vannevar bush arthur compton james b conant priscilla duffield thomas farrell leslie groves john lansdale ernest lawrence james marshall franklin matthias dorothy mckibbin kenneth nichols robert oppenheimer deak parsons boris pash william purnell frank spedding charles thomas paul tibbets bud uanna harold urey stafford warren ed westcott roscoe wilson scientists luis alvarez robert bacher hans bethe aage bohr niels bohr norris bradbury james chadwick john cockcroft charles critchfield harry daghlian john r dunning enrico fermi richard feynman val fitch james franck klaus fuchs maria goeppert mayer george kistiakowsky george koval willard libby edwin mcmillan mark oliphant george b pegram norman ramsey jr isidor isaac rabi james rainwater bruno rossi glenn seaborg emilio segrè louis slotin henry dewolf smyth leo szilard edward teller stanisław ulam john von neumann john wheeler eugene wigner robert wilson leona woods chien shiung wu operations alsos mission bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki operation crossroads operation peppermint project alberta silverplate 509th composite group enola gay bockscar the great artiste weapons fat man little boy pumpkin bomb thin man related topics african americans atomic energy act of 1946 bismuth phosphate process b reactor british contribution calutron girls chicago pile 1 chicago pile 3 demon core einstein szilard letter feed materials franck report interim committee k 25 project los alamos primer nobel prize laureates oppenheimer security hearing plutonium quebec agreement rala experiment s 1 executive committee s 50 project smyth report special engineer detachment uranium x 10 graphite reactor y 12 project category v t e laureates of the nobel prize in physics 1901 1925 1901 röntgen 1902 lorentz zeeman 1903 becquerel p curie m curie 1904 rayleigh 1905 lenard 1906 j j thomson 1907 michelson 1908 lippmann 1909 marconi braun 1910 van der waals 1911 wien 1912 dalén 1913 kamerlingh onnes 1914 laue 1915 w l bragg w h bragg 1916 1917 barkla 1918 planck 1919 stark 1920 guillaume 1921 einstein 1922 n bohr 1923 millikan 1924 m siegbahn 1925 franck hertz 1926 1950 1926 perrin 1927 compton c wilson 1928 o richardson 1929 de broglie 1930 raman 1931 1932 heisenberg 1933 schrödinger dirac 1934 1935 chadwick 1936 hess c d anderson 1937 davisson g p thomson 1938 fermi 1939 lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943 stern 1944 rabi 1945 pauli 1946 bridgman 1947 appleton 1948 blackett 1949 yukawa 1950 powell 1951 1975 1951 cockcroft walton 1952 bloch purcell 1953 zernike 1954 born bothe 1955 lamb kusch 1956 shockley bardeen brattain 1957 c n yang t d lee 1958 cherenkov frank tamm 1959 segrè chamberlain 1960 glaser 1961 hofstadter mössbauer 1962 landau 1963 wigner goeppert mayer jensen 1964 townes basov prokhorov 1965 tomonaga schwinger feynman 1966 kastler 1967 bethe 1968 alvarez 1969 gell mann 1970 alfvén néel 1971 gabor 1972 bardeen cooper schrieffer 1973 esaki giaever josephson 1974 ryle hewish 1975 a bohr mottelson rainwater 1976 2000 1976 richter ting 1977 p w anderson mott van vleck 1978 kapitsa penzias r wilson 1979 glashow salam weinberg 1980 cronin fitch 1981 bloembergen schawlow k siegbahn 1982 k wilson 1983 chandrasekhar fowler 1984 rubbia van der meer 1985 von klitzing 1986 ruska binnig rohrer 1987 bednorz müller 1988 lederman schwartz steinberger 1989 ramsey dehmelt paul 1990 friedman kendall r taylor 1991 de gennes 1992 charpak 1993 hulse j taylor 1994 brockhouse shull 1995 perl reines 1996 d lee osheroff r richardson 1997 chu cohen tannoudji phillips 1998 laughlin störmer tsui 1999 t hooft veltman 2000 alferov kroemer kilby 2001 2025 2001 cornell ketterle wieman 2002 davis koshiba giacconi 2003 abrikosov ginzburg leggett 2004 gross politzer wilczek 2005 glauber hall hänsch 2006 mather smoot 2007 fert grünberg 2008 nambu makoto kobayashi maskawa 2009 kao boyle smith 2010 geim novoselov 2011 perlmutter schmidt riess 2012 wineland haroche 2013 englert higgs 2014 akasaki amano nakamura 2015 kajita mcdonald 2016 thouless haldane kosterlitz 2017 weiss barish thorne 2018 ashkin mourou strickland 2019 peebles mayor queloz 2020 penrose genzel ghez 2021 parisi hasselmann manabe 2022 aspect clauser zeilinger 2023 agostini krausz l huillier 2024 hopfield hinton 2025 clarke devoret martinis 2026 present 2026 halzen v t e 1975 nobel prize laureates chemistry john cornforth united kingdom australia vladimir prelog switzerland literature 1975 eugenio montale italy peace andrei sakharov soviet union physics aage bohr denmark ben roy mottelson denmark james rainwater united states physiology or medicine david baltimore united states renato dulbecco united states howard martin temin united states economic sciences leonid kantorovich soviet union tjalling koopmans united states nobel prize recipients 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 portals biography history of science nuclear technology physics authority control databases international viaf gnd worldcat academics mathematics genealogy project zbmath people deutsche biographie retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title james_rainwater oldid 1366943943 categories 1917 births 1986 deaths american nobel laureates american nuclear physicists california institute of technology alumni columbia university alumni columbia university faculty fellows of the ieee fellows of the american physical society manhattan project people fellows of optica society members of the united states national academy of sciences nobel laureates in physics people from council idaho 20th century american physicists hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata good articles use mdy dates from september 2017 articles with hcards nobelprize template using wikidata property p8024 commons category link is on wikidata ...