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uan cha ᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢ ควรจะ dubious discuss and tong ᨲ᩶ᩬᨦ ต้อง at cha ᩋᩣ᩠ᨧᨧᩢ อาจจะ ʔàːt t͡ɕǎ might ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᩋᩣ᩠ᨧᨧᩢᨾᩣ เปิ้นอาจจะมา poen at cha ma pɤ̂n ʔàːt t͡ɕa māː he might come na cha ᩉ᩠ᨶ᩶ᩣᨧᩢ น่าจะ na᷇ː t͡ɕǎ likely to ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᩉ᩠ᨶ᩶ᩣᨧᩢᨾᩣ เปิ้นน่าจะมา poen na cha ma pɤ̂n na᷇ː t͡ɕa māː he is likely to come khuan cha ᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢ ควรจะ kʰūan t͡ɕǎ should ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨤ᩠ᩅᩁᨧᩢᨾᩣ เปิ้นควรจะมา poen khuan cha ma pɤ̂n kʰūan t͡ɕa māː he should come tong ᨲᩬ᩶ᨦ ต้อง tɔ᷇ːŋ must ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨲᩬ᩶ᨦᨾᩣ เปิ้นต้องมา poen tong ma pɤ̂n tɔ᷇ŋ māː he must come actions that wherein one is busily engaged can be indicated by มัวก่า mua ka mūa̯ kàː ᨣᩴ᩵ᨾ᩠ᩅᩫᨣ᩵ᩤᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩉᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᨶᩰᩬᩡ ก่อมัวก่ากิ๋นหั้นเนาะ kor mua ka kin han nor kɔ̀ mūa̯ kàː kǐn ha᷇n nɔ᷇ʔ it s that you he she just keeps on eating it like that you know words that express one s desire to do something can by indicated by khai ใค่ and kan กั๊น khai ᨣᩕᩲ᩵ ใค่ kʰâj to want to desire ᨡ᩶ᩣᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᨣᩕᩲ᩵ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ ข้าเจ้าใค่กิ๋น kha chao khai kin kʰa᷇ː t͡ɕa᷇w kʰâj kǐn i want to eat kan ᨣᩢ᩠᩶ᨶ กั๊น kán to try ᨡ᩶ᩣᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᨣᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ ข้าเจ้ากั๊นกิ๋น kha chao kan kin kʰa᷇ː t͡ɕa᷇w kán kǐn i try to eat phor tha wa ᨹᩬᩴ᩵ᨵ᩵ᩤᩅ᩵ ผ่อท่าว่า pʰɔ̀ː tʰâː wâː is used to give the impression or sensation of being something or having a particular quality ᨹᩬᩴ᩵ᨵ᩵ᩤᩅ᩵ᩤᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶᨻᩖᩥᨠᨾᩣᩓ᩠ᩅ ผ่อท่าว่าเปิ้นปิ๊กมาแล้ว phor tha wa poen pik ma laew pʰɔ̀ː tʰâː wâː pɤ̂n pi᷇k māː lɛ́ːw it seems that he has returned final particles edit lanna has a number of final particles which have different functions interrogative particles edit some of the most common interrogative particles are kor ᨣᩴ᩵ ก่อ kɔ̀ː and ka ᨣᩤ กา kāː kor ᨣᩴ᩵ ก่อ kɔ̀ː denoting yes no question ᨾ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᨣᩴ᩵ ม่วนก่อ muan kor mûa̯n kɔ̀ː is it fun ka ᨣᩤ กา and its variants ก๋า กา kāː denoting confirmative question ᨾ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᨣᩤ ม่วนกา muan ka mûa̯n kāː it is fun right imperative particles edit some imperative particles are ᩃᩯ᩵ แล่ ᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ จิ่ม and ᨴᩮᩬᩥᩡ เตอะ lae ᩃᩯ᩵ แล่ lɛ̂ː ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩃᩯ᩵ กิ๋นแล่ kin lae kǐn lɛ̂ː eat authoritative chim ᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ จิ่ม t͡ɕìm ᨡᩬᩴᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨾ ขอกิ๋นจิ่ม khor kin chim kʰɔ̌ː