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yazidism zoroastrianism new bábism baháʼí goddess modern paganism new age tenrikyo ufo religion raëlism category portal v t e judaism 4 hebrew יַהֲדוּת romanized yahăḏūṯ is an abrahamic monotheistic ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual cultural and legal traditions of the jewish people 5 6 7 religious jews regard judaism as their means of observing the mosaic covenant which they believe was established between god and the jewish people 8 9 the religion is considered one of the earliest monotheistic religions judaism as a religion and culture is founded upon a diverse body of texts traditions theologies and worldviews among judaism s core texts are the torah biblical hebrew תּוֹרָה lit teaching the nevi im נְבִיאִים prophets and the ketuvim כְּתוּבִים writings which together compose the hebrew bible in modern hebrew the hebrew bible is often referred to as the tanakh תַּנַ ךּ tanaḵ an acronym of its constituent divisions or the miqra מִקְרָא miqrāʾ that which is called out in addition to scripture jewish religious texts include the oral torah תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה tōrā šebbəʿal pe torah by the mouth 10 comprising the mishnah talmud tosefta and jewish legal midrashim מִדְרָשִׁים studies or expositions halakha הֲלָכָה the way or jewish law aggadah אָגָּדָה narrative and responsa the hebrew word torah specifically refers to the five books of moses but it can also be used as a general term for the entire body of rabbinic literature and any teachings based on those texts 11 and encompasses a variety of interpretations judaism s texts traditions and values strongly influenced later abrahamic religions including christianity and islam 12 13 by way of its relationship to christianity the dominant religion in the west judaism has had an indirect yet significant role in the development of western culture 14 15 there are a variety of jewish religious movements most of which emerged from rabbinic judaism 16 17 18 which holds that god revealed his laws and commandments to moses on mount sinai in both the written torah תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב tōrā šebbīḵṯāv and oral torah 19 historically all or part of this assertion was challenged by groups like the sadducees and practitioners of hellenistic judaism during the second temple period 20 17 21 the karaites 22 and among segments of the modern non orthodox denominations some modern branches of judaism such as humanistic judaism may be considered secular or nontheistic 23 24 25 26 today the largest jewish religious movements are orthodox judaism including haredi and modern orthodox jews conservative judaism and reform judaism major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to halakha jewish law rabbinic authority and rabbinic literature and the significance of the state of israel 27 28 29 1 orthodox judaism maintains that the torah and halakha are explicitly divine in origin eternal and unalterable and that they should be strictly followed 30 31 32 33 conservative and reform judaism are more liberal with conservative judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of judaism s requirements than reform judaism 34 35 36 37 a typical reform position is that halakha should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all jews 38 39 40 41 42 historically rabbinical courts known as batei din בָּתֵּי דִּין houses of judgement sing beit din enforced halakha batei din are still existent but the practice of judaism is mostly voluntary 43 authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization but in the jewish texts and the rabbis and scholars who interpret them jews are an ethnoreligious group 44 including those born jewish and those who have converted to judaism in 2025 the world jewish population was estimated at 14 8 million although religious observance varies from strict to non existent 45 46 etymology see also ioudaios maccabees by wojciech stattler 1842 the term judaism derives from iudaismus a latinized form of the ancient greek ioudaismos koine greek ἰουδαϊσμός from the verb ἰουδαΐζειν to side with or imitate the judeans 47 its ultimate source is the biblical yehudah יהוּדָה yəhūda the hebrew name for judah son of jacob and the namesake of the tribe of judah the region of judah and the kingdom of judah 48 49 the term ioudaismos first appears in the koine greek book of 2 maccabees in the 2nd century bce specifically 2 maccabees 2 21 8 1 and 14 38 50 in the context of the age and period it meant seeking or forming part of a cultural entity 51 it resembled its antonym hellenismos a word signifying submission to hellenistic cultural norms the conflict between ioudaismos and hellenismos lay behind the maccabean revolt hence the term ioudaismos 51 rabbi shaye j d cohen writes in his book the beginnings of jewishness we are tempted of course to translate ioudaïsmós as judaism but this translation is too narrow because in this first occurrence