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between protestants and catholics and within the habsburg dynasty over the issue of succession the situation in prague a cosmopolitan city became increasingly difficult and kepler considered a move to württemberg which he considered his homeland in 1609 he wrote to the duke johann frederick requesting a position in the university of tübingen the duke turned down the request but sent a present as a token of goodwill kepler replied and in his letter summarised his position on the doctrinal issues that had caused problems in the past the duke did not respond to this two years later he tried again but this time the request was referred to the theological consistory in stuttgart who rejected kepler s request on 25 april 1611 denouncing his calvinist leanings both in his reservations about the formula of concord and his insistence that calvinists should despite disagreements be considered brothers in christ 55 56 57 in 1611 emperor rudolf s health was failing and he was forced to abdicate as king of bohemia by his brother matthias both sides sought kepler s astrological advice an opportunity he used to deliver conciliatory political advice with little reference to the stars except in general statements to discourage drastic action however it was clear that kepler s future prospects in the court of matthias were bleak 58 also in that year kepler s wife barbara contracted hungarian spotted fever and began having seizures while she was recovering all three of their children fell sick with smallpox six year old friedrich died as well as his approach to württemberg kepler was in contact with padua the university of padua on the recommendation of the departing galileo sought kepler to fill the mathematics professorship but kepler preferring to keep his family in german territory instead travelled to austria to arrange a position as teacher and district mathematician in linz however barbara relapsed into illness and died shortly after kepler s return 59 postponing the move to linz kepler remained in prague until rudolf s death in early 1612 though political upheaval religious tension and family tragedy along with the legal dispute over his wife s estate prevented him from doing any research instead he pieced together a chronology manuscript eclogae chronicae from correspondence and earlier work upon his succession as holy roman emperor matthias re affirmed kepler s position and salary as imperial mathematician but allowed him to move to linz 60 linz 1612 1626 edit a statue of kepler in linz in linz kepler was appointed district mathematician and teacher in the district school as well as retaining his position as court mathematician to the emperor his first charge was completing the rudolphine tables but many other activities claimed his attention before these were completed 61 the tables were not published until 1627 62 excommunication edit in linz kepler s difficulties with lutheran orthodoxy re surfaced the counter reformation had not yet had a major impact on upper austria while the ruler was catholic the majority of the population were lutheran and were able to practice their faith but the pastor of the lutheran congregation daniel hitzler refused communion to kepler on account of his unwillingness to fully endorse the formula of concord the main issue was kepler s views on the doctrine of ubiquity or sacramental union the belief in the real presence of christ s body and blood in the eucharist which kepler could not accept kepler appealed to the stuttgart consistory against his exclusion and this led to a long correspondence 63 this involved various theologians including matthias hafenreffer hafenreffer had been a friend but on this issue sided with the theological authorities in 1619 his excommunication was finally and unequivocally declared 64 marriage to susanna reuttinger edit in july 1612 kepler met matthias bernegger the humanist scholar and astronomer bernegger knew kepler by reputation and had sought him out the two men became friends and had extensive correspondence for nearly twenty years although they never met again max caspar described him as the best and most faithful friend that he ever found 65 in an early letter to bernegger in october 1613 kepler tells his friend of his forthcoming marriage and announces the date as the day of the eclipse of the moon when the astronomical spirit is in hiding as i want to rejoice in the festival day 66 the day was 30 october 1613 and kepler s second wife was susanna reuttinger from nearby eferding following the death of his first wife barbara kepler had considered 11 different matches over two years a decision process formalized later as the marriage problem 67 he eventually returned to reuttinger the fifth match who he wrote won me over with love humble loyalty economy of household diligence and the love she gave the stepchildren 68 kepler was now able to bring his children to linz from wels where they had been staying with a relative the first three children of his marriage to susanna margareta regina katharina and sebald died in childhood three more survived into adulthood cordula born 1621 fridmar born 1623 and hildebert born 1625 according to kepler s biographers this was a much happier marriage than his first 69 trial of kepler s mother for witchcraft edit in december 1615 kepler received a letter from his family in württemberg informing him that his mother katharina had been accused of witchcraft earlier that year katharina lived in the protestant town of leonberg the initial accusation was made by ursula reinbold who claimed that katharina had given her a drink that made her ill as the case became known more rumours and accusations circulated and katharina s family raised an action for slander against the accusers kepler vowed to defend his mother which he did both by despatches sent to the authorities in leonberg and by visiting in person the case dragged in for several years with katharina held in prison from 1620 1621 the final stage was held in tübingen under the authority of the duke where it was determined that she should be questioned under the threat of torture she refused to confess saying she trusted to god to bring the truth to light she was then absolved and discharged being released on 4 october 1621 she died about six months later 70 the process against kepler s mother starting soon after his initial excommunication has been seen as part of an attack by the lutheran authorities against kepler himself 71 impact of war edit kepler had other difficulties at this time in 1618 the conflict that would become the thirty years war began with the bohemian revolt against habsburg rule ferdinand ii who became emperor in august 1619 secured the support of maximilian i duke of bavaria against the bohemians in july 1620 the bavarian army entered linz on the way to bohemia this posed a threat to the protestants of linz generally as well as to kepler whose sympathies were with the bohemians now led by the protestant frederick who had been declared king of bohemia kepler had openly expressed his admiration for fredericks s father in law james vi and i king of england and scotland who he considered an important peacekeeper he left linz for württemberg in september 1620 to defend his mother taking his family with him as he did not know if he would be able to return 72 in november of that year the bohemian forces were defeated at the battle of white mountain and frederick the winter king fled into