kǐn t͡ɕìm may i eat please hia ᩉᩮ᩠ᨿ เหีย hǐa ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᩉᩮ᩠ᨿ กิ๋นเหีย kin hia kǐn hǐa eat because i know it will be beneficial to you toe ᨴᩮᩬᩥᩡ เต๊อะ tɤ᷇ʔ ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨴᩮᩬᩥᩡ กิ๋นเต๊อะ kin toe kǐn tɤ᷇ʔ eat please polite particles edit polite particles include ᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ คับ and ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ เจ้า khap ᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ คับ kʰa᷇p used by males ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨡᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᩓ᩠ᩅᨣᩕᩢ᩠ᨷ กิ๋นเข้าแล้วคับ kin khaw laew khap kǐn kʰa᷇w lɛ́ːw kʰa᷇p i have eaten sir ma am chao ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ เจ้า t͡ɕa᷇w used by females ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶᨡᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᩓ᩠ᩅᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ กิ๋นเข้าแล้วเจ้า kin khaw laew chao kǐn kʰa᷇w lɛ́ːw t͡ɕa᷇w i have eaten sir ma am nouns edit nouns are uninflected and have no gender there are no articles nouns are neither singular nor plural some specific nouns are reduplicated to form collectives ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ ละอ่อน la orn la ʔɔ̀ːn child is often repeated as ᩃᩡᩋᩬ᩵ᩁᪧ ละอ่อน ๆ la orn la orn la ʔɔ̀ːn la ʔɔ̀ːn to refer to a group of children the word ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ หมู่ mu mùː may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the following word ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ᨹᩫ᩠ᨾ หมู่ผม mu phom mùː pʰǒm we exclusive masculine ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ᩁᩮᩢᩣ หมู่เฮา mu hao mùː hāw emphasised we ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ หมู่หมา mu ma mùː mǎː the dogs plurals are expressed by adding classifiers used as measure words ลักษณนาม in the form of noun number classifier ᨣᩕᩪᩉ᩶ᩣᨤᩫ᩠ᨶ คูห้าคน teacher five person for five teachers pronouns edit pronouns may be omitted once they have already been established in the first sentence unless the pronoun in the following sentences is different from the first sentence the pronoun you may also be omitted if the speaker is speaking directly to a second person moreover names may replace pronouns and they can even replace the first person singular pronoun person tai tham script thai script transliteration phonemic ipa phonetic ipa meaning first ᨣᩪ กู ku kūː kuː i me impolite vulgar offensive ᩁᩣ ฮา ha hāː häː i me from high status to low status or familiar informal ᨡ᩶ᩣ ข้า kha kʰa᷇ː kʰäː i me formal used by male literally servant slave ᨹᩪ᩶ᨡ᩶ᩣ ผู้ข้า phukha pʰu᷇ː kʰa᷇ː pʰuː kʰäː i me formal ᨡ᩶ᩣᨶᩬ᩠᩶ᨿ ᨡ᩶ᩣᨶ᩶ᩭ ข้าน้อย kha noi kʰa᷇ː nɔ́ːj kʰäː nɔːi̯ i me formal used by male archaic ᨡ᩶ᩣᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ ข้าเจ้า kha chao kʰa᷇ː tɕa᷇w kʰäː t͡ɕäu̯ i me formal used by female