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ventually in a compromise the superiors of the discalced carmelites decided that the monastery at úbeda would receive one leg and one arm of the corpse from segovia the monastery at úbeda had already kept one leg in 1593 and the other arm had been removed as the corpse passed through madrid in 1593 to form a relic there a hand and a leg remain visible in a reliquary at the oratory of san juan de la cruz in úbeda a monastery built in 1627 though connected to the original discalced monastery in the town founded in 1587 38 the head and torso were retained by the monastery at segovia they were venerated until 1647 when on orders from rome designed to prevent the veneration of remains without official approval the remains were buried in the ground in the 1930s they were disinterred and are now sited in a side chapel in a marble case above a special altar 38 proceedings to beatify john began between 1614 and 1616 he was eventually beatified in 1675 by pope clement x and was canonized by benedict xiii in 1726 when his feast day was added to the general roman calendar in 1738 it was assigned to 24 november since his date of death was impeded by the then existing octave of the feast of the immaculate conception 39 this obstacle was removed in 1955 and in 1969 pope paul vi moved it to the dies natalis birthday to heaven of john 14 december 40 the church of england and the episcopal church honor him on the same date 41 3 in 1926 he was declared a doctor of the church by pope pius xi after the definitive consultation of reginald garrigou lagrange professor of philosophy and theology at the pontifical university of saint thomas aquinas angelicum in rome 42 literary works edit the ascent of mount carmel as depicted in the first edition of 1618 by diego de astor 43 john of the cross is considered one of the foremost poets in spanish although his complete poems add up to fewer than 2 500 verses two of them the spiritual canticle and the dark night of the soul are widely considered masterpieces of spanish poetry both for their formal style and their rich symbolism and imagery his theological works often consist of commentaries on the poems all the works were written between 1578 and his death in 1591 citation needed the spiritual canticle is an eclogue in which the bride representing the soul searches for the bridegroom representing jesus christ and is anxious at having lost him both are filled with joy upon reuniting it can be seen as a free form spanish version of the song of songs at a time when vernacular translations of the bible were forbidden the first 31 stanzas of the poem were composed in 1578 while john was imprisoned in toledo after his escape it was read by the nuns at beas who made copies of the stanzas over the following years john added further lines today two versions exist one with 39 stanzas and one with 40 with some of the stanzas ordered differently the first redaction of the commentary on the poem was written in 1584 at the request of madre ana de jesús when she was prioress of the discalced carmelite nuns in granada a second edition which contains more detail was written in 1585 6 13 the dark night from which the phrase dark night of the soul takes its name narrates the journey of the soul from its bodily home to union with god it happens during the dark which represents the hardships and difficulties met in detachment from the world and reaching the light of the union with the creator there are several steps during the state of darkness which are described in successive stanzas the main idea behind the poem is the painful experience required to attain spiritual maturity and union with god the poem was likely written in 1578 or 1579 in 1584 5 john wrote a commentary on the first two stanzas and on the first line of the third stanza 13 the ascent of mount carmel is a more systematic study of the ascetical endeavour of a soul seeking perfect union with god and the mystical events encountered along the way although it begins as a commentary on the dark night after the first two stanzas of the poem it rapidly diverts into a full treatise it was composed some time between 1581 and 1585 44 a four stanza work living flame of love describes a greater intimacy as the soul responds to god s love it was written in a first version at granada between 1585 and 1586 apparently in two weeks and in a mostly identical second version at la peñuela in 1591 45 these together with his dichos de luz y amor or sayings of light and love along with teresa s own writings are the most important mystical works in spanish and have deeply influenced later spiritual writers across the world they include t s eliot thérèse de lisieux edith stein teresa benedicta of the cross and thomas merton john is said to have also influenced philosophers jacques maritain theologians hans urs von balthasar pacifists dorothy day daniel berrigan and philip berrigan and artists salvador dalí pope john paul ii wrote his theological