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absolute elective monarchy until 842 absolute hereditary monarchy from 842 king 718 737 pelagius of asturias first 910 924 fruela ii of asturias last historical era early middle ages established 718 3 monarchy becomes hereditary 842 creations of the kingdoms of galicia and león 910 annexed by the kingdom of león 924 preceded by succeeded by visigothic kingdom kingdom of galicia kingdom of león county of portugal today part of spain portugal part of a series on the history of spain 18th century map of iberia prehistory prehistoric iberia early history pre roman peoples carthaginian spain 575 206 bce roman hispania roman conquest 206 27 bce hispania 218 bce 472 ce romanization diocese of hispania early middle ages kingdom of the suebi 409 585 kingdom of the visigoths 418 721 byzantine spania 552 624 middle ages muslim conquest 711 716 al andalus 711 1492 reconquista 711 1492 christian kingdoms 718 1479 early modern period catholic monarchs 1479 1516 granada war 1482 1492 colonisation of the americas 1492 1898 habsburgs 1516 1700 golden age 1556 1659 iberian union 1580 1640 bourbons 1700 1808 war of the spanish succession 1701 1714 nueva planta decrees 1707 1716 peninsular war abdications of bayonne 1808 napoleonic spain 1808 1813 cortes of cádiz 1810 1814 constitution of cádiz 1812 treaty of valençay 1813 absolutist restoration sexenio absolutista 1814 1820 trienio liberal 1820 1823 ominous decade 1823 1833 reign of isabella ii regency of maría cristina 1833 1840 first carlist war 1833 1840 regency of espartero 1840 1843 década moderada 1844 1854 second carlist war 1846 1849 bienio progresista 1854 1856 glorious revolution 1868 sexenio democrático provisional government 1868 1871 reign of amadeo i 1870 1873 third carlist war 1872 1876 first republic 1873 1874 restoration spain reign of alfonso xii 1874 1885 regency of maría cristina 1885 1902 reign of alfonso xiii 1886 1931 spanish american war 1898 spain during world war i 1914 1918 rif war 1927 dictatorship of primo de rivera 1923 1930 dictablanda of dámaso berenguer 1930 1931 second republic provisional government 1931 first biennium 1931 1933 second biennium 1933 1936 revolution and asturian miners strike 1934 1936 general election 1936 1936 coup d état 1936 1936 revolution 1936 civil war 1936 1939 nationalist victory 1939 francoist spain spain during world war ii 1939 1945 blue division 1941 1944 spanish maquis 1939 1965 republican exile 1939 1977 basque conflict 1959 2011 contemporary history transition to democracy 1975 1978 current constitution 1978 1981 coup d état attempt madrid train bombings 2004 2008 2014 financial crisis 2017 barcelona attacks catalan declaration of independence 2017 covid 19 pandemic 2020 2022 topic economic law enforcement lgbt military religion territorial organization timeline spain portal history portal v t e part of a series on the history of portugal ancient prehistoric iberia pre roman peoples roman conquest of hispania romanization of hispania lusitania gallaecia suebic kingdom visigothic kingdom medieval umayyad conquest of hispania al andalus gharb al andalus almoravid dynasty county of coimbra county of portugal reconquista portuguese house of burgundy 1383 1385 crisis age of discovery imperial expansion house of aviz portuguese renaissance portuguese empire war of the portuguese succession iberian union dutch portuguese war brigantine restoration war house of braganza great lisbon earthquake napoleonic wars and revolution civil war constitutional monarchy first republic 1910 revolution first republic monarchy of the north portugal during world war i 1926 coup d état second republic ditadura nacional world war ii estado novo portuguese colonial war third republic carnation revolution processo revolucionário em curso transition to democracy third republic handover of macau 1999 financial crisis 2010 2014 covid 19 pandemic 2020 2022 topic archives economy historiography language lgbt judaism military music regions azorean history madeiran history timeline portugal portal v t e the kingdom of asturias 4 was a medieval monarchy in the iberian peninsula founded by the nobleman pelagius it was the first christian political entity to be established in the iberian peninsula after the umayyad conquest of visigothic hispania in 711 720s 2 49 in the summer of 722 5 pelagius defeated an umayyad army at the battle of covadonga in what is retroactively regarded as the beginning of the christian reconquista the asturian kings would occasionally make peace with the muslims particularly at times when they needed to pursue their other enemies mainly rebel basques and galicians thus fruela i r 757 768 fought muslims but also defeated the basques and galicians 6 and silo r 774 783 made peace with the muslims but not with the galicians under king alfonso ii r 791 842 the kingdom was firmly established with alfonso s recognition as king of asturias by charlemagne and the pope he conquered galicia and the