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ly for both a certificate from industry canada and a license from crtc in order to operate a radio station industry canada manages the technicalities of spectrum space and technological requirements whereas content regulation is conducted more so by crtc lpam stations are authorized to operate with less than 100 watts of power 1 lpfm is broken up into two classes in canada low 50 watts and very low 10 watts the transmitters therefore range from 1 to 50 watts as opposed to 1 to 100 watts in the u s as of 2000 update 500 licenses very low and low power fm have been issued these transmitters are generally only allowed in remote areas stations in the low power class are subject to the same crtc licensing requirements and will generally follow the same call sign format as full power stations stations in the very low power class formerly had to have crtc licenses as well although a series of crtc regulation changes in the early 2000s exempted most such stations from licensing a station in this class will usually not have a conventional call sign but will instead be identified in a naming format consisting of a four digit number preceded by the letters ch for a television station or vf for a radio station the regulation of spectrum space is strict in canada as well having restrictions on second and third adjacent channels along with other protections for am and fm commercial radio in addition because there have been a few cases that found that fm frequencies have caused interference to the aeronautical navigation and communications nav com spectrum though evidence is not very concrete presently pirate radio regulation has remained very strict as well however the two regulating bodies do have certain exemptions for example low power announcement transmitters that meet the requirement of broadcasting equipment technical standards 1 limited duration special events distribution undertakings temporary resource development distribution undertakings and public emergency radio undertakings are a few instances which according to certain criteria may be exempt from certificate license requirements 2 a television station is considered very low power if its power does not exceed 2 watts for a vhf station or 10 watts for a uhf station 3 low power analog digital television stations are authorized to operate with up to 50 watts in vhf or 500 watts for a uhf station 4 5 new zealand edit in new zealand residents are allowed a broadcast license free of charge at a maximum of 1 watt eirp in the fm guardbands from 87 6 to 88 3 and from 106 7 to 107 7 mhz under a general user radio license gurl which is issued by radio spectrum management managed by the ministry of business innovation and employment prior to june 2010 the lower band was located between 88 1 and 88 8 and a maximum of 500 mw eirp allowed broadcasters on these frequencies have no protection from interference from other licensed or unlicensed broadcasters contact details must also be broadcast every hour 6 further restrictions are in place for the protection of aeronautical services use of the following frequencies is not permitted within certain boundaries approaching auckland and wellington airports 7 107 5 to 107 7 and 107 0 to 107 3 mhz respectively there exists a 25 km broadcast translator rule a transmitter must be at least 25 km from any other transmitter carrying substantially the same programme 6 there are efforts on self regulation of the broadcasters themselves the nzrsm radio inspectors do however regularly monitor and make random unannounced visits to broadcasters and will impose fines for violations of the regulations new broadcasters are also subject to an initial compulsory inspection citation needed united kingdom edit this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information june 2008 temporary low power stations are allowed at times via a restricted service licence since 2001 long term low power fm licenses have been available in remote areas of the country these are currently used for many establishments including military bases universities and hospitals with fixed boundaries citation needed on 18 june 2021 ofcom office of communications began a trial of expanding the number of lpfm stations in the united kingdom by issuing licenses to broadcast to many more hospitals and military bases this was done in order to see if such broadcasts could be feasibly achieved in events where they would be needed without interfering with other broadcasts 8 united states edit fm radio edit low power fm lpfm is a non commercial educational broadcast radio service created by the federal communications commission in the united states in 2000 lpfm licenses which are limited to a maximum effective radiated power erp of 100 watts may be issued to non commercial educational entities as well as public safety and transportation organizations individuals and holders of other types of broadcast licenses are not eligible in addition lpfm stations are not protected from interference from other classes of fm stations 9 lpfm classes edit class l1 lp100 is to 100 watts effective radiated power erp 47 cfr 73 811 class l2 l10 is at least 1 and up to 10 watts erp 47 cfr 73 811 in addition class d educational licenses exist for stations of 10 watts transmitter power output tpo or less regardless of erp these stations are all grandfathered operations as no new licenses of this type have been issued since 1978 except in alaska they are not considered to be lpfm stations although they operate noncommercially and have similar coverage areas to class l2 stations legislation edit origins of lpfm edit in january 2000 the federal communications commission established low power fm lpfm as a new designated class of radio station these stations were allowed to operate at 1 10 or 50 100 watts of power compared to the minimum requirement for commercial stations at 100 watts 47 cfr 73 211 originally it was supported by activists and groups associated with american progressivism music artists such as bonnie raitt religious leaders churches such as the united church of christ and educators for example american library association the communication workers of america labor union the national league of cities the original purpose of lpfm was to serve as an alternative to radio homogenization described in 2001 in the j mc quarterly as necessary to offset the growing consolidation of station ownership in the wake of the telecommunications act of 1996 which removed caps on radio ownership as well as the decline of locally produced radio programming 10 the main opposition to lpfms came from the national association of broadcasters nab which opposed the act on grounds to maintain spectrum integrity for commercial broadcasting according to nab president edward o fritts 10 radio broadcasting preservation act of 2000 edit pressure from the national association of broadcasters urged congress to slip the radio broadcasting preservation act of 2000 into a general spending bill then moving through congress president bill clinton signed the bill in december 2000 the bill passed by congress h r 567 dead link was meant to tighten standards for lpfm stations making it harder for them to be approved to protect full power fm stations through certain provisions the fcc has the ability and jurisdiction to license lpfm stations 11 third adjacent channel interference protections require lpfm stations to be separated by at least 0 6 mhz from