exile in november 1621 after his mother s release kepler did return to linz in december emperor ferdinand confirmed him in his position as court mathematician in 1622 protestant preachers and schoolmasters were banished from upper austria but kepler was exempted as he was in imperial service he would remain in linz for another four years and complete the rudolphine tables 73 work edit during his time in linz kepler published a number of works the first was a treatise on the year of the birth of jesus this was first published in german in 1613 an expanded latin version was published the following year as de vero anno in 1613 he was involved with another chronological issue when the emperor summoned him to regensburg to take part in deliberations on the calendar the gregorian calendar the one in general use today had been introduced by authority of pope gregory xiii in 1582 and adopted in much of catholic europe the main changes from the julian calendar which it superseded were to remove three leap years in every four centuries to bring the calendar year in close alignment to the solar year and to insert 10 days to correct the drift that had occurred since the julian calendar was introduced so that thursday 4 october 1582 was followed by friday 15 october 1582 the new calendar was denounced by protestant authorities as at best an attempt to re assert papal authority in protestant lands and at worst as the work of the devil 74 kepler supported the new calendar on practical and astronomical grounds but the reform was not accepted it would be 1700 before the new calendar was adopted throughout germany 75 kepler s next work was on measurement kepler buying wine for his household in 1613 observed at first hand the standard method of determining the volume of a barrel by inserting a measuring rod diagonally from the opening to the bottom of the cask this led him to an analysis of the volumes of various shaped containers finding that no printer in augsburg was willing to publish a book in latin he brought the printer johannes plank from erfurt to linz plank printed nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum in 1615 the first book to be printed in linz at kepler s own expense a shortened german version was published the following year kepler s next work was his epitome astronomia copernicae a summary of copernican theory published in two volumes in 1618 76 in the following year kepler s work on comets de cometis libelli tres was published in augsburg this book included much observational data and calculation as well as astrological interpretation 77 also in 1619 kepler s harmonice mundi was published this work aligning heavenly harmonies with musical ones had a long gestation kepler had first drafted an outline in 1599 in 1618 his little daughter katharina died and the grieving father put aside the tables which required peace and turned to thinking about harmony in that same year he discovered what is now referred to as kepler s third law relating the orbital period of a planet to its distance from the sun this finding was first stated in the harmonice 78 in 1617 while working on the tables kepler first read napier s work on logarithms which had been published in 1614 he realised the value of the method for simplifying the many calculations required in the tables but was dissatisfied that napier presented only the method and not the derivation so he developed the idea from arithmetic principles and derived his own tables from them these tables had the advantage that they could be used directly on whole numbers and not just on trigonometric functions 79 80 this was published as chilias logarithmorum ad totidem numeros rotundos in 1624 in the same year he completed work on the rudolphine tables there were negotiations with the brahe family before the work was ready for printing and then issues with funding and a choice of printer kepler favoured ulm because the technical requirements of the work could be most readily met there but the emperor insisted it be printed in austria which in practice meant linz so kepler set about obtaining suitable equipment type paper and workmen travelling to vienna and nuremberg but before work was fully underway the city of linz was besieged from june to august 1626 during the peasant war kepler was unharmed but the house and printing works which were on the outskirts of the city were destroyed by fire as it was now impossible to complete printing in linz kepler asked the emperor for permission to move to ulm this was granted and he left for ulm in november leaving his wife and family in regensburg 81 ulm and sagan 1626 1630 edit kepler had already identified a suitable printer in ulm his manuscript had not been damaged in the fire and printing of the tables soon got under way and was completed in september 1627 82 kepler was now looking for a stable position the war had been going well for the empire the peasant uprising had been suppresssed and the imperial commanders wallenstein and tilly had defeated protestant forces including the danish army under king christian iv who had come into the war on the protestant side kepler travelled to prague to present his tables to the emperor he was nervous about his reception as the rise in catholic power might make his position difficult but he received a warm welcome from the emperor who was very interested in the tables 83 wallenstein was also in prague at this time and had recently been granted the dukedom of sagan in silesia the two men had been in touch before when kepler provided a horoscope through an intermediary and did not meet wallenstein in person wallenstein negotiated with the emperor and invited kepler to take up residence in sagan kepler travelled to linz to wind up his affairs there then travelled with his family to sagan where he arrived on 20 july 1628 kepler felt isolated in this north german city with its unfamiliar dialect 84 he wrote to bernegger in march 1629 it is loneliness whick makes me oppressed here far away from the large cities and letters come and go only slowly and are causing great expense 85 in december 1629 kepler was able to establish a printing press which published his ephemerides for the years 1621 1639 86 regensburg church peterskirchlein memorial plate for the tomb of johannes kepler the move to sagan had not solved kepler s financial problems he got little assistance from wallenstein apart from his salary and the ephemerides were printed at his own expense he was still owed considerable sums from the imperial treasury for work he had done previously so on 8 october 1630 he set out on a trip to leipzig nuremberg the diet of regensburg and linz hoping to collect at least some of this however a few days after reaching regensburg he became sick and progressively worsened kepler died on 15 november 1630 just over a month after his arrival he was buried just outside the regensburg city walls in the protestant cemetery of st peter which was destroyed a few years later during the war 87 christianity edit kepler s belief that god created the cosmos in an orderly fashion caused him to attempt to determine and comprehend the laws that govern the natural world most profoundly in astronomy 88 89 the phrase i am merely thinking god s thoughts after him has been attributed to him although this is probably a capsulized version of a writing from his hand those laws of nature are within the grasp of the human mind god wanted us to recognize them by creating us after his own image so that we c...