of the term ioudaïsmós has not yet been reduced to the designation of a religion it means rather the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes judaeans judaean or jews jewish among these characteristics to be sure are practices and beliefs that we would today call religious but these practices and beliefs are not the sole content of the term thus ioudaïsmós should be translated not as judaism but as judaeanness 52 daniel r schwartz however argues that judaism especially in the context of the books of the maccabees refers to the religion not the culture and politics of the judean state he believes it reflected the ideological divide between the pharisees and sadducees and implicitly anti hasmonean and pro hasmonean factions in judean society 50 according to the oxford english dictionary the earliest citation of the term in english was in robert fabyan s 1516 book the new chronicles of england and france in which judaism is described as the profession or practice of the jewish religion the religious system or polity of the jews 53 judaism as a direct translation of the latin iudaismus first appears in a christian 1611 english translation of 2 maccabees 2 21 those that behaved themselves manfully to their honour for iudaisme 54 biblical and talmudic narrative the covenant with abraham in the book of genesis a large portion of the hebrew bible recounts the hebrews relationship with god from their earliest traditions through the second temple period i e until roughly 70 ce when the temple was destroyed abraham initially called abram אַבְרָם avram is presented as the ancestor of the israelites the descendants of jacob whose name is changed to israel יִשְׂרָאֵל yīsrāʾēl in genesis 32 29 and thus the hebrews 55 in the patriarchal age god establishes a covenant with abraham that includes the institution of circumcision בְּרִית מִילָה brit milah covenant of circumcision as a sign of that covenant established when abraham was 99 years old the requirement to circumcise the males of his household is recorded in genesis 17 10 14 56 god changes abram s name to abraham in genesis 17 5 and sarai s שָׂרָי name to sarah שָׂרָה 57 sarah is promised to bear a son in her old age and that son isaac יִצְחָק yīṣḥāq will be the child of the covenant and abraham s heir whose descendants will inherit the land often called canaan 58 the torah nevi im and ketuvim a painting of moses decorates the dura europos synagogue dating from 244 ce in the book of exodus the second book of the hebrew bible the descendants of isaac s son jacob were enslaved in egypt during a period of harsh oppression god appearing to moses in a divine vision through a burning bush on mount horeb commands him to lead the hebrews out of bondage god inflicts ten plagues upon egypt such as the nile turning to blood swarms of locusts and the death of the firstborn to persuade pharaoh to release the hebrews after the final plague pharaoh relents and the hebrews begin their escape known as the exodus they travel across the desert and arrive at mount sinai where god bestows the commandments laws and teachings that will define the moral and spiritual foundation of the israelite community as recounted in the subsequent chapters 59 60 these books together with the nevi im and ketuvim are known as written torah as opposed to the oral torah which refers to the mishnah talmud and halakhic midrashim מִדְרָשִׁים expositions sing midrash 61 the nevi im consist of historical narratives and prophetic writings focusing on the israelites settlements in canaan the ketuvim a diverse collection of books including the book of psalms book of proverbs and book of esther covers poetic and prose philosophical writings that deviate from the more literalist style of the other books 62 the talmud rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the oral torah were originally unwritten traditions based on the law given to moses at sinai however as the persecution of jews increased in intensity and frequency and the details of the oral torah were in danger of being forgotten judah ha nasi compiled them into the mishnah which was redacted c 200 ce the talmud is a compilation of the mishnah and gemara rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries the gemara originated in two major centers of jewish scholarship palestine and babylonia lower mesopotamia 63 correspondingly two bodies of analysis developed and two compilations of the talmud were created the older compilation is called the jerusalem talmud it was compiled sometime during the 4th century in palestine 63 history of judaism see also jewish history for a chronological guide see timeline of jewish history origins main article origins of judaism further information yahwism canaanite religion and ancient semitic religion iron age kingdoms see also ancient israel and judah and solomon s temple ancient judaism redirects here for the book see ancient judaism book kingdoms of israel and judah map 900 bce according to the hebrew bible the