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said that i admired the symphony s severity of style and the profound logic that created an inner connection between all the motifs mahler s opinion was just the reverse no a symphony must be like the world it must embrace everything 95 symphonies edit sibelius started work on his symphony no 1 in e minor op 39 in 1898 and completed it in early 1899 when he was 33 the work was first performed on 26 april 1899 by the helsinki philharmonic orchestra conducted by the composer in an original well received version that has not survived after the premiere sibelius made some revisions resulting in the version performed today the revision was completed in the spring and summer of 1900 and was first performed in berlin by the helsinki philharmonic conducted by robert kajanus on 18 july 1900 96 the symphony begins with a highly original rather forlorn clarinet solo backed by subdued timpani 97 robert kajanus founder and chief conductor of the helsinki philharmonic orchestra who was a notable interpreter of sibelius s symphonies his second symphony the most popular and most frequently recorded of his symphonies was first performed by the helsinki philharmonic society on 8 march 1902 with the composer conducting the opening chords with their rising progression provide a motif for the whole work the heroic theme of the finale with the three tone motif is interpreted by the trumpets rather than the original woodwinds during a period of russian oppression it consolidated sibelius s reputation as a national hero after the first performance sibelius made some changes leading to a revised version first performed by armas järnefelt on 10 november 1903 in stockholm 98 the third symphony is a good natured triumphal and deceptively simple sounding piece the symphony s first performance was given by the helsinki philharmonic society conducted by the composer on 25 september 1907 there are themes from finnish folk music in the work s early chords composed just after his move to ainola it contrasts sharply with the first two symphonies with its clear mode of expression developing into the marching tones of the finale 87 99 his fourth symphony was premiered in helsinki on 3 april 1911 by the philharmonia society with sibelius conducting it was written while sibelius was undergoing a series of operations to remove a tumour from his throat its grimness can perhaps be explained as a reaction from his temporary decision to give up drinking the opening bars with cellos basses and bassoons convey a new approach to timing it then develops into melancholic sketches based on the composer s setting of poe s the raven the waning finale is perhaps a premonition of the silence sibelius would experience twenty years later in contrast to the usual assertive finales of the times the work ends simply with a leaden thud 87 the symphony no 5 was premiered in helsinki to great acclaim by sibelius himself on 8 december 1915 his 50th birthday the version most commonly performed today is the final revision consisting of three movements presented in 1919 the fifth is sibelius s only symphony in a major key throughout from its soft opening played by the horns the work develops into rotational repetitions of its various themes with considerable transformations building up to the trumpeted swan hymn in the final movement 87 100 while the fifth had already started to veer away from the sonata form the sixth conducted by the composer at its premiere in february 1923 is even further removed from the traditional norms tawaststjerna comments that the finale s structure follows no familiar pattern 101 composed in the dorian mode it draws on some of the themes developed while sibelius was working on the fifth as well as from material intended for a lyrical violin concerto now taking a purified approach sibelius sought to offer spring water rather than cocktails making use of lighter flutes and strings rather than the heavy brass of the fifth 102 the symphony no 7 in c major was his last published symphony completed in 1924 it is notable for having only one movement it has been described as completely original in form subtle in its handling of tempi individual in its treatment of key and wholly organic in growth 103 it has also been called sibelius s most remarkable compositional achievement 104 initially titled fantasia sinfonica it was first performed in stockholm in march 1924 conducted by sibelius it was based on an adagio movement he had sketched almost ten years earlier while the strings dominate there is also a distinctive trombone theme 105 tone poems edit after the seven symphonies and the violin concerto sibelius s thirteen symphonic poems are his most important works for orchestra and along with the tone poems of richard strauss represent some of the most important contributions to the genre since franz liszt as a group the symphonic poems span the entirety of sibelius s artistic career the first was composed in 1892 while