all other stations to prevent signal interference applicants who have engaged in the unlicensed operation of any station cannot receive lpfm licenses the fcc agreed to commission studies on the interference by and economic impact of lpfm on full power stations the findings later published in the mitre corporation report suggest that third adjacent channel interference protections may not be necessary 12 this act shifted policy making from the fcc to congress which was considered an insult against the fcc 13 local community radio act of 2005 edit the local community radio act of 2005 was introduced by senators john mccain maria cantwell and patrick leahy after the fcc complied with the provisions of the radio broadcasting act of 2000 by commissioning the mitre report to test if there was significant interference from lpfm stations on the full power stations the study showed that the interference of lpfm is minimal and would not have a significant effect on other stations 14 according to sen leahy this bill will open up the airwaves to truly local broadcasting while protecting full power broadcasters from unreasonable interference and preserving important services such as reading services for the blind 15 local community radio act of 2007 edit sponsored in the u s house of representatives by congressmen mike doyle and lee terry and in the united states senate by senators maria cantwell and john mccain the local community radio act of 2007 never came to a vote the house bill h r 2802 was referred to the subcommittee on telecommunications and the internet on june 21 2007 16 since the bill was not passed in fy 2007 the bill was removed from the docket as never passed local community radio act of 2009 edit this bill was an update of the local community radio act of 2007 it would have required the fcc to alter current rules by removing the minimum frequency separation between low power fm stations and third adjacent channel stations 17 previously there was a minimum frequency separation however the fcc found that lpfm stations did not cause any interference on third adjacent channel stations thus eliminating the need for such a requirement 18 the local community radio act of 2009 also would have required that the fcc keep the rules that offer interference protection to third adjacent channels that offer a radio reading service the reading of newspapers books or magazines for those who are blind or hearing impaired 19 this protection will ensure that such channels are not subject to possible interference by lpfm stations 16 the final part of the bill required that when giving out licenses to fm stations the fcc must make sure that these licenses are also available to lpfm stations and that licensing decisions are made with regard to local community needs 17 the bill had unanimous bipartisan support from fcc leadership it was passed by the house and referred to the senate 20 local community radio act of 2010 edit the local community radio act of 2010 based upon the legislation originally introduced in 2005 was signed into law by president barack obama on january 4 2011 as pub l 111 371 text pdf after passage in the house on december 17 2010 and the u s senate on december 18 2010 in a statement after the bill became law federal communications commission chairman julius genachowski said low power fm stations are small but they make a giant contribution to local community programming this important law eliminates the unnecessary restrictions that kept these local stations off the air in cities and towns across the country the act states that the federal communications commission when licensing new fm translator stations fm booster stations and low power fm stations should ensure that licenses are available to fm translator stations fm booster stations and low power fm stations such decisions are made based on the needs of the local community and fm translator stations fm booster stations and low power fm stations remain equal in status and secondary to existing and modified full service fm stations in general the fcc was to modify its rules to eliminate third adjacent minimum frequency separation requirements between low power fm stations and full service fm stations fm translator stations and fm booster stations arguments for lpfm edit free press a non partisan advocacy organization pushing for media reform promoting diversity and independent media ownership strong public media and universal access to communications 21 voiced its support of lpfm for a variety of reasons it strengthens community identity it creates an outlet for amateur musicians to have their music heard it promotes diversity on the air because more women and racial minorities are represented it creates an opportunity for young people especially college students who are interested in radio to learn about the business it provides farmers with up to date agricultural information prometheus radio project a non profit organization that builds supports and advocates for community radio stations which empower participatory community voices and movements for social change 22 also supported lpfm citing these reasons the media should not limit democratic participation but should provide a way for communities and movements to express themselves public airwaves shouldn t be concentrated in private corporate hands low power fm gives a voice to communities low power fm needs to be protected from big broadcasters a new york times article 23 focusing on a lpfm station kocz lp highlights a number of key arguments favoring low powered broadcasting in louisiana a large african american community appreciates how lpfm plays a genre of music called zydeco a potent blend of cajun rhythm and blues and among a younger generation hip hop often features accordion and washboard lpfm influences commercial radio to offer listeners a wider range of music commercial stations had started playing more zydeco since kocz started broadcasting in 2002 they know that we make them better an advocate said because lpfm is non commercial schools and organizations are able to promote many projects that help serve the local community kocz is licensed to the southern development foundation a civil rights group that grants scholarships and runs a business incubator but has fallen on hard times the foundation treats the station as a 24 hour form of community outreach lpfm promotes a very close community a woman walked into the station asked for an announcement to be broadcast about her lost dog she was able to get her dog back the next day lpfm is crucial for small communities in times of emergencies a low power fm radio station can stay on the air even if the power goes out low power fm saved lives during katrina former president bill clinton has also become an advocate of lpfm for giving voice to the voiceless including schools community based organizations churches and ethnic groups 24 brown paper tickets ceo steve butcher supports lpfm stating in a letter to the fcc we hear from event producers frequently who can t afford radio ad buys on commercial stations these local entrepreneurs can afford underwriting on smaller stations that can help build awareness about their events 25 lpfm stations are considered to be affordable compared to an average fm station whose operating costs can run up to a million dollars and could only afforded by businesses and the very wealthy an antenna and transmitter can cost between 2 000 and 5 000 26 arguments against lpfm edit signal int...