historically also used by male ᨡ᩶ᩣᨻᩕᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ ข้าผะเจ้า khaphachao kʰa᷇ː pʰa tɕa᷇w kʰäː pʰä t͡ɕäu̯ i me very formal ᩁᩮᩢᩣ เฮา hao hāw häu̯ we us common ᨲᩪ ตู๋ tu tǔː t̪uː we us exclusive second ᨾᩧ᩠ᨦ มึง muenɡ mɯ̄ŋ mɯŋ you impolite vulgar offensive ᨤᩥ᩠ᨦ ฅิง khing kʰīŋ kʰiŋ you from high status to low status or familiar informal singular ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅ ตั๋ว tua tǔa tua you familiar singular ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ เจ้า chao tɕa᷇w tɕäw you formal singular literally master lord ᩈᩪ สู su sǔː suː you informal plural or formal singular ᩈᩪᨡᩮᩢᩣ สูเขา su khao sǔː kʰǎw suː kʰäw you informal plural ᩈᩪᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ สูเจ้า su chao sǔː tɕa᷇w suː tɕäw you formal plural third ᨾᩢ᩠ᨶ มัน man mān män it he she offensive if used to refer to a person ᨡᩮᩢᩣ เขา khao kʰǎw kʰäw they them ᨻᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨶ เปิ้น poen pɤ̂n pɤn he she general others ᨴ᩵ᩤ᩠ᨶ ต้าน tan tâːn täːn he she formal you formal others reflexive ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ ตั๋วเก่า tua kaw tǔa kàw tua käw oneself vocabulary edit lanna shares much vocabulary with standard thai especially scientific terms which draw many prefixes and suffixes from sanskrit and pali and it also has its own distinctive words just like thai and lao isan lanna has borrowed many loanwords from khmer sanskrit and pali word gloss origin kʰɔ̌ːŋ kǐn ᨡᩬᨦᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ ของกิ๋น food native tai word ʔāː hǎːn ᩋᩣᩉᩣ᩠ᩁ อาหาร food pali and or sanskrit kàm nɤ̀ːt ᨠ᩵ᩣᩴᨶᩮᩥ᩠ᨭ ก่ำเนิด กำเนิด dubious discuss birth khmer writing system edit lanna in its own alphabet the tai tham alphabet currently different scripts are used to write lanna lanna is traditionally written with the tai tham script which in lanna is called tua mueang ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ ตั๋วเมือง tǔa mɯ̄aŋ or tua tham ᨲᩫ᩠ᩅᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺ ตั๋วธัมม์ tǔa tʰām however native speakers are presently illiterate in the traditional script citation needed therefore they instead use the thai script to write the language citation needed in laos the lao script is commonly used to write lanna citation needed a sign written in lanna thai and english some problems arise when the thai script is used to write lanna in particular standard thai script cannot transcribe all lanna tones the two falling tones in lanna correspond to a single falling tone in thai specifically lanna has two types of falling tones high mid falling tone and high falling tone however thai lacks the distinction between the two falling tones not having a high falling tone when using thai script to write lanna tones the distinction of the two falling tones is lost because thai script can only indicate a low falling tone as an example the tonal distinction between ka᷇ː ก้า ᨠᩖ᩶ᩣ กล้า to