dissertation on the mystical theology of john of the cross citation needed editions of his works edit his writings were first published in 1618 by diego de salablanca the numerical divisions in the work still used by modern editions of the text were introduced by salablanca they were not in john s original writings to help make the work more manageable for the reader 13 this edition does not contain the spiritual canticle however and also omits or adapts certain passages perhaps for fear of falling foul of the inquisition 46 the spiritual canticle was first included in the 1630 edition produced by fray jeronimo de san josé at madrid this edition was largely followed by later editors although editions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries gradually included a few more poems and letters 47 the first french edition was published in paris in 1622 48 and the first castilian edition in 1627 in brussels 46 a critical edition of john s works in english was published by e allison peers in 1935 49 intellectual influences edit the influences on john s writing are subject to an ongoing debate it is widely acknowledged that at salamanca university there would have existed a range of intellectual positions in john s time they included the influences of thomas aquinas of scotus and of durandus 50 it is often assumed that john would have absorbed the thought of aquinas to explain the scholastic framework of his writings citation needed however the belief that john was taught at both the carmelite college of san andrès and at the university of salamanca has been challenged 51 bezares calls into question whether john even studied theology at the university of salamanca the philosophy courses john probably took in logic natural and moral philosophy can be reconstructed but bezares argues that john in fact abandoned his studies at salamanca in 1568 to join teresa rather than graduating 52 in the first biography of john published in 1628 it is claimed on the basis of information from john s fellow students that he in 1567 made a special study of mystical writers in particular of pseudo dionysius and pope gregory i 53 54 there is little consensus from john s early years or potential influences citation needed scripture edit john was influenced heavily by the bible scriptural images are common in both his poems and prose in total there are 1 583 explicit and 115 implicit quotations from the bible in his works 55 the influence of the song of songs on john s spiritual canticle has often been noted both in terms of the structure of the poem with its dialogue between two lovers the account of their difficulties in meeting each other and the offstage chorus that comments on the action and also in terms of the imagery for example of pomegranates wine cellar turtle dove and lilies which echoes that of the song of songs 55 in addition john shows at occasional points the influence of the divine office this demonstrates how john steeped in the language and rituals of the church drew at times on the phrases and language here 56 pseudo dionysius edit it has rarely been disputed that the overall structure of john s mystical theology and his language of the union of the soul with god is influenced by the pseudo dionysian tradition 57 however it has not been clear whether john might have had direct access to the writings of pseudo dionysius or whether this influence may have been mediated through various later authors citation needed medieval mystics edit it is widely acknowledged that john may have been influenced by the writings of other medieval mystics though there is debate about the exact thought which may have influenced him and about how he might have been exposed to their ideas citation needed the possibility of influence by the so called rhineland mystics such as meister eckhart johannes tauler henry suso and john of ruysbroeck has also been mooted by many authors 58 secular spanish poetry edit a strong argument can also be made for contemporary spanish literary influences on john this case was first made in detail by dámaso alonso who believed that as well as drawing from scripture john was transforming non religious profane themes derived from popular songs romanceros into religious poetry 59 islamic influence edit a controversial theory on the origins of john s mystical imagery is that he may have been influenced by islamic sources this was first proposed in detail by miguel asín palacios and has been most recently put forward by the puerto rican scholar luce lópez baralt 60 arguing that john was influenced by islamic sources on the peninsula she traces islamic antecedents of the images of the dark night the solitary bird of the spiritual canticle wine and mystical intoxication the spiritual canticle lamps of fire the living flame however peter tyler concludes there are sufficient christian medieval antecedents for many of the metaphors john employs to suggest we should look for christian sources rather than muslim sources 61 as josé nieto