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d a local residence and established sainte marie near present day midland ontario which was meant to be a replica of european society 85 it became the jesuit headquarters and an important part of canadian history throughout most of the 1640s the jesuits had modest success establishing five chapels in huronia and baptizing more than one thousand wendat out of a population which may have exceeded 20 000 before the epidemics of the 1630s 86 however the haudenosaunee of new york rivals of the wendat grew jealous of the wendat s wealth and control of the fur trade system and attacked wendat villages in 1648 they killed missionaries and burned villages and the wendat scattered both de brébeuf and gabriel lalemant were tortured and killed in the haudenosaunee raids for this they have been canonized as martyrs in the catholic church 87 the jesuit paul ragueneau burned down sainte marie instead of allowing the haudenosaunee the satisfaction of destroying it by late june 1649 the french and some christian wendat built sainte marie ii on christian island isle de saint joseph facing starvation lack of supplies and constant threats of haudenosaunee attack the small sainte marie ii was abandoned in june 1650 the remaining christian wendat and jesuits departed for quebec and ottawa 87 as a result of the haudenosaunee raids and outbreak of disease many missionaries traders and soldiers died 88 today the wendat have a first nations reserve in quebec canada while the related wyandot people have three major settlements in the united states 89 after the collapse of the wendat nation the jesuits undertook the task of converting the haudenosaunee something they had attempted in 1642 with little success in 1653 the haudenosaunee nation had a fallout with the dutch they then signed a peace treaty with the french and a mission was established the haudenosaunee soon turned on the french again in 1658 the jesuits were having little success and were under constant threat of being tortured or killed 88 they continued their effort until 1687 when they abandoned their permanent posts in the haudenosaunee homeland 90 in 1700 jesuits turned to maintaining quebec montreal and ottawa without establishing new posts 91 during the seven years war quebec was captured by the british in 1759 and new france came under british control the british barred the immigration of more jesuits to new france in 1763 only 21 jesuits were stationed in new france in 1773 only 11 jesuits remained in 1773 the british crown declared that the society of jesus in new france was dissolved 92 the dissolution of the order left in place substantial estates and investments amounting to an income of approximately 5 000 a year the council for the affairs of the province of quebec later succeeded by the legislative assembly of quebec assumed the task of allocating the funds to suitable recipients chiefly schools 93 in 1842 the jesuit mission in quebec was re established a number of jesuit colleges were founded in the decades following one of these colleges evolved into present day laval university 94 united states edit main article jesuits in the united states in the united states the order is best known for its missions to the native americans in the early 17th century its network of colleges and universities and in europe before 1773 its politically conservative role in the catholic counter reformation citation needed the society of jesus in the united states is organized into geographic provinces each of which being headed by a provincial superior today there are four jesuit provinces operating in the united states the usa east usa central and southern usa midwest and usa west provinces at their height there were ten provinces though there had been mergers in the past a major reorganization of the provinces began in early 21st century with the aim of consolidating into four provinces by 2020 95 ecuador edit the church of the society of jesus spanish la iglesia de la compañía de jesús known colloquially as la compañía is a jesuit church in quito ecuador it is among the best known churches in quito because of its large central nave which is profusely decorated with gold leaf gilded plaster and wood carvings inspired by two roman jesuit churches the chiesa del gesù 1580 and the chiesa di sant ignazio di loyola 1650 la compañía is one of the most significant works of spanish baroque architecture in south america and quito s most ornate church citation needed over the 160 years of its construction the architects of la compañía incorporated elements of four architectural styles baroque is the most prominent mudéjar moorish influence is seen in the geometrical figures on the pillars churrigueresque characterizes much of the ornate decoration especially in the interior walls the neoclassical style adorns the chapel of saint mariana de jesús which was a winery in its early years citation needed mexico edit the