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he onomasticon of eusebius listing and commenting on places mentioned in the bible commentaries 405 420 edit saint jerome in his study by antonello da messina c 1474 for the next 15 years until he died jerome produced a number of commentaries on scripture often explaining his translation choices in using the original hebrew rather than suspect translations his patristic commentaries align closely with jewish tradition and he indulges in allegorical and mystical subtleties after the manner of philo and the alexandrian school unlike his contemporaries he emphasizes the difference between the hebrew bible apocrypha and the hebraica veritas of the protocanonical books in his vulgate s prologues he describes some portions of books in the septuagint that were not found in the hebrew as being non canonical he called them apocrypha 30 for baruch he mentions by name in his prologue to jeremiah and notes that it is neither read nor held among the hebrews but does not explicitly call it apocryphal or not in the canon 31 his preface to the books of samuel and kings 32 commonly called the helmeted preface includes the following statement this preface to the scriptures may serve as a helmeted introduction to all the books which we turn from hebrew into latin so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the apocryphal writings wisdom therefore which generally bears the name of solomon and the book of jesus the son of sirach and judith and tobias and the shepherd are not in the canon the first book of maccabees i have found to be hebrew the second is greek as can be proved from the very style jerome in the desert tormented by his memories of the dancing girls by francisco de zurbarán 1639 monastery of santa maría de guadalupe historical and hagiographic writings edit jerome as a historian jerome s most famous work of historical writing was the chronicon a translation reworking and continuation of the chronicon of eusebius written in constantinople around 380 it became an influential text in latin christendom even though it is not without errors 33 in his other works he evoked historical events and used history as an example and source of argument even though jerome engaged in historical writing he did not consider himself bound by the rules of historians and his output in this domain has to be judged accordingly 34 description of vitamin a deficiency edit the following passage taken from jerome s hagiography appears to be the earliest account of the etiology symptoms and cure of severe vitamin a deficiency 35 from his thirty first to his thirty fifth year he had for food six ounces of barley bread and vegetables slightly cooked without oil but finding that his eyes were growing dim and that his whole body was shrivelled with an eruption and a sort of stony roughness impetigine et pumicea quad scabredine he added oil to his former food and up to the sixty third year of his life followed this temperate course tasting neither fruit nor pulse nor anything whatsoever besides 35 letters edit saint jerome depicted in his study being visited by two angels cavarozzi early 17th century jerome s letters or epistles both by the great variety of their subjects and by their qualities of style form an important portion of his literary remains whether he is discussing problems of scholarship or reasoning on cases of conscience comforting the afflicted or saying pleasant things to his friends scourging the vices and corruptions of the time and against sexual immorality among the clergy 36 exhorting to the ascetic life and renunciation of the world or debating his theological opponents he gives a vivid picture not only of his own mind but of the age and its peculiar characteristics see plowboy trope because there was no distinct line between personal documents and those meant for publication his letters frequently contain both confidential messages and treatises meant for others besides the one to whom he was writing 37 due to the time he spent in rome among wealthy families belonging to the roman upper class jerome was frequently commissioned by women who had taken a vow of virginity to write to them in guidance of how to live their life as a result he spent a great deal of his life corresponding with these women about certain abstentions and lifestyle practices 4 francesco st jerome by jacopo palma il giovane c 1595 theological writings edit the virgin and child with saints jerome and nicholas of tolentino by lorenzo lotto 1522 eschatology edit jerome warned that those substituting fake interpretations for the actual meaning of scripture belonged to the synagogue of the antichrist 38 he that is not of christ is of antichrist he wrote to pope damasus i 39 he believed that the mystery of iniquity written about by paul in 2 thessalonians 2 7 was already in action when every one chatters about his views 40 to jerome the power restraining this mystery of iniquity was the roman empire