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he formed the convention people s party which achieved rapid success through its unprecedented appeal to the common voter 4 he became prime minister in 1952 and retained the position when he led ghana to independence from the united kingdom in 1957 a first in sub saharan africa at the time in 1960 ghanaians approved a new constitution and elected nkrumah as president 5 his administration was primarily socialist as well as nationalist it funded national industrial and energy projects developed a strong national education system and promoted a pan africanist culture 6 nkrumah had a vision to consolidate african countries under a single continental leadership that was socialist in nature with himself as president of this bloc 7 under nkrumah ghana played a leading role in african international relations and the pan africanist movement during africa s decolonisation period supporting numerous liberation struggles 8 the anti socialist western nations saw the kwame nkrumah ideological institute knii as a sympathetic base for military support to african nationalists and hence as a problematic threat 9 after an alleged assassination plot against him 10 coupled with increasingly difficult local economic conditions nkrumah s government became increasingly authoritarian in the 1960s as he repressed political opposition and conducted elections that were neither free nor fair 11 in 1964 a constitutional amendment made ghana a one party state with nkrumah as president for life of both the nation and its party 12 he fostered a personality cult forming ideological institutes and adopting the title of osagyefo 13 the knii served the purpose of spreading propaganda and the ideology of nkrumah s own version of scientific socialism known as nkrumaism 14 nkrumah was deposed in 1966 in a coup d état by the national liberation council complicity on the part of the united states central intelligence agency has been claimed including by former agents but never fully verified 15 16 nkrumah lived the rest of his life in guinea where he was named honorary co president in 1999 he was voted bbc african of the millennium 17 early life and education edit gold coast edit kwame nkrumah was born on tuesday 21 september 1909 18 19 in nkroful nzema east now ellembele gold coast now ghana 20 21 nkroful was a small village in the nzema area 22 in the southwest of the gold coast close to the frontier with the french colony of the ivory coast kwame was his mother s only child 23 his father did not live with the family but worked in half assini where he pursued his goldsmith business until his death 24 at age 3 nkrumah and his mother moved to half assini to join his father they sent him to the elementary school run by a catholic mission at half assini where he proved an adept student 25 during his years as a student in the united states he was known as francis nwia kofi nkrumah kofi being the akan name given to males born on fridays 26 he later changed his name to kwame nkrumah in 1945 in the uk preferring the name kwame 27 28 according to ebenezer obiri addo in his study of the future president the name nkrumah a name traditionally given to a ninth child indicates that kwame probably held that place in the house of his father who had several wives 29 his father opanyin kofi nwiana ngolomah came from nkroful and belonged to the asona clan of the akan tribe 30 sources indicated that ngolomah stayed at tarkwa nsuaem and dealt in the goldsmith business 31 ngolomah was respected for his wise counsel by those who sought his advice on traditional issues and domestic affairs he died in 1927 32 21 although his mother whose name was elizabeth nyanibah 1877 1979 28 33 later stated his year of birth as 1912 nkrumah wrote that he was born on 21 september 1909 his mother hailed from nsuaem and belonged to the agona family she was a fishmonger and petty trader when she married his father 34 eight days after his birth his father named him as francis nwia kofi after a relative 21 but later his parents named him as francis kwame ngolomah 31 he progressed through the ten year elementary programme in eight years in 1925 he was a student teacher in the school and was baptised into the catholic faith 35 he would fondly remember having to stand atop a box to teach his mates while at the school he was noticed by the reverend alec garden fraser principal of the government training college soon to become achimota school in the gold coast s capital accra fraser arranged for nkrumah to train as a teacher at his school 25 36 here columbia educated deputy headmaster kwegyir aggrey exposed him to the ideas of marcus garvey and w e b du bois aggrey fraser and others at achimota thought that there should be close co operation between the races in governing the gold coast but nkrumah echoing garvey soon came to believe that only when the black race governed itself could there be harmony between the races 37 38 after obtaining his teacher s certificate