the last appeared in 1926 display the composer s fascination with nature and finnish mythology particularly the kalevala and provide a comprehensive portrait of his stylistic maturation over time 106 sibelius at his home ainola playing the piano 1930 en saga meaning a fairy tale in swedish was first presented in february 1893 with sibelius conducting the single movement tone poem was possibly inspired by the icelandic mythological work edda although sibelius simply described it as an expression of his state of mind beginning with a dreamy theme from the strings it evolves into the tones of the woodwinds then the horns and the violas demonstrating sibelius s ability to handle an orchestra 107 the composer s first significant orchestral piece it was revised in 1902 when ferruccio busoni invited sibelius to conduct his work in berlin its successful reception encouraged him to write to aino i have been acknowledged as an accomplished artist 108 the wood nymph a single movement tone poem for orchestra was written in 1894 premiered in april 1895 in helsinki with sibelius conducting it is inspired by the swedish poet viktor rydberg s work of the same name organizationally it consists of four informal sections each corresponding to one of the poem s four stanzas and evoking the mood of a particular episode first heroic vigour second frenetic activity third sensual love and fourth inconsolable grief despite the music s beauty many critics have faulted sibelius for his over reliance on the source material s narrative structure 109 110 the lemminkäinen suite was composed in the early 1890s originally conceived as a mythological opera veneen luominen the building of the boat on a scale matching those by richard wagner sibelius later changed his musical goals and the work became an orchestral piece in four movements the suite is based on the character lemminkäinen from the finnish national epic the kalevala it can also be considered a collection of symphonic poems the second third section the swan of tuonela is often heard separately 111 finlandia probably the best known of all sibelius s works is a highly patriotic piece first performed in november 1899 as one of the tableaux for the finnish press celebrations it had its public premiere in revised form in july 1900 46 the current title only emerged later first for the piano version then in 1901 when kajanus conducted the orchestral version under the name finlandia although sibelius insisted it was primarily an orchestral piece it became a world favourite for choirs too especially for the hymn episode finally the composer consented and in 1937 and 1940 agreed to words for the hymn first for the freemasons and later for more general use 112 the oceanides is a single movement tone poem for orchestra written in 1913 14 the piece which refers to the nymphs in greek mythology who inhabited the mediterranean sea premiered on 4 june 1914 at the norfolk music festival in connecticut with sibelius himself conducting the work in d major praised upon its premiere as the finest evocation of the sea ever produced in music 113 consists of two subjects sibelius gradually develops in three informal stages first a placid ocean second a gathering storm and third a thunderous wave crash climax as the tempest subsides a final chord sounds symbolizing the mighty power and limitless expanse of the sea 114 tapiola sibelius s last major orchestral work was commissioned by walter damrosch for the new york philharmonic society where it was premiered on 26 december 1926 it is inspired by tapio a forest spirit from the kalevala to quote the american critic alex ross it turned out to be sibelius s most severe and concentrated musical statement 87 even more emphatically the composer and biographer cecil gray asserts even if sibelius had written nothing else this one work would entitle him to a place among the greatest masters of all time 115 other important works edit the karelia music one of the composer s earlier works written for the vyborg students association was first performed on 13 november 1893 to a noisy audience the suite emerged from a concert on 23 november consisting of the overture and the three movements which were published as the karelia overture op 10 and the karelia suite op 11 it remains one of sibelius s most popular pieces 116 valse triste is a short orchestral work that was originally part of the incidental music sibelius composed for his brother in law arvid järnefelt s 1903 play kuolema death it is now far better known as a separate concert piece sibelius wrote six pieces for the 2 december 1903 production of kuolema the waltz accompanied a sequence in which a woman rises from her deathbed to dance with ghosts in 1904 sibelius revised the piece for a performance in helsinki on 25 april where it was presented as valse triste an instant success it took on a life of its own and remains one of sibelius s signature pieces 50 117 the violin concerto in d minor was first performed on 8 february 