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script up until the renaissance the latin alphabet was defective the letters i and v each stood for two sounds a consonant j w and a vowel i u a gap recognized by classical writers see claudian letters for an attempted remedy of u vs w cicero also recommended double ii for the medial geminate consonant jj long vowels were optionally distinguished by an apex or the i longa ꟾ but the i longa in inscriptions stood for both long iː and geminate jj 5 origins edit it is generally believed that the latin alphabet used by the romans was derived from the old italic alphabet used by the etruscans that alphabet was derived from the euboean alphabet used in cumae which in turn was derived from the phoenician alphabet 6 old italic alphabet edit the duenos inscription dated to the 6th century bc shows the earliest known form of the old latin alphabet old italic alphabet letters 𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌈 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌎 𐌏 𐌐 𐌑 𐌒 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗 𐌘 𐌙 𐌚 transliteration a b c d e v z h θ i k l m n ξ o p ś q r s t y x φ ψ f archaic latin alphabet edit archaic latin alphabet as old italic 𐌀 𐌁 𐌂 𐌃 𐌄 𐌅 𐌆 𐌇 𐌉 𐌊 𐌋 𐌌 𐌍 𐌏 𐌐 𐌒 𐌓 𐌔 𐌕 𐌖 𐌗 as latin a b c d e f z h i k l m n o p q r s t v x old latin alphabet edit latin included 21 different characters the letter c was the western form of the greek gamma but it was used for the sounds ɡ and k alike possibly under the influence of etruscan which may have lacked any voiced plosives later probably during the 3rd century bc the letter z not needed to write latin properly was replaced with the new letter g a c modified with a small vertical stroke which took its place in the alphabet from then on g represented the voiced plosive ɡ while c was generally reserved for the voiceless plosive k the letter k was used only rarely in a small number of words such as kalendae often interchangeably with c old latin alphabet letter a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r s t v x classical latin alphabet edit after the roman conquest of greece in the 1st century bc latin adopted the greek letters y and z or readopted in the latter case to write greek loanwords placing them at the end of the alphabet an attempt by the emperor claudius to introduce three additional letters ↄ ⅎ ⱶ did not last thus it was during the classical latin period that the latin alphabet contained 21 letters and 2 foreign letters classical latin alphabet letter a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p q r s t v x y z latin name majus á bé cé dé é ef gé há ꟾ ká el em en ó pé q v́ er es té v́ ix ꟾ graeca zéta transliteration ā bē cē dē ē ef gē hā ī kā el em en ō pē qū er es tē ū ix ī graeca zēta latin pronunciation ipa aː beː keː deː eː ɛf ɡeː haː iː kaː ɛl ɛm ɛn oː peː kuː ɛr ɛs teː uː iks iː ˈɡraɪka ˈdzeːta the apices in this first century inscription are very light there is one over the ó in the first line the vowel i is written taller rather than taking an apex the interpuncts are comma shaped an elaboration of a more typical triangular shape from the shrine of the augustales at herculaneum the names of these letters did not decline they originally had neuter gender as did the corresponding greek letters but were sometimes treated as feminine by analogy with the feminine word littera letter the latin names of some of these letters are disputed for example h may have been called ˈaha or ˈaka 7 in general the romans did not use the traditional semitic derived names as in greek the names of the plosives were formed by adding eː to their sound except for k and q which needed different vowels to be distinguished from c and the names of the continuants consisted as a rule either of the bare sound or the sound preceded by e the letter y when introduced was probably called hy hyː as in greek the name upsilon not being in use yet but this was changed to i graeca greek i as latin speakers had difficulty distinguishing its foreign sound y from i z was given its greek name zeta this scheme has continued to be used by most modern european languages that have adopted the latin alphabet for the latin sounds represented by the various letters see latin spelling and pronunciation for the names of the letters in english see english alphabet diacritics were not regularly used but they did occur sometimes the most common being the apex used to mark long vowels which had previously sometimes been written doubled however in place of taking an apex the letter i was written taller á é ꟾ ó v́ for example what is today transcribed lūciī a fīliī was written lv́ciꟾ a fꟾliꟾ in the inscription depicted some letters have more than one form in epigraphy latinists have treated some of them especially such as a variant of h found in roman gaul inscription with triangle shaped interpunct 1st century the primary mark of punctuation was the interpunct which was used as a word divider though it fell out of use after 200 ad old roman cursive script also called majuscule cursive and capitalis cursive was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters by merchants writing business accounts by schoolchildren learning the latin alphabet and even emperors issuing commands a more formal style of writing was based on roman square capitals but cursive was used for quicker informal writing it was most commonly used from about the 1st century bc to the 3rd century but it probably existed earlier than that it led to uncial a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries ad by latin and greek scribes tironian notes were a shorthand system consisting of thousands of signs new roman cursive script also known as minuscule cursive was in use from the 3rd century to the 7th century and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes a b d and e had taken a more familiar shape and the other letters were proportionate to each other this script evolved into a variety of regional medieval