misión de nuestra señora de loreto conchó in the 18th century the first permanent jesuit mission in baja california established by juan maría de salvatierra in 1697 mexican born jesuit francisco clavijero 1731 1787 wrote records on mexican history the jesuits in new spain distinguished themselves in several ways they had high standards for acceptance to the order and many years of training they attracted the patronage of elite families whose sons they educated in rigorous newly founded jesuit colegios colleges including colegio de san pedro y san pablo colegio de san ildefonso and the colegio de san francisco javier tepozotlan those same elite families hoped that a son with a vocation to the priesthood would be accepted as a jesuit jesuits were also zealous in evangelization of the indigenous particularly on the northern frontiers citation needed to support their colegios and members of the society of jesus the jesuits acquired landed estates that were run with the best practices for generating income in that era a number of these haciendas were donated by wealthy elites the donation of a hacienda to the jesuits was the spark igniting a conflict between 17th century bishop don juan de palafox of puebla and the jesuit colegio in that city since the jesuits resisted paying the tithe on their estates this donation effectively took revenue out of the church hierarchy s pockets by removing it from the tithe rolls 96 many of jesuit haciendas were huge with palafox asserting that just two colleges owned 300 000 head of sheep whose wool was transformed locally in puebla to cloth six sugar plantations worth a million pesos and generating an income of 100 000 pesos 96 the immense jesuit hacienda of santa lucía produced pulque the alcoholic drink made from fermented agave sap whose main consumers were the lower classes and indigenous peoples in spanish cities although most haciendas had a free work force of permanent or seasonal labourers the jesuit haciendas in mexico had a significant number of enslaved people of african descent 97 the jesuits operated their properties as an integrated unit with the larger jesuit order thus revenues from haciendas funded their colegios jesuits did significantly expand missions to the indigenous in the northern frontier area and a number were martyred but the crown supported those missions 96 mendicant orders that had real estate were less economically integrated so that some individual houses were wealthy while others struggled economically the franciscans who were founded as an order embracing poverty did not accumulate real estate unlike the augustinians and dominicans in mexico citation needed the jesuits engaged in conflict with the episcopal hierarchy over the question of payment of tithes the ten percent tax on agriculture levied on landed estates for support of the church hierarchy from bishops and cathedral chapters to parish priests since the jesuits were the largest religious order holding real estate surpassing the dominicans and augustinians who had accumulated significant property this was no small matter 96 they argued that they were exempt due to special pontifical privileges 98 bishop de palafox took on the jesuits over this matter and was so soundly defeated that he was recalled to spain where he became the bishop of the minor diocese of osma citation needed as elsewhere in the spanish empire the jesuits were expelled from mexico in 1767 their haciendas were sold off and their colegios and missions in baja california were taken over by other orders 99 exiled mexican born jesuit francisco javier clavijero wrote an important history of mexico while in italy a basis for creole patriotism andrés cavo also wrote an important text on mexican history that carlos maría de bustamante published in the early 19th century 100 an earlier jesuit who wrote about the history of mexico was diego luis de motezuma 1619 99 a descendant of the aztec monarchs of tenochtitlan motezuma s corona mexicana o historia de los nueve motezumas was completed in 1696 he aimed to show that mexican emperors were a legitimate dynasty in the 17th century in the european sense 101 102 the jesuits were allowed to return to mexico in 1840 when general antonio lópez de santa anna was once more president of mexico their re introduction to mexico was to assist in the education of the poorer classes and much of their property was restored to them 103 the main altar of the jesuit colegio in tepozotlan now the museo nacional del virreinato northern spanish america edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2020 learn how and when to remove this message acosta s historia natural y moral de las indias 1590 text on the americas in 1571 the jesuits arrived in the viceroyalty of peru it was a key area of the spanish empire with a large indigenous populations and huge deposits of silver at potosí a major figure in the first wave of jesuits was josé de acosta 1540 1600 whose 1590 book