basques during his reign the holy bones of st james the great were declared to be found in galicia in compostela pilgrims from all over europe opened a way of communication between the isolated asturias and the carolingian lands and beyond alfonso s policy consisted in depopulating the borders of bardulia which would turn into castile in order to gain population support north of the mountains with this growth came a corresponding increase in military forces the kingdom was now strong enough to sack the muslim cities of lisbon zamora and coimbra however for centuries to come the focus of these actions was not conquest but pillage and tribute in the summers of 792 793 and 794 several muslim attacks plundered alava and the heart of the asturian kingdom reaching up to the capital oviedo in one of the retreats alfonso inflicted a severe defeat on the muslims in the swampy area of lutos 7 when alfonso ii died ramiro i 842 850 staged a coup against the count of the palace nepotian who had taken the throne after a battle on a bridge over the river narcea nepotian was captured in flight blinded and then forced into monastic life early in his reign in 844 ramiro was faced with a viking attack at a place called farum brecantium believed to be present day corunna he gathered an army in galicia and asturias and defeated the vikings killing many of them and burning their ships 8 9 in 859 a second viking fleet set out for spain the vikings were slaughtered off the coast of galicia by count pedro 10 the considerable territorial expansion of the asturian kingdom under alfonso iii 866 910 was largely made possible by the collapse of umayyad control over many parts of al andalus at this time in 773 11 the western frontier of the kingdom in galicia was expanded into the northern part of modern day portugal pushing the border roughly to the douro valley and between 868 and 881 it expanded further south reaching all the way to the mondego the year 878 saw a muslim assault on the towns of astorga and león the expedition consisted of two detachments one of which was decisively defeated at polvoraria on the river órbigo with an alleged loss of 13 000 men in 881 alfonso took the offensive leading an army deep into the lower march crossing the tagus river to approach mérida then miles from the city the asturian army crossed the guadiana river and defeated the umayyad army on monte oxifer allegedly leaving 15 000 muslim soldiers killed returning home alfonso devoted himself to building the churches of oviedo and constructing one or two more palaces for himself the kingdom of asturias transitioned into the kingdom of león in 924 when fruela ii of asturias became king with his royal court in león 12 indigenous background edit kingdom of asturias circa 910 ad the kingdom originated in the western and central territory of the cantabrian mountains particularly the picos de europa and the central area of asturias the main political and military events during the first decades of the kingdom s existence took place in the region according to the descriptions of strabo cassius dio and other graeco roman geographers several peoples of celtic origin inhabited the lands of asturias at the beginning of the christian era most notably in the cantabri the vadinienses who inhabited the picos de europa region and whose settlement gradually expanded southward during the first centuries of the modern era the orgenomesci who dwelled along the asturian eastern coast in the astures the saelini whose settlement extended through the sella valley the luggones who had their capital in lucus asturum and whose territories stretched between the sella and nalón the astures in the strictest sense who dwelled in inner asturias between the current councils of piloña and cangas del narcea the paesici who had settled along the coast of western asturias between the mouth of the navia river and the modern city of gijón picture of ḷḷagu del vaḷḷe somiedo showing typical asturian cottages called teitos as already in use in the time of the astures classical geographers give conflicting views of the ethnic description of the above mentioned peoples ptolemy says that the astures extended along the central area of current asturias between the navia and sella rivers fixing the latter river as the boundary with the cantabrian territory however other geographers placed the frontier between the astures and the cantabri further to the east julius honorius stated in his cosmographia that the springs of the river ebro were located in the land of the astures sub asturibus in any case ethnic borders in the cantabrian mountains were not so important after that time as the clan divisions that permeated the pre roman societies of all the peoples of northern iberia faded under similar political administrative culture imposed on them by the romans the situation started to change during the late roman empire and the early middle ages when an asturian identity gradually started to develop the centuries old fight