scripts for example the merovingian visigothic and benevantan scripts to be later supplanted by the carolingian minuscule medieval and later developments edit de chalcographiae inventione 1541 mainz with the 23 letters j u and w are missing jeton from nuremberg c 1553 it was not until the middle ages that the letter w originally a ligature of two v s was added to the latin alphabet to represent sounds from the germanic languages which did not exist in medieval latin and only after the renaissance did the convention of treating i and u as vowels and j and v as consonants become established prior to that they were allographs with the fragmentation of political power the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the middle ages even after the invention of the printing press early deviations from the classical forms were the uncial script a development of the old roman cursive and various so called minuscule scripts that developed from new roman cursive of which the insular script developed by irish literati and derivations of this such as carolingian minuscule were the most influential introducing the lower case forms of the letters as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard the languages that use the latin script generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns the rules for capitalization have changed over time and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization old english for example was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized whereas modern english writers and printers of the 17th and 18th century frequently capitalized most and sometimes all nouns 8 for example from the preamble of the united states constitution we the people of the united states in order to form a more perfect union establish justice insure domestic tranquility provide for the common defence promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this constitution for the united states of america this is still systematically done in modern german see also edit calligraphy writing as a visual art euboean alphabet local variants of the ancient greek alphabet pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets iso basic latin alphabet 26 letters in two cases broadly used in international communication latin script in unicode characters from the latin script encoded in the unicode standard latin spelling and pronunciation latin 1 character encoding of latin script pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets legacy of the roman empire palaeography study of handwriting and manuscripts phoenician alphabet writing system used c 1050 to 146 bc pinyin romanization scheme for standard chinese roman letters used in mathematics spread of the latin script typography art of arranging type western latin character sets computing technically obsolete extensions to ascii pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets references edit jeff desjardins 8 november 2025 mapped writing systems of the world visual capitalist https www visualcapitalist com mapped writing systems of the world milestone localization 4 february 2025 latin alphabet languages that use it variations milestone localization https www milestoneloc com latin alphabet usage and variations howard michael c 2012 transnationalism in ancient and medieval societies mcfarland company p 23 isbn 978 0 7864 6803 4 cappelli adriano 1990 dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane milano editore ulrico hoepli isbn 88 203 1100 3 j etruscan alphabet etruscan writing ancient scripts language britannica www britannica com retrieved 21 march 2025 liberman anatoly 7 august 2013 alphabet soup part 2 h and y oxford etymologist oxford university press retrieved 3 october 2013 crystal david 4 august 2003 the cambridge encyclopedia of the english language cambridge university press isbn 9780521530330 via google books further reading edit jensen hans 1970 sign symbol and script london george allen and unwin ltd isbn 0 04 400021 9 transl of jensen hans 1958 die schrift in vergangenheit und gegenwart deutscher verlag der wissenschaften as revised by the author rix helmut 1993 la scrittura e la lingua in cristofani mauro hrsg ed gli etruschi una nuova immagine firenze giunti pp s 199 227 sampson geoffrey 1985 writing systems london etc hutchinson wachter rudolf 1987 altlateinische inschriften sprachliche und epigraphische untersuchungen zu den dokumenten bis etwa 150 v chr bern etc peter lang allen w sidney 1978 the names of the letters of the latin alphabet appendix c vox latina a guide to the pronunciation of classical latin cambridge university press isbn 0 521 22049 1 biktaş şamil 2003 tuğan tel external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to latin alphabet library resources about latin alphabet online books resources in your library resources in other libraries lewis and short latin dictionary on the letter g latin alphabet v t e latin script history spread romanization roman numerals ligatures alphabets list classical latin alphabet iso basic latin alphabet phonetic alphabets international phonetic alphabet x sampa spelling alphabet letters list letters of the iso basic latin alphabet aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ii jj kk ll mm nn oo pp qq rr ss tt uu vv ww xx yy zz additional latin letters æ æ ɑ ɑ ʌ ʌ ꞵ ꞵ ð ð ẟ ɛ ɛ ə ə ǝ ə ɣ ɣ ƣ ƣ ɩ ɩ ɥ ɥ ŋ ŋ œ œ ɔ ɔ ɤ kʼ ĸ ʀ ʀ ß ß ʃ ʃ ɯ ɯ ʊ ʊ ꞷ ꞷ ʋ ʋ ƿ ƿ ȝ ȝ θ θ ʒ ʒ ƹ ƹ þ þ ȣ ȣ ꭓ ꭓ ɂ ʔ ɂ ʕ ǀ ǁ ǂ ǃ ʘ ʻ ʼ ꞌ ꞌ ƨ ƨ ꜫ ꜫ ꜭ ꜭ ƽ ƽ ƅ ƅ 7 multigraphs digraphs ch dz dž gh ij lj ll ly nh nj ny sh sz th trigraphs dzs eau tetragraphs ough keyboard layouts list qwerty qwertz azerty dvorak colemak bépo neo historical standards iso iec 646 western latin character sets current standards unicode din 91379 unicode subset for europe lists precomposed latin characters in unicode letters used in mathematics science and engineering list of typographical symbols and punctuation marks diacritics palaeography v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ers...