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eate account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 biography toggle biography subsection 1 1 early life 1 2 world war ii 1 3 cold war politics and anticolonialism 1 4 career as public intellectual 1 5 writing 1 6 later life and death 2 philosophy toggle philosophy subsection 2 1 existentialism 3 personal life toggle personal life subsection 3 1 relationship with albert camus 4 controversy toggle controversy subsection 4 1 allegations of sexual exploitation 5 works toggle works subsection 5 1 novels and short story collections 5 1 1 the roads to freedom 5 2 plays 5 3 screenplays 5 4 autobiographical 5 5 biographical 5 6 philosophical essays 6 see also 7 references 8 sources 9 further reading 10 external links toggle external links subsection 10 1 by sartre 10 2 on sartre toggle the table of contents jean paul sartre 151 languages afrikaans alemannisch አማርኛ aragonés العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া asturianu kotava aymar aru azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса žemaitėška беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български banjar বাংলা brezhoneg bosanski batak mandailing буряад català нохчийн کوردی čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch zazaki ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی suomi føroyskt français frysk gaeilge gàidhlig galego گیلکی avañe ẽ 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia interlingue igbo ilokano ido íslenska medžuslovjansky italiano 日本語 jawa ქართული kabɩyɛ қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ yerwa kanuri 한국어 کٲشُر kurdî kernowek кыргызча latina lëtzebuergesch lingua franca nova limburgs lombard lietuvių latviešu madhurâ мокшень malagasy македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ papiamentu picard polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português runa simi română русский русиньскый ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sardu sicilianu scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย tagalog türkçe татарча tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vepsän kel tiếng việt volapük winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá vahcuengh 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia french philosopher 1905 1980 sartre redirects here for other uses see sartre disambiguation jean paul sartre sartre in 1965 born 1905 06 21 21 june 1905 paris france died 15 april 1980 1980 04 15 aged 74 paris france political party list rdr 1948 1949 pcf 1952 1956 gp 1970 partner simone de beauvoir 1929 1980 awards nobel prize for literature 1964 declined education education école normale supérieure ba ma academic advisor henri delacroix philosophical work era 20th century philosophy region western philosophy school continental philosophy existentialism phenomenology existential phenomenology 1 hermeneutics 1 western marxism notable students jacques laurent bost jean bertrand pontalis main interests metaphysics epistemology ethics consciousness self consciousness literature political philosophy ontology notable ideas bad faith existence precedes essence nothingness hell is other people situation transcendence of the ego every positional consciousness of an object is a non positional consciousness of itself 2 3 the imaginary being for itself neocolonialism signature simone de beauvoir and jean paul sartre in beijing 1955 jean paul charles aymard sartre ˈ s ɑːr t r ə us also s ɑːr t 4 french saʁtʁ 21 june 1905 15 april 1980 was a french philosopher political activist and writer considered a leading figure in 20th century french philosophy and marxism sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology and was a proponent of libertarian marxism his work has influenced sociology critical theory post colonial theory and literary studies he was awarded the 1964 nobel prize in literature despite attempting to refuse it saying that he always declined official honors and that a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution 5 sartre had an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher simone de beauvoir together sartre and de beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings which they considered bourgeois in both lifestyles and thought the conflict between oppressive spiritually destructive conformity mauvaise foi literally bad faith and an authentic way of being became the dominant theme of sartre s early work a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work being and nothingness l être et le néant 1943 6 sartre provided an introduction to his philosophy in his work existentialism is a humanism l existentialisme est un humanisme 1946 originally presented as a lecture born in paris sartre lost his father at the age of two and was raised primarily by his mother and grandfather who introduced him to literature he studied at the prestigious école normale supérieure where he developed a deep interest in philosophy influenced by thinkers like henri bergson edmund husserl and martin heidegger sartre s early academic career included teaching in several french lycées and engaging in provocative pranks and debates sartre s life was marked by strong political engagement during world war ii he was drafted captured and later released after which he co founded the resistance group socialisme et liberté though the group dissolved sartre became an influential voice in occupied france contributing to underground literature and writing plays like no exit after the war he co founded the journal les temps modernes and increasingly used his platform to advocate for political and social causes he supported anti colonial movements condemned french policies in algeria opposed u s intervention in vietnam and aligned himself at various times with marxism and maoism despite declining health in his later years sartre remained committed to activism and intellectual debate until his death in 1980 his funeral drew 50 000 mourners biography edit early life edit jean paul sartre was born on 21 june 1905 in paris the only child of jean baptiste sartre an officer of the french navy and anne marie schweitzer 7 when sartre was two years old his father died of an illness which he most likely contracted in indochina anne marie moved back to her parents house in meudon where she raised sartre with help from her father charles schweitzer a teacher of german who taught sartre mathematics and introduced him to classical literature at a very early age 8 the theologian organist physician albert schweitzer was sartre s cousin when he was twelve sartre s mother remarried and the family moved to la rochelle where he was frequently bullied in part due to the wandering of his blind right eye sensory exotropia 9 as a teenager in the 1920s sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading henri bergson s essay time and free will an essay on the immediate data of consciousness 10 he attended the cours hattemer a private school in paris 11 he studied and earned certificates in psychology history of philosophy logic general philosophy ethics and sociology and physics as well as his diplôme d études supérieures fr roughly equivalent to an ma in paris