from the prince of wales college at achimota in 1930 28 nkrumah was given a teaching post at the catholic primary school in elmina in 1931 28 during his years at achimota nkrumah was noted for his debating and leadership skills traits that later shaped his role as a nationalist leader 39 after a year there he was made headmaster of the school at axim in axim he started to get involved in politics and founded the nzema literary society in 1933 he was appointed a teacher at the catholic seminary at amissano 40 41 although life there was strict he liked it and considered becoming a jesuit nkrumah had heard journalist and future nigerian president nnamdi azikiwe speak while a student at achimota the two men met and azikiwe s influence increased nkrumah s interest in black nationalism 42 the young teacher decided to further his education 41 azikiwe had attended lincoln university a historically black college in chester county pennsylvania west of philadelphia and he advised nkrumah to enroll there 43 nkrumah who had failed the entrance examination for london university gained funds for the trip and his education from relatives he travelled by way of britain where he learned to his outrage of italy s invasion of ethiopia one of the few independent african nations he arrived in the united states in october 1935 41 44 45 united states edit nkrumah in the lincoln university yearbook 1942 according to historian john henrik clarke in his article on nkrumah s american sojourn the influence of the ten years that he spent in the united states had a lingering effect on the rest of his life 46 nkrumah had sought entry to lincoln university some time before he began his studies there on friday 1 march 1935 he sent the school a letter noting that his application had been pending for more than a year the university responded asking him to write a short essay on his life story and personal goals he notably wrote of his ambitions saying in all things i have held myself to but one ambition and that is to make necessary arrangements to continue my education that i may be better prepared to serve my fellowman when he arrived in new york in october 1935 he travelled to pennsylvania where he enrolled despite lacking the funds for the full semester 47 he soon won a scholarship that provided for his tuition at lincoln university he remained short of funds through his time in the us 48 to make ends meet he did menial jobs on roles such as a wholesaler of fish and poultries cleaner dishwasher and others 49 on sundays he visited black presbyterian churches in philadelphia and in new york 50 nkrumah completed a bachelor of arts degree in economics and sociology in 1939 lincoln then appointed him an assistant lecturer in philosophy he began to receive invitations to be a guest preacher in presbyterian churches in philadelphia and new york 51 52 in 1939 nkrumah enrolled at lincoln s seminary and at the ivy league institution the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia and in 1942 he was initiated into the mu chapter of phi beta sigma fraternity at lincoln university 53 nkrumah gained a bachelor of theology degree from lincoln in 1942 the top student in the course he earned from penn the following year a master of arts degree in philosophy and a master of science in education 54 while at penn nkrumah worked with the linguist william everett welmers providing the spoken material that formed the basis of the first descriptive grammar of his native fante dialect of the akan language 55 nkrumah was also initiated into prince hall freemasonry while living in the united states 56 57 nkrumah spent his summers in harlem a centre of black life thought and culture he found housing and employment in new york city with difficulty and involved himself in the community 58 he spent many evenings listening to and arguing with street orators and according to clarke kwame nkrumah in his years in america stated 59 these evenings were a vital part of kwame nkrumah s american education he was going to a university the university of the harlem streets this was no ordinary time and these street speakers were no ordinary men the streets of harlem were open forums presided over by master speakers like arthur reed and his protege ira kemp the young carlos cook sic founder of the garvey oriented african pioneer movement was on the scene also bringing a nightly message to his street followers occasionally suji abdul hamid sic a champion of harlem labour held a night rally and demanded more jobs for blacks in their own community this is part of the drama on the harlem streets as the student kwame nkrumah walked and watched 60 nkrumah was an activist student organising a group of expatriate african students in pennsylvania and building it into the african students association of america and canada becoming its president 59 some members felt that the group should aspire for each colony to gain independence on its own nkrumah urged a pan african strategy 61 62 nkrumah played a