be brave and kâː ก้า ᨣ᩵ᩤ ค่า value is lost when written in thai since as only kâː ก้า is permitted consequently the meaning of ก้า is ambiguous as it can mean both to be brave and value similarly pa᷇ːj ป้าย ᨸ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨿ ป้าย sign and pâːj ป้าย ᨻ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨿ พ่าย to lose have the same problem and only pâːj ป้าย is permitted as a result the spelling ป้าย is ambiguous because it can mean both sign or to lose such tonal mergence ambiguity is avoided when the language is written with the lanna script lanna script page 1 lanna script page 2 lanna script page 3 lanna script page 4 lanna and standard thai edit the tables below present the differences between lanna and standard thai different sounds edit unlike lanna standard thai lacks alveolo palatal nasal sound ɲ thus the alveolo palatal nasal sound ɲ and the palatal approximant sound j in lanna both correspond to the palatal approximant sound in standard thai standard thai lanna gloss note jâːk ยาก ɲâːk ᨿᩣ᩠ᨠ difficult cf lao ຍາກ ɲâːk jūŋ ยุง ɲūŋ ᨿᩩᨦ mosquito cf lao ຍຸງ ɲúŋ jāːw ยาว ɲāːw ᨿᩣ᩠ᩅ long cf lao ຍາວ ɲáːw jāː ยา jāː ᩀᩣ medicine cf lao ຢາ jàː jàːk อยาก jàːk ᩀᩣ᩠ᨠ desire cf lao ຢາກ jȁːk jàːŋ อย่าง jàːŋ ᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ manner way cf lao ຢ່າງ jāːŋ unlike lanna standard thai lacks a high mid falling tone the high mid falling tone and high falling tone in lanna both correspond to the falling tone in standard thai standard thai lanna gloss bâːn บ้าน ba᷇ːn ᨷ᩶ᩤ᩠ᨶ village home hâː ห้า ha᷇ː ᩉ᩶ᩣ five tɕâw เจ้า tɕa᷇w ᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ master lord you lâw เหล้า la᷇w ᩉᩖᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ alcohol lâw เล่า lâw ᩃᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ tell a story different words edit many words differ from standard thai greatly standard thai lanna gloss note jîː sìp ยี่สิบ sāːw ᨪᩣ᩠ᩅ ซาว twenty cf lao ຊາວ sáːw twenty and shan သၢဝ်း sáːw twenty pʰûːt พูด ʔu᷇ː ᩋᩪ᩶ อู้ speak pʰîː tɕʰāːj พี่ชาย ʔa᷇ːj ᩋ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨿ อ้าย older brother cf lao ອ້າຍ ʔâːj older brother and shan ဢၢႆႈ ʔāːj eldest brother first born son tʰáːj tʰɔ̄ːj ท้ายทอย ŋɔ̂n ᨦᩬ᩵ᩁ ง่อน nape cf lao ງ່ອນ ŋɔ̄n nape tɕā mùːk จมูก dāŋ ᨯᩢ᩠ᨦ ดัง nose cf lao ດັງ dàŋ nose standard thai ดั้ง dâŋ nasal bridge tʰām ทำ ɲa᷇ʔ ᨿᩡ ᨿᩮ᩠ᨿᩡ ยะ เยียะ do dūː ดู pʰɔ̀ː ᨹᩬᩴ᩵ ผ่อ look cf lao ຜໍ່ pʰɔ̄ː to see to look and tai lü ᦕᦸᧈ pʰɔ̀ː to see to look tʰîaw เที่ยว ʔɛ̀w ᩋᩯ᩠ᩅ᩵ แอ่ว visit travel cf tai lü ᦶᦀᧁᧈ ʔɛ᷄w to visit to travel nɯ́a เนื้อ tɕín ᨩᩥ᩠᩶ᨶ จิ๊น meat cf lao ຊີ້ນ sîːn meat mâj ไม่ bɔ̀ː ᨷᩴ᩵ บ่อ no cf lao ບໍ່ bɔ̄ː no not tɕʰɔ̂ːp ชอบ ma᷇k ᨾᩢ᩠ᨠ มัก like cf lao ມັກ māk to like mâːk มาก na᷇k ᨶᩢ᩠ᨠ นัก much many dɤ̄ːn เดิน tīaw ᨴ᩠ᨿᩅ เตียว walk cf tai lü ᦵᦑᧁ têw to walk wîŋ วิ่ง lôn ᩃᩫ᩠᩵ᨶ ล่น run hǔa rɔ́ʔ หัวเราะ kʰâj hǔa ᨣᩕᩲ᩵ᩉ᩠ᩅᩫ ใค่หัว laugh cf tai lü ᦺᦆᧈᦷᦠ xāj hó to laugh sā nùk สนุก mûan