united kingdom of israel was established under saul the king and continued under king david and solomon with its capital being jerusalem after solomon s reign the nation split into two kingdoms the kingdom of israel in the north and the kingdom of judah in the south the kingdom of israel was destroyed around 720 bce when it was conquered by the neo assyrian empire 64 many people were taken captive from the capital samaria to media and the khabur river valley the kingdom of judah continued as an independent state until it was conquered by nebuchadnezzar ii of the neo babylonian empire in 586 87 bce babylonian captivity return and second temple see also babylonian captivity yehud persian province second temple judaism hasmonean kingdom iudaea province and first jewish roman war the babylonians destroyed jerusalem and the first temple forcing the israelites into the babylonian captivity in what is regarded as the first jewish diaspora many of the israelites returned to their homeland an event known as the return to zion after the fall of babylon was accomplished by the persian achaemenid empire seventy years later the second temple was constructed and religious practices were resumed during the early years of the second temple the highest religious authority was the great assembly led by ezra among other accomplishments of the great assembly the last books of the hebrew bible were written at this time and the canon was sealed citation needed hellenistic judaism spread to ptolemaic egypt from the 3rd century bce and its creation sparked widespread controversy in jewish communities starting conflicts within jewish communities about accommodating the cultures of occupying powers 20 65 later during the first jewish roman war 66 73 ce the romans sacked jerusalem and destroyed the second temple post temple judaism see also bar kokhba revolt and jewish diaspora later roman emperor hadrian built a pagan idol on the temple mount and prohibited circumcision these acts of ethnocide provoked the bar kokhba revolt 132 136 ce after which the romans banned torah study and the celebration of jewish holidays and forcibly removed virtually all jews from judea in 200 ce however jews were granted roman citizenship and judaism was recognized as a religio licita lit licit religion or legitimate religion until the rise of gnosticism and early christianity in the fourth century following the destruction of jerusalem and the expulsion of the jews jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the temple prayer took the place of sacrifice worship was conducted within the jewish communities of the diaspora and the authority of chazal pronounced χaˈzal חֲזַ ל a hebrew acronym for חֲכָמֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה ḥakhaméinu zikhronam livrakhah our sages of blessed memory and rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities was established 16 17 the western wall in jerusalem is a remnant of the wall encircling the second temple the temple mount is the holiest site in judaism judaism in pre islamic arabia judaism in pre islamic arabia goes back to the pre christian period and was concentrated in the northwest and south in the fourth century the ruling class of the himyarite kingdom of pre islamic south arabia converted to judaism this situation lasted until the early sixth century when the aksumite invasion of himyar instigated by the massacre of najran led to a transition to christian domination 66 defining characteristics and principles of faith further information god in judaism kennicott bible a 1476 spanish tanakh unlike other ancient near eastern gods the jewish god is portrayed as unitary and solitary consequently the jewish god s principal relationships are not with other gods but with the world and more specifically with the people he created 67 judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism the belief that god is one הַשֵּׁם אֶחָד haššēm ʾeḥād hashem is one reflected by religious jews twice daily recitation of shema yisrael שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל ה אֱלֹקֵינוּ ה אֶחָד šəmaʿ yiśrāʾēl yhwh ʾĕlōhê nû yhwh ʾeḥād listen yisra el hashem is our god hashem is one and concerned with the actions of humankind 68 according to the hebrew bible god promised abraham that he would make of his offspring a great nation 69 many generations later he commanded the israelites to love and worship only one god that is the jewish nation is to reciprocate god s concern for the world 70 he also commanded the jewish people to love one another that is jews are to imitate god s love for people 71 thus although there is an esoteric tradition in judaism in kabbalah conservative rabbi and scholar max kadushin has characterized normative judaism as normal mysticism because it involves everyday personal experiences of god through ways or modes that are common to all jews 72 this is played out through the observance of halakha and given verbal expression in the birkhot ha mitzvot בִּרְכוֹת הַמּצ...