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eral of these churches in his 1550 printing of álvares book it is unknown who provided him with the drawings 16 ethiopian orthodox priests holding a procession in lalibela according to the futuh al habasha of shihab al dīn aḥmad ibn ʿabd al qādir ibn sālim ibn ʿuthmān ahmad ibn ibrahim al ghazi burned one of the churches of lalibela during his invasion of ethiopia sihab ad din ahmad arab faqih provided a detailed description of a rock hewn church it was carved out of the mountain its pillars were likewise cut from the mountain ahmed then gathered the monks of lalibela and had a fire lit in the church saying to them let one of yours and one of ours enter there a nun then threw herself onto the fire before being pulled out by ahmad s soldiers 17 however richard pankhurst has expressed skepticism about this noting that the royal chronicles which record ahmad al ghazi s laying waste to the district between july and september 1531 are silent on his ravaging of the churches he concludes by stating that had ahmad al ghazi burned a church at lalibela it was most likely biete medhane alem and if the adalites was either mistaken or misled by the locals then the church he set fire to was gannata maryam 10 miles 16 km east of lalibela which likewise has a colonnade of pillars cut from the mountain 18 the next reported visitor to lalibela was miguel de castanhoso a soldier under cristóvão da gama who left ethiopia in 1544 castanhoso states there are here certain churches cut out of the living rock which are attributed to angels indeed the work appears superhuman because though they are of the size of the large ones in this country they are each excavated with its pillars its altars and its vaults out of a single rock with no mixture of any outside stone when the moors overran this country they wished to destroy these churches but could not either with crowbars or with the gunpowder which they exploded in them doing no damage at all 19 19th century edit in 1882 french explorer achille raffray was given an ethiopian manuscript at lalibela which adds that king lalibela and his wife meskal kebra brought from alexandria and jerusalem about five hundred workers still referred to as europeans headed by someone named sidi meskal 20 however according to monti della corte 1940 raffray s translation of the three language manuscript was almost completely incorrect utilizing the expertise of arnold van lantschoot at the vatican library the discrepancies were clarified the first text written in coptic contrary to raffray s assertion of medieval greek is a brief statement attributed to abuna bartolomeo dated during the reign of dawit i 1380 1409 the second text in arabic serves as a land charter confirming specific rights of the church the third text in geʽez appears to have been written during the reign of dawit ii 1508 1540 contrary to raffray s claims the texts make no mention of sidi maskal or foreign builders 14 20th century edit during the second italo ethiopian war haile selassie made a pilgrimage to the churches at lalibela at considerable risk of capture before returning to his capital in april 1936 italian forces captured the town shortly after 14 in 1968 mohammad reza pahlavi accompanied by emperor haile selassie visited the churches the next year queen juliana and prince bernhard would also visit lalibela 14 during the ethiopian civil war the town was the target of frequent attacks by the ethiopian people s democratic movement epdm in 1984 they briefly held ten foreigners captive on march 3 1985 they briefly captured the crew of a french transport aircraft carrying supplies before releasing them a couple days later these attacks significantly reduced foreign tourism to lalibela and by 1990 most of the tourists were ethiopians 14 21st century edit the eleven rock hewn churches of lalibela are monolithic churches the site remains in use by the ethiopian orthodox christian church to this day it took 24 years to build all the 11 rock hewn churches travelers in lalibela ethiopia in early august 2021 tigrayan defense force fighters captured the town during the tigray war as a response to the invasion of amhara forces into the tigray region 21 on 1 december 2021 the ethiopian army recaptured the town 22 the town was recaptured again by tigrayan forces on 12 december 23 on 19 december ethiopian state media announced the town was recaptured for a second time though it was unclear when 24 in early november 2023 lalibela was the site of fierce fighting between the ethiopian national defense force endf and fano fighters the town is currently under ethiopian government control 25 architecture edit main article architecture of ethiopia church of saint george hewn into the rocky hills of lalibela the architecture of the churches contain significant aksumite influences as stuart munro hay notes that the church of biete amanuel displays a stone imitation of wooden architectural features which can still be seen in