but as it fell this restraining force was removed he warned a noblewoman of gaul 41 he that letteth is taken out of the way and yet we do not realize that antichrist is near yes antichrist is near whom the lord jesus christ shall consume with the spirit of his mouth woe unto them he cries that are with child and to them that give suck in those days savage tribes in countless numbers have overrun all parts of gaul the whole country between the alps and the pyrenees between the rhine and the ocean has been laid waste by hordes of quadi vandals sarmatians alans gepids herules saxons burgundians allemanni and alas for the commonweal even pannonians his commentary on daniel was expressly written to offset the criticisms of porphyry 42 who taught that daniel related entirely to the time of antiochus iv epiphanes and was written by an unknown individual living in the second century bc against porphyry jerome identified rome as the fourth kingdom of chapters two and seven but his view of chapters eight and eleven was more complex jerome held that chapter eight describes the activity of antiochus epiphanes who is understood as a type of a future antichrist 11 24 onwards applies primarily to a future antichrist but was partially fulfilled by antiochus instead he advocated that the little horn was the antichrist we should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the christian church that at the end of the world when the roman empire is to be destroyed there shall be ten kings who will partition the roman world amongst themselves then an insignificant eleventh king will arise who will overcome three of the ten kings after they have been slain the seven other kings also will bow their necks to the victor 43 in his commentary on daniel 43 he noted let us not follow the opinion of some commentators and suppose him to be either the devil or some demon but rather one of the human race in whom satan will wholly take up his residence in bodily form 43 instead of rebuilding the jewish temple to reign from jerome thought the antichrist sat in god s temple inasmuch as he made himself out to be like god 43 jerome identified the four prophetic kingdoms symbolized in daniel 2 as the neo babylonian empire the medes and persians macedon and rome 43 ch 2 vv 31 40 jerome identified the stone cut out without hands as namely the lord and savior 43 ch 2 v 40 jerome refuted porphyry s application of the little horn of chapter seven to antiochus he expected that at the end of the world rome would be destroyed and partitioned among ten kingdoms before the little horn appeared 43 ch 7 v 8 jerome believed that cyrus of persia was the higher of the two horns of the medo persian ram of daniel 8 3 43 the he goat is greece smiting persia 43 ch 8 v 5 soteriology edit jerome opposed the doctrine of pelagianism and wrote against it three years before his death 44 jerome despite being opposed to origen was influenced by origenism in his soteriology although he taught that the devil and the unbelieving will be eternally punished unlike origen he believed that the punishment for christian sinners who have once believed but sin and fall away will be temporal in nature some scholars such as j n d kelly have also interpreted ambrose to have held similar views considering the judgement of christians 45 46 47 although augustine does not name jerome personally the view that all christians would eventually be reunited to god was criticized by augustine in his treatise on faith and works 47 reception by later christianity edit statue of saint jerome church of st catherine bethlehem jerome is the second most voluminous writer after augustine of hippo 354 430 in ancient latin christianity the catholic church recognizes him as the patron saint of translators librarians and encyclopedists 48 jerome translated many biblical texts into latin from hebrew aramaic and greek his translations formed part of the vulgate the vulgate eventually superseded the preceding latin translations of the bible the vetus latina the council of trent in 1546 declared the vulgate authoritative in public lectures disputations sermons and expositions 49 50 in the view of edward power his writings show outstanding scholarship 51 and andrew louth states that his correspondence has great historical importance 52 jerome showed more zeal and interest in the ascetic ideal than in abstract speculation he lived as an ascetic for 4 5 years in the syrian desert and later near bethlehem for 34 years the historian peter heather describes him as an appalling self publicist who jumped on the ascetic bandwagon 53 the church of england honours jerome with a commemoration on 30 september 54 in art edit jerome is also often depicted with a lion in reference to the popular hagiographical belief that jerome once tamed a lion in the wilderness by healing its paw the source for the story may actually have been the second century roman tale of androcles or confusion with the exploits of gerasimus