at the école normale supérieure ens an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent french thinkers and intellectuals 12 his 1928 ma thesis under the title l image dans la vie psychologique rôle et nature image in psychological life role and nature was supervised by henri delacroix 12 it was at ens that sartre began his lifelong sometimes fractious friendship with raymond aron 13 he also befriended paul nizan whom he considered his alter ego during the university years and who shared his literary ambitions 14 perhaps the most decisive influence on sartre s philosophical development was his weekly attendance at alexandre kojève s seminars which continued for a number of years 15 from his first years in the école normale sartre was one of its fiercest pranksters 16 17 in 1927 his antimilitarist satirical cartoon in the revue of the school which he co wrote with georges canguilhem particularly upset the director gustave lanson 18 in the same year with his comrades nizan larroutis baillou and herland 19 he organized a media prank following charles lindbergh s successful new york city paris flight sartre and his friends called newspapers and informed them that lindbergh was going to be awarded an honorary école degree many newspapers including le petit parisien announced the event on 25 may thousands including journalists and curious spectators showed up unaware that what they were witnessing was a stunt involving a lindbergh look alike 18 20 21 the scandal led lanson to resign 18 around 1928 sartre was hired as a private french tutor by the japanese philosopher kuki shūzō 22 it is at times speculated that kuki who would study with martin heidegger and edmund husserl in germany may have been the first to stimulate sartre s interest in phenomenology 23 however sartre s engagement with husserl s phenomenology is known to date from a later incident in 1932 when a remark on the topic by raymond aron fresh from berlin overwhelmed sartre during a discussion with him at the bec de gaz cafe in montparnasse 24 25 from 1931 until 1945 sartre taught at various lycées in le havre at the lycée de le havre the present day lycée françois 1er le havre fr 1931 1936 laon at the lycée de laon 1936 37 and finally paris at the lycée pasteur 1937 1939 and at the lycée condorcet 1941 1944 26 see below in 1932 sartre read voyage au bout de la nuit by louis ferdinand céline a book that had a remarkable influence on him 27 in 1933 34 he succeeded raymond aron at the institut français d allemagne in berlin where he studied edmund husserl s phenomenological philosophy aron had already advised him in 1930 to read emmanuel levinas s théorie de l intuition dans la phénoménologie de husserl the theory of intuition in husserl s phenomenology 28 in 1939 sartre published an article on husserl s intentionality in andré gide s literary magazine la nouvelle revue française which served as a manifesto for his revolutionary project of fusing philosophy and literature and which won him a following among philosophy teachers 29 the article marked the beginning of sartre s career as a literary critic under the wing of the journal s editor in chief jean paulhan 30 the neo hegelian revival led by alexandre kojève and jean hyppolite in the 1930s inspired a whole generation of french thinkers including sartre to discover hegel s phenomenology of spirit 31 world war ii edit in 1939 sartre was drafted into the french army where he served as a meteorologist 32 33 he was captured by german troops in 1940 in padoux 34 and he spent nine months as a prisoner of war in nancy and finally in stalag xii d fr trier where he wrote his first theatrical piece bariona ou le fils du tonnerre a drama concerning christmas it was during this period of confinement that sartre read martin heidegger s sein und zeit later to become a major influence on his own essay on phenomenological ontology because of poor health he claimed that his poor eyesight and exotropia affected his balance sartre was released in april 1941 according to other sources he escaped after a medical visit to the ophthalmologist 35 given civilian status he recovered his teaching position at lycée pasteur in neuilly near paris and settled at the hotel mistral in october 1941 he was given a position previously held by a jewish teacher who had been forbidden to teach by vichy law at the lycée condorcet in paris sartre third from left and other french journalists visit general george c marshall in the pentagon 1945 after coming back to paris in may 1941 he participated in the founding of the underground group socialisme et liberté socialism and liberty a continuation of his 1940 group sous la botte under the boot with other writers simone de beauvoir maurice merleau ponty jean toussaint desanti dominique desanti jean kanapa and école normale students in spring of 1941 sartre suggested with cheerful ferocity at a meeting that the socialisme et liberté assassinate prominent war collaborators like marcel déat but de beauvoir noted his idea was rejected as none of us felt qualified to make bombs or hurl grenades 36 the british historian ian ousby observed that the french always had far more hatred for collaborators than they did for the germans noting it was french people like déat that sartre wanted to assassinate rather than the military governor of france general otto von stülpnagel and the popular slogan always was death to laval rather than death to hitler 37 in august sartre and de beauvoir went to the french riviera seeking the support of andré gide and andré malraux however both gide and malraux were undecided and this may have been the cause of sartre s disappointment and discouragement socialisme et liberté soon dissolved and sartre decided to write instead of being involved in active resistance he then wrote being and nothingness published with gallimard in a choice emblematic of sartre s project of bringing philosophy to a mass public 38 the flies and no exit none of which were censored by the germans and also contributed to both legal and illegal literary magazines in his essay paris under the occupation sartre wrote that the correct behaviour of the germans had entrapped too many parisians into complicity with the occupation accepting what was unnatural as natural the germans did not stride revolver in hand through the streets they did not force civilians to make way for them on the pavement they would offer seats to old ladies on the metro they showed great fondness for children and would pat them on the cheek they had been told to behave correctly and being well disciplined they tried shyly and conscientiously to do so some of them even displayed a naive kindness which could find no practical expression 39 sartre noted when wehrmacht soldiers asked parisians politely in their german accented french for directions people usually felt embarrassed and ashamed as they tried their best to help out the wehrmacht which led sartre to remark we could not be natural 40 french was a language widely taught in german schools and most germans could speak at least some french sartre himself always found it difficult when a wehrmacht soldier asked him for directions usually saying he did not know where it w...