some of the ancient churches of tigray and eritrea the framed doors and windows appear as a repeated motif since they seem to mimic the shape of stelae in aksum examples can be seen in the arcading of biete gabriel rufael the doorway of biete maryam and the windows of biete amanuel 26 27 however according to david phillipson the presence of aksumite style architecture does not necessarily imply that the churches were constructed during the aksumite era as aksumite features could have been incorporated long after the fall of aksum but it does indicate a strong continuity with aksumite cultural tradition 28 there is also signs of eastern christian influences particularly syrian and coptic 29 the pitched roof and linear moldings of biete maryam suggests a syrian influence 30 stuart munro hay notes that during the reign of gebre meskel lalibela many coptic egyptians emigrated to ethiopia and may have assisted in construction of the churches or at least those that date to his reign many foreign travelers such as manuel de almeida and hiob ludolf credited most of the monuments to egyptian architects with francisco álvares finding that many locals considered the churches to be mainly the work of foreigners however stuart munro hay argues that since the architecture of the churches were built in the aksumite style the foreign influence seems to have largely been limited to decorative techniques 31 david buxton further attests to this by pointing out that there are clearly signs of coptic influence in some decorative details however he is adamant about the native origins of these churches but the significant fact is remains that the rock churches continue to follow the style of the local built up prototypes which themselves retain clear evidence of their basically axumite origin 32 in a 1970 report of the historic dwellings of lalibela sandro angelini evaluated the vernacular earthen architecture on the lalibela world heritage site including the characteristics of the traditional earth houses and analysis of their state of conservation his report described two types of vernacular housing found in the area one type are a group he calls the tukuls round huts built of stone and usually having two stories the second are the single story chika buildings which are round and built of earth and wattle which he feels reflects more scarcity angel s report also included an inventory of lalibela s traditional buildings placing them in categories rating their state of conservation 33 tukul two story stone building tukul showing exterior steps to second floor chika an earth and wattle building churches edit main article rock hewn churches lalibela rock hewn churches lalibela unesco world heritage site the church of saint george showing its base and walls interactive map of rock hewn churches lalibela criteria cultural i ii iii reference 18 inscription 1978 2nd session lalibela area map this rural town is known around the world for its churches carved from within the earth from living rock which play an important part in the history of rock cut architecture though the dating of the churches is not well established most are thought to have been built during the reign of lalibela namely during the 12th and 13th centuries unesco identifies 11 churches 1 assembled in four groups the northern group biete medhane alem house of the saviour of the world home to the lalibela cross biete maryam house of miriam house of mary possibly the oldest of the churches and a replica of the tombs of adam and christ 1 biete golgotha mikael fr house of golgotha mikael known for its arts and said to contain the tomb of king lalibela biete meskel house of the cross biete denagel house of virgins the western group church of saint george thought to be the most finely executed and best preserved church the eastern group biete amanuel house of immanuel possibly the former royal chapel biete qeddus mercoreus house of saint mercurius house of mark the evangelist which may be a former prison biete abba libanos house of abbot libanos biete gabriel rufael house of the angels gabriel and raphael possibly a former royal palace linked to a holy bakery biete lehem bethlehem hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם house of bread farther afield lie the monastery of ashetan maryam and yemrehana krestos church possibly eleventh century built in the aksumite fashion but within a cave the churches are also a significant engineering feat given that they are all associated with water which fills the wells next to many of the churches exploiting an artesian geological system that brings the water up to the top of the mountain ridge on which the city rests 34 other features edit lalibela is also home to an airport icao code hall iata lli a large market two schools and a hospital demographics edit according to the 2007 census data the population was 17 367 of whom 8 112 were males and 9 255 were females 35 based on previous figures from the central statistical agency in 2005 the town had