jerome in later latin is geronimus 55 d it is a figment found in the thirteenth century golden legend by jacobus de voragine 56 hagiographies of jerome talk of his having spent many years in the syrian desert and artists often depict him in a wilderness which for west european painters can take the form of a wood 57 from the late middle ages depictions of jerome in a wider setting became popular he is either shown in his study surrounded by books and the equipment of a scholar or in a rocky desert or in a setting that combines both aspects with him studying a book under the shelter of a rock face or cave mouth where he may be raggedly dressed and has a long white beard in depictions of him in a scholar s study by contrast the study is often shown as large and well provided for the saint clean shaven and well dressed and a cardinal s hat may appear these images derive from the tradition of the evangelist portrait though jerome is often given the library and desk of a serious scholar his attribute of the lion often shown at a smaller scale may be beside him in either setting the subject of jerome penitent first appears in the later 15th century in italy he is usually in the desert wearing ragged clothes and often naked above the waist his gaze is usually fixed on a crucifix and he may beat himself with his fist or a rock 58 in one of georges de la tour s 17th century french versions of st jerome his penitence is depicted alongside his red cardinal hat 59 jerome is often depicted in connection with the vanitas motif the reflection on the meaninglessness of earthly life and the transient nature of all earthly goods and pursuits in the 16th century saint jerome in his study by pieter coecke van aelst and workshop the saint is depicted with a skull behind him on the wall is pinned an admonition cogita mori think upon death further reminders of the vanitas motif of the passage of time and the imminence of death are the image of the last judgment visible in the saint s bible the candle and the hourglass 60 both agostino carracci and domenichino portrayed jerome s last communion jerome is also sometimes depicted with an owl the symbol of wisdom and scholarship 61 writing materials and the trumpet of final judgment are also part of his iconography 61 a four and three quarters foot tall limestone statue of jerome was installed above the entrance of o shaughnessy library on the campus of the university of st thomas then college of st thomas in st paul minnesota in october 1950 the sculptor was joseph kiselewski and the stone carver was egisto bertozzi 62 63 saint jerome in the wilderness leonardo da vinci 1480 1490 vatican museums jerome penitent in the wilderness engraving albrecht dürer 1494 1498 saint jerome in the wilderness by lucas cranach the elder c 1515 engraving albrecht dürer 1514 saint jerome c 1520 netherlandish stained glass window at met the penitent st jerome by bernardino luini c 1520 c 1525 saint jerome by lucas cranach the elder c 1525 saint jerome in his study c 1530 by pieter coecke van aelst and workshop walters art museum saint jerome penitent by caravaggio c 1606 saint jerome by el greco c 1605 c 1610 saint jerome by jacques blanchard 1632 saint jerome and the paulines gabriel thaller st jerome church štrigova međimurje county croatia 18th century saint jerome by el greco 1610 saint jerome and the lion anonymous venetian byzantine painter 14th century saint jerome with a crucifix byzantine and christian museum athens 17th century st jerome the priest by ivan meštrović 1954 in washington d c dedications edit there are two cathedrals dedicated to him in ica and quebec numerous churches as well as st jerome s university in ontario and st jerome s college of arts and science in tamil nadu split saint jerome airport bears his name 64 see also edit biography portal saints portal christianity portal androcles bible translations church fathers early influential christian theologians eusebius of cremona ferdinand cavallera genesius of arles international translation day international observance 30 september letter of jerome to pope damasus letter from jerome requesting new translations of the gospels c 376 377 ad order of st jerome catholic cloistered monastics of jerome pelagius 4th century theologian namesake of pelagianism prologus galeatus preface by saint jerome to his vulgate translations of i and ii kings and i and ii samuel synod of diospolis references edit notes edit in the eastern orthodox church he is known as saint jerome of stridonium or blessed jerome blessed in this context does not have the sense of being less than a saint as it does in the west patrologia latina 25 373 crebroque cryptas ingredi quae in terrarum profunda defossae ex utraque parte ingredientium per parietes habent corpora sepultorum et ita obscura sunt omnia ut propemodum illud propheticum compleatur descendant ad infernum viventes ps liv 16 et raro desuper lumen admissum horrorem temperet tenebrarum ut non tam fenestra...