between visigothic and suebian nobles may have helped to forge a distinct identity among the peoples of the cantabrian districts several archaeological digs in the castro of la carisa municipality of lena have found remnants of a defensive line whose main purpose was to protect the valleys of central asturias from invaders who came from the meseta through the pajares pass the construction of these fortifications reveals a high degree of organization and cooperation among the several asturian communities in order to defend themselves from the southern invaders carbon 14 tests have found that the wall dates from the period 675 725 ad when two armed expeditions against the asturians took place one of them headed by visigothic king wamba reigned 672 680 the other by muslim governor musa bin nusayr during the umayyad conquest who settled garrisons over its territory the gradual formation of asturian identity led to the creation of the kingdom of asturias after pelagius coronation and the victory over the muslim garrisons in covadonga in the early 8th century the chronica albeldense in narrating the happenings of covadonga stated that divine providence brings forth the king of asturias umayyad occupation and asturian revolt edit monument in memory of pelagius in covadonga the kingdom was established by the nobleman pelayo latin pelagius possibly an asturian noble no substantial movement of refugees from central iberia could have taken place before the battle of covadonga and in 714 asturias was overrun by musa bin nusayr with no effective or known opposition 13 it has also been claimed that he may have retired to the asturian mountains after the battle of guadalete where in the gothic tradition of theias he was elected by the other nobles as leader of the astures pelayo s kingdom was initially a rallying banner for existing guerilla forces 14 15 in the progress of the islamic conquest of the iberian peninsula the main cities and administrative centers fell into the hands of muslim troops control of the central and southern regions such as the guadalquivir and ebro valleys presented few problems for the newcomers who used the existing visigothic administrative structures ultimately of roman origin however in the northern mountains urban centers such as gijón were practically nonexistent and the submission of the mountainous country had to be achieved valley by valley muslim troops often resorted to the taking of hostages to ensure the pacification of the newly conquered territory citation needed after the first incursion of tarik who reached toledo in 711 the yemeni viceroy of ifriqiya musa bin nusayr crossed the strait of gibraltar the following year and carried out a massive operation of conquest that would lead to the capture of mérida toledo zaragoza and lerida among other cities during the last phase of his military campaign he reached the northwest of the peninsula where he gained control of the localities of astorga and gijón in the latter city he placed a small berber detachment under a governor munuza whose mission was to consolidate muslim control over asturias as a guarantee of the submission of the region some nobles some who argue that pelayo was among them had to surrender hostages from asturias to cordoba the legend says that his sister was asked for and a marriage alliance sought with the local berber leader later on munuza would try to do the same at another mountain post in the pyrenees where he rebelled against his cordoban arab superiors the berbers had been converted to islam barely a generation earlier and were considered second rank to arabs and syrians citation needed the most commonly accepted hypothesis for the battle epic as described by later christian asturian sources but a mere skirmish in muslim texts is that the moorish column was attacked from the cliffs and then fell back through the valleys towards present day gijón but it was attacked in retreat by the retinue and nearly destroyed however the only near contemporary account of the events of the time the christian chronicle of 754 makes no mention of the incident however as is told in the rotensian chronicle 16 as well as in that of ahmed mohammed al maqqari 17 pelayo escaped from cordoba during the governorship of al hurr 717 718 and his return to asturias triggered a revolt against the muslim authorities of gijón the identity of pelayo however is still an open subject and that is only one of the theories the leader of the astures whose origin is debated by historians lived at that time in bres in the district of piloña and munuza sent his troops there under al qama after receiving word of the arrival of the muslims pelayo and his companions hurriedly crossed the piloña and headed toward the narrow easily defended valley of mt auseva taking refuge in one of its caves covadonga after an attempted siege was abandoned due to the weather and the exposed position of the deep valley gorge the troops are said to have exited through the high ports to ...