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ssed by the house and referred to the senate 20 local community radio act of 2010 edit the local community radio act of 2010 based upon the legislation originally introduced in 2005 was signed into law by president barack obama on january 4 2011 as pub l 111 371 text pdf after passage in the house on december 17 2010 and the u s senate on december 18 2010 in a statement after the bill became law federal communications commission chairman julius genachowski said low power fm stations are small but they make a giant contribution to local community programming this important law eliminates the unnecessary restrictions that kept these local stations off the air in cities and towns across the country the act states that the federal communications commission when licensing new fm translator stations fm booster stations and low power fm stations should ensure that licenses are available to fm translator stations fm booster stations and low power fm stations such decisions are made based on the needs of the local community and fm translator stations fm booster stations and low power fm stations remain equal in status and secondary to existing and modified full service fm stations in general the fcc was to modify its rules to eliminate third adjacent minimum frequency separation requirements between low power fm stations and full service fm stations fm translator stations and fm booster stations arguments for lpfm edit free press a non partisan advocacy organization pushing for media reform promoting diversity and independent media ownership strong public media and universal access to communications 21 voiced its support of lpfm for a variety of reasons it strengthens community identity it creates an outlet for amateur musicians to have their music heard it promotes diversity on the air because more women and racial minorities are represented it creates an opportunity for young people especially college students who are interested in radio to learn about the business it provides farmers with up to date agricultural information prometheus radio project a non profit organization that builds supports and advocates for community radio stations which empower participatory community voices and movements for social change 22 also supported lpfm citing these reasons the media should not limit democratic participation but should provide a way for communities and movements to express themselves public airwaves shouldn t be concentrated in private corporate hands low power fm gives a voice to communities low power fm needs to be protected from big broadcasters a new york times article 23 focusing on a lpfm station kocz lp highlights a number of key arguments favoring low powered broadcasting in louisiana a large african american community appreciates how lpfm plays a genre of music called zydeco a potent blend of cajun rhythm and blues and among a younger generation hip hop often features accordion and washboard lpfm influences commercial radio to offer listeners a wider range of music commercial stations had started playing more zydeco since kocz started broadcasting in 2002 they know that we make them better an advocate said because lpfm is non commercial schools and organizations are able to promote many projects that help serve the local community kocz is licensed to the southern development foundation a civil rights group that grants scholarships and runs a business incubator but has fallen on hard times the foundation treats the station as a 24 hour form of community outreach lpfm promotes a very close community a woman walked into the station asked for an announcement to be broadcast about her lost dog she was able to get her dog back the next day lpfm is crucial for small communities in times of emergencies a low power fm radio station can stay on the air even if the power goes out low power fm saved lives during katrina former president bill clinton has also become an advocate of lpfm for giving voice to the voiceless including schools community based organizations churches and ethnic groups 24 brown paper tickets ceo steve butcher supports lpfm stating in a letter to the fcc we hear from event producers frequently who can t afford radio ad buys on commercial stations these local entrepreneurs can afford underwriting on smaller stations that can help build awareness about their events 25 lpfm stations are considered to be affordable compared to an average fm station whose operating costs can run up to a million dollars and could only afforded by businesses and the very wealthy an antenna and transmitter can cost between 2 000 and 5 000 26 arguments against lpfm edit signal interference on fm station high power fm stations express concern that lpfm stations may cause interference with their signals if third adjacent channel interference protections are not observed while the mitre report suggests that the likelihood for interference is not as threatening as previously thought high power fm stations question the methodology scope and validity of the study and its results 27 fm translators these devices allow a radio station to rebroadcast its signal to reach a greater area fm translators could benefit religious broadcasters wishing to reach a larger audience as well as many am radio stations who due to ionospheric refraction are required to emit weaker signals during the night 28 fm translators are low power so compete with lpfm for limited space on the airwaves in some states the local department of transportation operates large networks of lpfm stations that act as highway advisory radio stations a service traditionally operated at the fringes of the am band restricting the number of available channels citation needed these systems can be licensed to the entire am band but the lpfm service provides considerably greater coverage at 100 watts than the 10 watt limit on am hence the considerable appeal for government agencies some investors in radio believe lpfm services prevent the development of digital radio 29 npr is a major opponent to low power fm their stance is that allowing more flexible rules for lpfm would burden other stations by forcing them to deal with interference problems and because full power broadcasters reach a broader audience and provide a greater service they should be favored regarding spectrum availability 30 31 the national association of broadcasters is the other major source of opposition its stance is that full power fm broadcasters enhance localism by providing community responsive information such as emergency information allowing low power fm stations to have equal spectrum rights could be detrimental to these necessary programs 32 lpfm vs broadcast translators edit see also broadcast relay station great translator invasion of 2003 unlike the former fm class d license an lpfm station has no priority over broadcast translators in the allocation of available spectrum this is problematic insofar as the regulations for broadcast translators exempts non commercial stations from the requirement that translators be within the coverage area of the original station that they rebroadcast however this provision only affects translators in the non commercial portion of the band stations in the commercial part of the spectrum must be fed over the air unless they are within the actual service area of the primary station since the translator window of 2003 was only open for commercial channels the use of directly fed via satellite