1904 with victor nováček as soloist as sibelius had barely completed the piece in time for the premiere nováček had insufficient time to prepare with the result that the performance was a disaster after substantial revisions a new version was premiered on 19 october 1905 with richard strauss conducting the berlin court orchestra with karel halíř the orchestra s leader as soloist it was a tremendous success 118 the piece has become increasingly popular and is now the most frequently recorded of all the violin concertos composed in the 20th century 119 kullervo one of sibelius s early works is sometimes referred to as a choral symphony but is better described as a suite of five symphonic movements resembling tone poems 120 based on the character kullervo from the kalevala it was premiered on 28 april 1892 with emmy achté and abraham ojanperä as soloists and sibelius conducting the chorus and orchestra of the recently founded helsinki orchestra society although the work was only performed five times during the composer s lifetime since the 1990s it has become increasingly popular both for live performances and recordings 121 activities and interests edit when freemasonry in finland was revived having been forbidden under the russian reign sibelius was one of the founding members of suomi lodge no 1 in 1922 and later became the grand organist of the grand lodge of finland he composed the ritual music used in finland op 113 in 1927 and added two new pieces composed in 1946 the new revision of the ritual music of 1948 is one of his last works 122 sibelius loved nature and the finnish landscape often served as material for his music he once said of his sixth symphony it always reminds me of the scent of the first snow the forests surrounding ainola are often said to have inspired his composition of tapiola on the subject of sibelius s ties to nature his biographer tawaststjerna wrote even by nordic standards sibelius responded with exceptional intensity to the moods of nature and the changes in the seasons he scanned the skies with his binoculars for the geese flying over the lake ice listened to the screech of the cranes and heard the cries of the curlew echo over the marshy grounds just below ainola he savoured the spring blossoms every bit as much as he did autumnal scents and colours 123 reception and influence edit leevi madetoja sibelius s most notable pupil and as a critic a defender of his works the composer and academic elliott schwartz wrote 1964 it may be said with truth that vaughan williams sibelius and prokofieff are the symphonists of this century 124 indeed sibelius exerted considerable influence on symphonic composers and musical life his impact is perhaps the greatest in english speaking and nordic countries the finnish symphonist leevi madetoja was a pupil of sibelius for more on their relationship see relationship with sibelius in britain ralph vaughan williams and arnold bax both dedicated their fifth symphonies to sibelius vaughan williams said of him you have lit a candle in the world of music that will never go out 125 furthermore tapiola is prominently echoed in both bax s sixth symphony and ernest john moeran s symphony in g minor 126 127 the influence of sibelius s compositional procedures is also strongly felt in the first symphony of william walton 128 when these and several other major british symphonic essays were being written in and around the 1930s sibelius s music was very much in vogue with conductors thomas beecham and john barbirolli championing its cause both in the concert hall and on record walton s composer friend constant lambert even asserted that sibelius was the first great composer since beethoven whose mind thinks naturally in terms of symphonic form 129 earlier granville bantock had championed sibelius the esteem was mutual sibelius dedicated his third symphony to the english composer and in 1946 he became the first president of the bantock society more recently sibelius was also one of the composers championed by robert simpson malcolm arnold acknowledged his influence and arthur butterworth also saw sibelius s music as a source of inspiration in his work third symphony of peter maxwell davies 130 was heavily influenced by sibelius 131 and thomas adès even named his 2022 orchestral work air homage to sibelius new zealand s most accomplished 20th century composer douglas lilburn has written of the inspiration he derived from sibelius s work particularly from his earlier compositions 132 some of sibelius s musical ideas have been seen as foreshadowing minimalism this is perhaps best exemplified by some of his tone poems such as the repetitive rhythmic patterns and gradual development of musical ideas in nightride and sunrise 133 the bard and luonnotar 134 the british conductor thomas kemp has suggested that sibelius might be in fact viewed as a proto minimalist 134 among contemporary minimalists composers his influence can be heard among others in arvo pärt 134 john adams 135 and phi...