major role in the pan african conference held in new york in 1944 which urged the united states at the end of the second world war to help ensure africa became developed and free 63 his old teacher aggrey had died in 1929 in the us and in 1942 nkrumah led traditional prayers for aggrey at the graveside this led to a break between him and lincoln though after he rose to prominence in the gold coast he returned in 1951 to accept an honorary degree 64 65 nevertheless nkrumah s doctoral thesis remained uncompleted he had adopted the forename francis while at the amissano seminary in 1945 he took the name kwame nkrumah 62 just as in the days of the egyptians so today god had ordained that certain among the african race should journey westwards to equip themselves with knowledge and experience for the day when they would be called upon to return to their motherland and to use the learning they had acquired to help improve the lot of their brethren i had not realised at the time that i would contribute so much towards the fulfillment of this prophecy kwame nkrumah the autobiography of kwame nkrumah 1957 66 nkrumah read books about politics and divinity and tutored students in philosophy 67 in 1943 nkrumah met trinidadian marxist c l r james russian expatriate raya dunayevskaya and chinese american grace lee boggs all of whom were members of an american based marxist intellectual cohort 68 nkrumah later credited james with teaching him how an underground movement worked 69 federal bureau of investigation files on nkrumah kept from january to may 1945 identify him as a possible communist 70 nkrumah was determined to go to london wanting to continue his education there now that the second world war had ended 71 james in a 1945 letter introducing nkrumah to trinidad born george padmore in london wrote this young man is coming to you he is not very bright but nevertheless do what you can for him because he s determined to throw europeans out of africa 69 london edit 60 burghley road kentish town london where nkrumah lived when in london between 1945 and 1947 nkrumah returned to london in may 1945 and enrolled at the london school of economics as a phd candidate in anthropology he withdrew after one term and the next year enrolled at university college london with the intent to write a philosophy dissertation on knowledge and logical positivism 72 his supervisor a j ayer declined to rate nkrumah as a first class philosopher saying i liked him and enjoyed talking to him but he did not seem to me to have an analytical mind he wanted answers too quickly i think part of the trouble may have been that he wasn t concentrating very hard on his thesis it was a way of marking time until the opportunity came for him to return to ghana 73 finally nkrumah enrolled in but did not complete a study in law at gray s inn 73 nkrumah spent his time on political organisations he and padmore were among the principal organisers and co treasurers of the fifth pan african congress in manchester 15 19 october 1945 74 the congress elaborated a strategy for supplanting colonialism with african socialism they agreed to pursue a federal united states of africa with interlocking regional organisations governing through separate states of limited sovereignty 75 they planned to pursue a new african culture without tribalism democratic within a socialist system synthesising traditional aspects with modern thinking and for this to be achieved by non violent means if possible 76 among those who attended the congress was the venerable w e b du bois along with some who later took leading roles in leading their nations to independence including hastings banda of nyasaland which became malawi jomo kenyatta of kenya and obafemi awolowo of nigeria 77 78 the congress sought to establish ongoing african activism in britain in conjunction with the west african national secretariat wans to work towards the decolonisation of africa nkrumah became the secretary of wans in addition to seeking to organise africans to gain their nations freedom nkrumah sought to succour the many west african seamen who had been stranded destitute in london at the end of the war and established a coloured workers association to empower and succour them 79 the u s state department and mi5 watched nkrumah and the wans focusing on their links with communism 80 nkrumah and padmore established a group called the circle to lead the way to west african independence and unity the group aimed to create a union of african socialist republics a document from the circle setting forth that goal was found on nkrumah upon his arrest in accra in 1948 and was used against him by the british authorities 81 82 a return to the gold coast edit united gold coast convention edit the 1946 gold coast constitution gave africans a majority on the legislative council for the first time seen as a major step towards self government 83 the new arrangement prompted the colony s first true political party founded in august 1947 the united...