an estimated total population of 14 668 of whom 7 049 were males and 7 619 were females 36 the 1994 national census recorded its population to be 8 484 of whom 3 709 were males and 4 775 were females climate edit climate data for lalibela month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 27 6 81 7 30 0 86 0 30 0 86 0 30 5 86 9 31 0 87 8 28 9 84 0 26 6 79 9 26 2 79 2 26 6 79 9 28 6 83 5 26 7 80 1 26 8 80 2 31 0 87 8 mean daily maximum c f 23 3 73 9 24 3 75 7 24 8 76 6 24 2 75 6 24 4 75 9 22 8 73 0 20 6 69 1 20 6 69 1 21 3 70 3 22 3 72 1 22 6 72 7 22 8 73 0 22 8 73 1 mean daily minimum c f 9 0 48 2 10 3 50 5 11 6 52 9 12 0 53 6 12 3 54 1 11 2 52 2 11 3 52 3 11 2 52 2 11 0 51 8 9 9 49 8 8 7 47 7 8 1 46 6 10 6 51 0 record low c f 2 7 36 9 3 8 38 8 5 0 41 0 8 4 47 1 8 6 47 5 8 6 47 5 7 9 46 2 8 5 47 3 7 0 44 6 5 0 41 0 2 0 35 6 2 3 36 1 2 0 35 6 average precipitation mm inches 17 0 0 67 36 0 1 42 68 0 2 68 89 0 3 50 76 0 2 99 124 0 4 88 259 0 10 20 278 0 10 94 174 0 6 85 41 0 1 61 8 0 0 31 10 0 0 39 1 180 46 44 source national meteorology agency 37 gallery edit bete medhane alem bete amanuel ritual drums in a side track of bete giyorgis bete abba libanos bete maryam priest with processional crosses at st mary s man standing beside the walls of biete medhane alem believed to be the largest monolithic church in the world genneta maryam three dimensional site scans of the lalibela churches are also accessible online 38 see also edit rock cut architecture monolithic church rock hewn churches lalibela list of world heritage sites in ethiopia list of colossal sculptures in situ references edit 1 2 3 4 5 rock hewn churches lalibela unesco world heritage centre archived from the original on 24 december 2023 windmuller luna kristen september 2014 the rock hewn churches of lalibela heilbrunn timeline of art history new york the metropolitan museum of art retrieved 27 july 2017 phillipson david 2009 ancient churches of ethiopia fourth fourteenth centuries yale university press p 181 isbn 978 0 300 14156 6 phillipson david 2009 ancient churches of ethiopia fourth fourteenth centuries yale university press p 179 isbn 978 0 300 14156 6 скальные церкви лалибэлы город высеченный в камне lalibela amhara ru retrieved 5 march 2026 taddesse tamrat 1977 ethiopia the red sea and the horn the cambridge history of africa volume 3 pdf pp 98 182 doi 10 1017 chol9780521209816 004 isbn 978 1 139 05457 7 sani federico moratti giovanna coli massimo laureano pietro rovero luisa tonietti ugo coli niccolò 27 march 2012 integrated geological architectural pilot study of the biet gabriel rufael rock hewn church in lalibela northern ethiopia italian journal of geosciences 131 2 171 186 doi 10 3301 ijg 2011 26 via silverchair fauvelle aymar françois xavier bruxelles laurent mensan romain bosc tiessé claire derat marie laure fritsch emmanuel 1 december 2010 rock cut stratigraphy sequencing the lalibela churches antiquity 84 326 1135 1150 doi 10 1017 s0003598x00067132 issn 0003 598x s2cid 130648151 buxton the abyssinians new york praeger 1970 p 110 buxton the abyssinians p 108 medieval houses of god or ancient fortresses archaeology november december 2004 p 10 getachew mekonnen hasen wollo yager dibab addis ababa nigd matemiya bet 1992 p 24 derat marie laure 2021 the rock cut churches of lalibela and the cave church of washa mika el troglodytism and the christianisation of the ethiopian highlands antiquity 95 380 467 486 doi 10 15184 aqy 2021 20 1 2 3 4 5 local history in ethiopia the nordic africa institute website accessed 29 november 2023 alvares francisco stanley henry edward john stanley 1881 narrative of the portuguese embassy to abyssinia during the years 1520 1527 university of california libraries london printed for the hakluyt society p 130 cite book cs1 maint publisher location link francisco alvarez the prester john of the indies translated by charles fraser beckingham and george wynn brereton huntingford cambridge hakluyt society 1961 p 226 beckingham and huntingford added an appendix that discusses alvarez s description of these churches pp 526 42 sihab ad din ahmad bin abd al qader futuh al habasa the conquest of ethiopia translated by paul lester stenhouse with annotations by richard pankhurst hollywood tsehai 2003 pp 346f pankhurst did the imam reach lalibela addis tribune 21 november 2003 de castanhoso s account is translated in r s whiteway the portuguese expedition to ethiopia london the hakluyt society 1902 pp 94 98 raffray 1844 1923 achille 1882 les églises monolithes de la ville de lalibéla abyssinie cite book cs1 maint numeric names authors list link lalibela ethiopia s tigray rebels take unesco world heritage town bbc news 5 august 2021 retrieved 20 december 2021 ethiopian government says it has recaptured lalibela u n world heritage site reuters 1 december 2021 retrieved 5 december 2021 tigray rebels retake ethiopian heritage town of lalibela the guardian agence france presse 12 december 2021 retrieved 20 december 2021 ethiopian militar...