historia natural y moral de las indias introduced europeans to spain s american empire via fluid prose and keen observation and explanation based on 15 years in peru and some time in new spain mexico 104 the viceroy of peru don francisco de toledo urged the jesuits to evangelize the indigenous peoples of peru wanting to put them in charge of parishes but acosta adhered to the jesuit position that they were not subject to the jurisdiction of bishops and to catechize in indigenous parishes would bring them into conflict with the bishops for that reason the jesuits in peru focused on education of elite men rather than the indigenous populations 104 peter claver ministering to african slaves at cartagena to minister to newly arrived african slaves alonso de sandoval 1576 1651 worked at the port of cartagena de indias sandoval wrote about this ministry in de instauranda aethiopum salute 1627 105 describing how he and his assistant peter claver later canonized met slave transport ships in the harbour went below decks where 300 600 slaves were chained and gave physical aid with water while introducing the africans to christianity in his treatise he did not condemn slavery or the ill treatment of slaves but sought to instruct fellow jesuits to this ministry and describe how he catechized the slaves 106 rafael ferrer was the first jesuit of quito to explore and found missions in the upper amazon regions of south america from 1602 to 1610 which belonged to the audiencia high court of quito that was a part of the viceroyalty of peru until it was transferred to the newly created viceroyalty of new granada in 1717 in 1602 ferrer began to explore the aguarico napo and marañon rivers in the sucumbios region in what is today ecuador and peru between 1604 and 1605 he set up missions among the cofane natives in 1610 he was martyred by an apostate native in 1639 the audiencia of quito organized an expedition to renew its exploration of the amazon river and the quito jesuit jesuita quiteño cristóbal de acuña was a part of this expedition in february 1639 the expedition disembarked from the napo river in december 1639 they arrived in what is today pará brazil on the banks of the amazon river in 1641 acuña published in madrid a memoir of his expedition to the amazon river entitled nuevo descubrimiento del gran rio de las amazonas which for academics became a fundamental reference on the amazon region in 1637 the jesuits gaspar cugia and lucas de la cueva from quito began establishing the mainas missions in territories on the banks of the marañón river around the pongo de manseriche region close to the spanish settlement of borja between 1637 and 1652 there were 14 missions established along the marañón river and its southern tributaries the huallaga and the ucayali rivers jesuit de la cueva and raimundo de santacruz opened up two new routes of communication with quito through the pastaza and napo rivers samuel fritz s 1707 map showing the amazon and the orinoco between 1637 and 1715 samuel fritz founded 38 missions along the length of the amazon river between the napo and negro rivers that were called the omagua missions beginning in 1705 these missions were continually attacked by the brazilian bandeirantes in 1768 the only omagua mission that was left was san joaquin de omaguas since it had been moved to a new location on the napo river away from the bandeirantes in the immense territory of maynas the jesuits of quito made contact with a number of indigenous tribes which spoke 40 different languages and founded 173 jesuit missions encompassing 150 000 inhabitants because of the constant epidemics of smallpox and measles and warfare with other tribes and the bandeirantes the number of jesuit missions were reduced to 40 by 1744 the jesuit missions offered the indigenous people christianity iron tools and a small degree of protection from the slavers and the colonists 107 in exchange the indigenous had to submit to jesuit discipline and adopt at least superficially a lifestyle foreign to their experience the population of the missions was sustained by frequent expeditions into the jungle by jesuits soldiers and christian indians to capture indigenous people and force them to return or to settle in the missions 107 at the time when the jesuits were expelled from spanish america in 1767 the jesuits registered 36 missions run by 25 jesuits in the audiencia of quito 6 in the napo and aguarico missions and 19 in the pastaza and iquitos missions with a population at 20 000 inhabitants 108 paraguay edit main article jesuit missions among the guaraní the guaraní people of eastern paraguay and neighboring brazil and argentina were in crisis in the early 17th century recurrent epidemics of european diseases had reduced their population by up 50 percent and the forced labor of the encomiendas by the spanish and mestizo colonists had made virtual slaves of many franciscan missionaries began establishing missions called r...