fm translators commonly called satellators was never a factor in the 2003 window the fcc licensing window for new translator applications in 2003 resulted in over 13 000 applications being filed 33 most of them coming from a few religious broadcasters however even though all translators on commercial frequencies must be fed by a direct over the air source regardless of who owns the translator per fcc rule 74 1231 b 34 the actual over the air source the primary station can be satellite fed just as commercial stations can be fed by satellite this leads to programming from a single station retransmitted by many others ending up on several hundred different translators one station cannot apply for hundreds or thousands of translators nationwide using automated means to generate license applications for all available channels unless all of their applications are exclusively on the non commercial part of the broadcast band 88 91 9 mhz 47 cfr 74 1231 b as with any new service that shares the fm spectrum when translators are added to an area they can reduce or eliminate the availability of channels both for new lpfm applicants and for relocation of any existing lpfm stations displaced by full service broadcasters unlike an lpfm station a translator is not required to and legally not authorized to originate any local content except as permitted by 47 cfr 74 1231 thus there is competition for spectrum in some locations between the lpfm service and the fm translator service in may 2018 several groups supporting community based low power fm stations filed objections with the fcc citing the local community radio act accusing it of favoring existing station coverage expansion with translator licenses a spectrum grab over new lpfm spectrum licenses 35 36 37 am radio edit see also am broadcasting microbroadcasting the acronym lpam is not a legal term in the united states and is only used as an acronym unlike lpfm stations which have legal and regulatory status fcc rules do not define lpam nor issue licenses for low power am transmission lpam is only an acronym applied to licensed low power am operations and to part 15 transmissions as well any use of the term low power am in fcc licensing for united states stations is the requirement for higher power licensed am stations to reduce their transmit power at nighttime post sunset pre sunrise as a condition of their high power broadcast authorization there is a category class d for am broadcast licenses which limited stations to daytime only transmission before regulations changed in the 1980s many but not all class d stations have been granted authority to broadcast at night with enough power to be heard within a few miles of their transmitters other lpam operations are known as travelers information stations tis sometimes also called highway advisory radio har authorized under fcc part 90 242 these are stations licensed to local transportation departments or other governmental or quasi governmental agencies to provide bulletins to motorists regarding traffic conditions these are often near highways and airports and occasionally other tourism attractions such as national parks some are used by chemical and nuclear facilities for emergency evacuation information systems others by public safety entities for mobile operations music is not allowed on tis har stations and they are restricted to only 3 khz wide low fidelity audio compared to the 10 khz audio for standard am broadcasters and 15 khz audio permitted on fm stations modern am stations in the us actually restrict their audio from 5 khz down to 2 5 khz roughly the same as to tis stations 38 tis transmissions are normally authorized for 10 watts or less although some higher authorizations exist primarily in locations where emergency evacuation may become necessary the 60 watt tis stations on 1640 and 1680 khz at dallas fort worth international airport 39 have the highest licensed power among full time tis stations television edit low power television stations in the us by community of license there are more than 2 450 licensed low power television lptv stations in the u s which are located in markets of all sizes from new york city five stations though more exist in the market from other cities of license down to junction city kansas two stations citation needed lptv lp and lptv digital ld are common in the u s canada and most of the americas where most stations originate their own programming stations that do not originate their own programming are designated as translators tx the community broadcasters act of 1998 directed the fcc to create a classification of lptv licenses called class a ca and class a digital cd digital low power and class a television stations have an erp limit of 3 000 watts 3 kw for vhf and 15 kilowatts for uhf 40 the lptv service is considered a secondary service by the fcc which means the licensee is not guaranteed protection from interference or displacement an lptv station must accept harmful interference from full service television stations and may not cause harmful interference to any full service television station the fcc defines interference levels deemed to be harmful the problem with potential displacement was made evident during the transition of broadcasting in the united states from analog to digital all television stations operating on uhf channels 38 and above were required to move to channel 36 or below full service stations were guaranteed a place to land in the new compressed band while lptv stations operating on channels 38 and above were required to either enter a channel sharing agreement with another station or lose their license class a lptv stations edit the fcc provided a one time filing opportunity for existing lptv stations to become class a stations the designation was only available to lptv stations that were producing two hours per week of local programming class a stations had to maintain a production studio within their grade b contour and comply with many of the requirements placed on full service television stations this allowed them to obtain protected channel status must carry edit one of the key distinctions between full service television stations and low power stations is cable television and direct broadcast satellite dbs carriage full service stations are guaranteed carriage in their local television market through must carry whereas lptv stations are not in 2008 there was an effort put forward by fcc chairman kevin martin to grant must carry rights to class a lptv stations the effort failed due to a lack of support from the other fcc commissioners network affiliates edit though many low power television stations are either unaffiliated or broadcast programming from small networks meant for their use some lptv stations are affiliated with minor broadcast networks like the cw plus or mynetworktv examples include in boston massachusetts with nbc on wbts cd youngstown ohio where a pair of lptv stations based at wyfx ld broadcast fox programming along with the digital subchannel of the co owned cbs affiliate wkbn tv or in the lima ohio area whose low power stations are affiliates of major networks such as cbs and abc digital transition edit see also digital television transition in the united states on july 15 2011 the fcc issued an order to low power broadcasters that effectively required all remaining television transmitters to vacate channels 52 to 69 by december 31 2011 originally all low power analog tv stations were required to sh...