ᨾ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁ ม่วน funny amusing cf lao ມ່ວນ mūan fun amusing pleasant tai lü ᦷᦙᦓᧈ mōn fun amusing pleasant and shan မူၼ်ႈ mōn fun amusing pleasant kōː hòk โกหก tɕúʔ ᨧᩩ จุ๋ lie cf tai lü ᦈᦳ tsu᷄ʔ to lie to deceive ʔā rāj อะไร ʔā ɲǎŋ ᩋᩉ᩠ᨿᩢᨦ อะหยัง what cf lao ອີ່ຫຍັງ ʔī ɲǎŋ what dèk เด็ก lā ʔɔ̀n ᩃᩋᩬ᩵ᩁ ละอ่อน child cf tai lü ᦟᦳᧅᦀᦸᧃᧈ lūk ʔɔ᷄n child young offspring pʰráʔ พระ túʔ tɕa᷇w ᨴᩩᨧᩮᩢ᩶ᩣ ตุ๊เจ้า buddhist monk cf tai lü ᦑᦳᦈᧁᧉ tūʔ tsa᷅w buddhist monk similar words edit there is not a straightforward correspondence between the tones of northern and standard thai it also depends on the initial consonant as can be seen from the merged gedney tone boxes for standard thai and the accent of chiang mai ancestral tone a smooth no tone mark b mai ek dl checked long vowel ds dead short vowel c mai tho initial consonant std thai cm nt gloss std thai cm nt gloss std thai cm nt gloss std thai cm nt gloss std thai cm nt gloss 1 high rising low rising ear low mid low four low low to hit low low rising to dig falling high falling five hǔː หู hǔː ᩉᩪ หู sìː สี่ sìː ᩈᩦ᩵ สี่ tʰùːk ถูก tʰùːk ᨳᩪᨠ ถูก kʰùt ขุด kʰǔt ᨡᩩᨯ ขุ๋ด hâː ห้า ha᷇ː ᩉ᩶ᩣ ห้า 2 cm high but std mid std thai ก ต ป mid low rising eye low mid low turtle low low mouth low low rising to fall falling high falling aunt tāː ตา tǎː ᨲᩣ ต๋า tàw เต่า tàw ᨲᩮᩢ᩵ᩣ เต่า pàːk ปาก pàːk ᨯᩬᨠ ปาก tòk ตก tǒk ᨲᩫ᩠ᨠ ต๋ก pâː ป้า pa᷇ː ᨸ᩶ᩣ ป้า 3 mid for both std thai ด บ อ อย mid mid high good low mid low to scold low low flower low low rising to bend falling high falling mad dīː ดี dīː ᨯᩦ ดี dàː ด่า dà ᨯ᩵ᩣ ด่า dɔ̀ːk ดอก dɔ̀ːk ᨯᩬᨠ ดอก dàt ดัด dǎt ᨯᩢ᩠ᨯ ดั่ด bâː บ้า ba᷇ː ᨷ᩶ᩤ บ้า 4 low mid mid high fly falling falling mother falling falling knife high high falling bird high high rising falling horse bīn บิน bīn ᨷᩥ᩠ᨶ บิน mɛ̂ː แม่ mɛ̂ː ᨾᩯ᩵ แม่ mîːt มีด mîːt ᨾᩦ᩠ᨯ มีด nók นก no᷇k ᨶᩫ᩠ᨠ นก máː ม้า máː ᨾ᩶ᩣ ม้า note that the commonalities between columns are features of the chiang mai accent on the other hand the relationships between rows are typical of lanna being found for at least for chiang mai chiang rai 22 phayao 22 nan and prae 22 and extending at least to tak 22 and the old 6 tone accent of tai khuen 22 except that the checked syllables of chiang rai are more complicated the primary function of a tone box is etymological however it also serves as a summary of the rules for tone indication when the writing system is essentially etymological in that regard as is the case with the major tai language writing systems using the thai lanna new tai lue lao and tai dam scripts some words differ only as a result of the regular tone correspondences standard thai lanna gloss hòk หก hǒk 23 ᩉᩫ᩠ᨠ ห๋ก six tɕèt เจ็ด tɕět 24 ᨧᩮᩢ᩠ᨯ เจ๋ด seven sìp สิบ sǐp 25 ᩈᩥ᩠ᨷ สิ๋บ ten pēn เป็น pěn ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶ เป๋น be copula kīn กิน kǐn ᨠᩥ᩠ᨶ กิ๋น eat other tone differences are unpredictable such as standard thai lanna gloss nɯ̀ŋ หนึ่ง nɯ̂ŋ ᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦ นึ่ง one some words differ in a single sound and associated tone in many words the initial ร r in standard thai corresponds to ฮ h in lanna standard thai lanna gloss note rɔ́ːn ร้อน hɔ́ːn ᩁᩬ᩶ᩁ ฮ้อน hot cf lao ຮ້ອນ hɔ̂ːn to be hot and shan ႁွၼ်ႉ hɔ̰n to be hot rák รัก ha᷇k ᩁᩢ᩠ᨠ ฮัก love cf lao ຮັກ hāk to love and shan ႁၵ်ႉ ha̰k to love rúː รู้ húː ᩁᩪ᩶ ฮู้ know cf lao ຮູ້ hûː know and shan ႁူ hṵ know aspiration of initial consonants edit some aspirated consonants in the low class consonant group อักษรต่ำ ʔàk sɔ̌ːn tàm in standard thai correspond to unaspirated sounds in lanna these sounds include ค ช ท and พ kʰ tɕʰ tʰ and pʰ respectively but sounds such as ฅ คร ฆ ฒ พร ภ kʰ kʰr kʰ tʰ pʰr and pʰ respectively remain aspirated such aspirated consonants that are unaspirated in lanna correspond to unaspirated voiced sounds in proto tai which are ɡ ɟ d and b ค ช ท and พ respectively standard thai lanna gloss note tɕʰīaŋ rāːj เชียงราย tɕīaŋ hāːj ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ เจียงฮาย chiang rai city and province cf tai lü ᦵᦈᧂᦣᦻ tsêŋ hâːj chiang rai kʰít คิด kɯ́t ᨣᩧ᩠ᨯ กึ๊ด think cf tai lü ᦅᦹᧆ kɯ̄t to think tɕʰɔ́ːn ช้อน tɕɔ́ːn ᨩᩬ᩶ᩁ จ๊อน spoon cf tai lü ᦋᦸᧃᧉ tsɔ̀n spoon tɕʰáj ใช้ tɕáj ᨩᩲ᩶ ใจ๊ use cf shan ၸႂ်ႉ tsa̰ɰ to use tai lü ᦺᦋᧉ tsàj to use pʰɔ̂ː พ่อ pɔ̂ː ᨻᩬᩴ᩵ ป้อ father cf shan ပေႃႈ pɔ̄ father tai lü ᦗᦸᧈ pɔ̄ father tʰāːŋ ทาง tāːŋ ᨴᩤ᩠ᨦ ตาง way cf shan တၢင်း táːŋ way tai lü ᦑᦱᧂ tâːŋ way but not standard thai lanna gloss note kʰôːt sā nāː โฆษณา kʰôːt sā nāː ᨥᩰᩇᨱᩣ โฆษณา commercial advertisement cf tai lü ᦷᦆᦉᦓᦱ xôː sā nâː advertisement pʰāː sǎː ภาษา pʰāː sǎː ᨽᩣᩈᩣ ภาษา language cf tai lü ᦘᦱᦉᦱ pʰâː sáː nationality wát tʰā ná ʔ tʰām วัฒนธรรม wa᷇t tʰā na᷇ ʔ tʰām ᩅᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺ วัฒนธัมม์ culture cf tai lü ᦞᧆᦒᦓᦱᦒᧄ wāt tʰā nā ʔ tʰâm culture tʰām ธรรม tʰām ᨵᨾ᩠ᨾ᩺ ธัมม์ dharma cf tai lü ᦒᧄ tʰâm dharma though a number of aspirated consonants in standard thai often correspond to unaspirated sounds in northern thai when an unaspirated consonant is followed by ร r the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated standard thai lanna gloss note prā tʰêːt ประเทศ pʰā têːt ᨷᩕᨴᩮ᩠ᩆ ผะเต้ศ country cf tai lü ᦕᦵᦑᧆ pʰā te᷄ːt country kràːp กราบ kʰàːp ᨠᩕᩣ᩠ᨷ ขาบ kowtow prostrate cf tai lü ᦃᦱᧇ xa᷄ːp to prostrate oneself prāː sàːt ปราสาท pʰǎː sàːt ᨷᩕᩤᩈᩣ᩠ᨴ ผาสาท palace cf tai lü ᦕᦱᦉᦱᧆ pʰáː sa᷄ːt palace notes edit lanna at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required diller anthony edmondson jerry luo yongxian 2004 11 30 the tai kadai languages routledge p 5 isbn 978 1 135 79116 2 natnapang 2004 section 3 5 6 the changing pronunciation of the lanna script and kammuang as with all languages the pronunciation of the written and spoken forms changes over time this is another problem that kammuang speakers may have when they learn to write the lanna script these changes occur in only some words and there are no readily apparent rules to expl...