indicates in trying to locate a link between spanish christian mysticism and islamic mysticism it might make more sense to refer to the common neo platonic tradition and mystical experiences of both rather than seek direct influence 62 books edit john of the cross dark night of the soul london 2012 limovia net isbn 978 1 78336 005 5 john of the cross ascent of mount carmel london 2012 limovia net isbn 978 1 78336 009 3 john of the cross spiritual canticle of the soul and the bridegroom christ london 2012 limovia net isbn 978 1 78336 014 7 the dark night a masterpiece in the literature of mysticism translated and edited by e allison peers doubleday 1959 isbn 978 0 385 02930 8 the poems of saint john of the cross english versions and introduction by willis barnstone indiana university press 1968 revised 2nd ed new directions 1972 isbn 0 8112 0449 9 the dark night st john of the cross translated by mirabai starr riverhead books new york 2002 isbn 1 57322 974 1 poems of st john of the cross translated and introduction by kathleen jones burns and oates tunbridge wells kent uk 1993 isbn 0 86012 210 7 the collected works of st john of the cross eds k kavanaugh and o rodriguez institute of carmelite studies washington dc revised edition 1991 isbn 0 935216 14 6 st john of the cross his prophetic mysticism in sixteenth century spain by cristobal serran pagan see also edit biography portal poetry portal saints portal spain portal a lo divino book of the first monks byzantine discalced carmelites calendar of saints church of england carmelite rule of st albert christian meditation constitutions of the carmelite order list of catholic saints miguel asín palacios saint john of the cross patron saint archive saint raphael kalinowski the first friar to be canonized in 1991 by pope john paul ii in the order of discalced carmelites since saint john of the cross spanish renaissance literature secular order of discalced carmelites the world the flesh and the devil references edit st john of the cross britannica retrieved 4 august 2020 1 2 3 4 pombo elena l 2022 san juan de la cruz in soriano antonio h vallina emiliano f eds los santos en la universidad de salamanca cri critical in spanish salamanca ediciones universidad de salamanca pp 141 161 doi 10 2307 j ctv34dm7gf 14 isbn 978 84 1311 693 8 1 2 lesser feasts and fasts 2018 church publishing inc 17 december 2019 isbn 978 1 64065 235 4 notable lutheran saints resurrectionpeople org archived from the original on 16 may 2019 retrieved 16 july 2019 in 1952 the spanish national ministry for education named him the patron saint of spanish poets the same ministry repeatedly authorized and approved the inclusion of john s writings among the canon of spanish writers st john of the cross encyclopedia britannica retrieved 30 june 2024 egan james m 1948 the three ages of the interior life by reginald garrigou lagrange o p common mystic prayer by gabriel diefenbach o f m the thomist a speculative quarterly review 11 1 119 122 doi 10 1353 tho 1948 0005 issn 2473 3725 rodriguez jose vincente 1991 god speaks in the night the life times and teaching of st john of the cross washington dc ics publications p 3 thompson 2002 p 27 roth norman conversos inquisition and the expulsion of the jews from spain madison wi the university of wisconsin press 1995 pp 157 369 tillyer 1984 p 4 gerald brenan st john of the cross his life and poetry cambridge cambridge university press 1973 p 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 kavanaugh kieran 1991 general introduction biographical sketch in kieran kavanaugh ed the collected works of st john of the cross washington ics publications pp 9 27 isbn 0 935216 14 6 matthew iain 1995 the impact of god soundings from st john of the cross hodder stoughton p 3 isbn 0 340 61257 6 thompson 2002 p 31 kavanaugh 1991 names the date as 24 february however e allison peers 1943 p 13 points out that although the feast day of st matthias is often assumed to be the date father silverio proposes a date in august or september for john s postulancy he entered salamanca university probably between 21 may and october see e allison peers spirit of flame a study of st john of the cross london scm press 1943 p 13 e allison peers 1943 p 16 suggests that the journey was to visit a nearby carthusian monastery richard p hardy the life of st john of the cross search for nothing london dlt 1982 p 24 argues that the reason was for john to say his first mass e allison peers spirit of flame a study of st john of the cross london scm press 1943 p 16 tillyer 1984 p 8 hardy 1982 p 27 the monastery contained three men according to e allison peers 1943 p 27 or five according to richard p hardy the life of st john of the cross search for nothing london dlt 1982 p 35 the month generally given is may edgar allison peers complete works vol i 1943 xxvi agreeing with p silverio thinks it must have been substantially later than this though certainly before 27 september hardy 1982 p 56 discover the crucifix drawn by st john o...