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leiden was called matilo 9 siege of 1420 edit in 1420 during the hook and cod wars duke john iii of bavaria along with his army marched from gouda in the direction of leiden in order to conquer the city since leiden did not pay the new count of holland jacqueline countess of hainaut his niece and only daughter of count william vi of holland burgrave filips of wassenaar and the other local noblemen of the hook faction assumed that the duke would besiege leiden first and send small units out to conquer the surrounding citadels but john of bavaria chose to attack the citadels first he rolled the cannons along with his army but one which was too heavy went by ship by firing at the walls and gates with iron balls the citadels fell one by one within a week john of bavaria conquered the castles of poelgeest ter does hoichmade de zijl ter waerd warmond and de paddenpoel on 24 june the army appeared before the walls of leiden on 17 august 1420 after a two month siege the city surrendered to john of bavaria the burgrave filips of wassenaar was stripped of his offices and rights and lived out his last years in captivity 16th 18th centuries edit leiden flourished in the 16th and 17th century at the close of the 15th century the weaving establishments of leiden mainly broadcloth were very important in the same period leiden developed an important printing and publishing industry printers lucas van leyden and otto van veen lived here and so did christoffel plantijn one of christoffel s pupils was lodewijk elzevir 1547 1617 who established the largest bookshop and printing works in leiden a business continued by his descendants through 1712 relief of leiden 1574 painting by otto van veen inundated meadows allow the dutch fleet access to the spanish infantry positions in 1572 the city sided with the dutch revolt against spanish rule and played an important role in the eighty years war it was besieged from may to october 1574 by the spanish but was relieved by the cutting of the dikes thus enabling ships to carry provisions to the inhabitants william i of orange founded the university of leiden in 1575 as a reward for their heroic defense the end of the siege is still celebrated in leiden on october 3 each year according to tradition the citizens of leiden were offered the choice between a university and a certain exemption from taxes and chose the university the siege is notable also for being the first instance in europe of the issuance of paper money with paper taken from prayer books being stamped using coin dies when silver ran out 10 17th century houses along the oude vest leiden is known as the place where the pilgrims and some of the settlers of new amsterdam 11 12 lived operating a printing press 13 for a time in the early 17th century before their departure to massachusetts and new amsterdam in the new world 14 us president george bush was one of the descendants of these pilgrims which was shown to him during his visit to leiden in 1989 15 leiden prospered in the 17th century in part because of the impetus to the textile industry by refugees from flanders the city had lost about a third of its 15 000 citizens during the siege of 1574 but it quickly recovered to 45 000 in 1622 and may have come near to 70 000 c 1670 during the dutch golden era leiden was the second largest city of holland after amsterdam 16 it played a crucial role in the establishment of modern chemistry and medicine due to the work by herman boerhaave 1668 1738 leiden slumped from the late 17th century on mainly due to the decline of the textile industries the baize manufacture was given up at the beginning of the 19th century although industry remained central to leiden economy this decline can be seen in the fall in population which had sunk to 30 000 between 1796 and 1811 and in 1904 was 56 044 17 leiden was the publishing place from the 17th to the early 19th century of the important journal nouvelles extraordinaires de divers endroits known also as gazette de leyde 18 19th 20th centuries edit on 12 january 1807 a catastrophe struck the city when a boat loaded with 17 400 kg 38 360 lb of gunpowder blew up in the middle of leiden 151 people were killed over 2 000 were injured and some 220 homes were destroyed king louis bonaparte personally visited the city to provide assistance to the victims although located in the centre of the city the area destroyed remained empty for many years in 1886 the space was turned into a public park the van der werff park 19 in 1842 the railroad from leiden to haarlem was inaugurated and one year later the railway to the hague den haag was completed resulting in some social and economic improvement perhaps the most important piece of dutch history contributed by leiden was the constitution of the netherlands johan rudolf thorbecke 1798 1872 wrote the dutch constitution in april 1848 in his house at garenmarkt 9 in leiden leiden s reputation as the city of books continued through the 19th century with the establishment of publishing dynasties by evert jan brill and albertus willem sijthoff 20 sijthoff who rose to prominence in the trade of translated books wrote a letter in 1899 to queen wilhelmina regarding his opposition to becoming a signatory to the berne convention for the protection of literary and artistic works he felt that international copyright restrictions would stifle the dutch publishing industry 21 leiden began to expand beyond its 17th century moats around 1896 and the number of citizens surpassed 50 000 in 1900 after 1920 new industries were established in the city such as the canning and metal industries during world war ii leiden was hit hard by allied bombardments the areas surrounding the railway station and marewijk were almost completely destroyed the university of leiden has been the site of many discoveries including snell s law by willebrord snellius and the leyden jar a capacitor made from a glass jar invented in leiden by pieter van musschenbroek in 1746 another development was in cryogenics heike kamerlingh onnes 1913 nobel prize in physics liquefied helium for the first time 1908 and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the absolute minimum albert einstein also spent some time at leiden university during his early to middle career leiden today edit the city s biggest and most popular annual festival is celebrated on 3 october and is called simply 3 oktober the people of leiden celebrate the end of the spanish siege of 1574 22 it typically takes place over the course of two to three days with the evening of 2 october and the day of 3 october being the most important and includes parades a hutspot feast historical reenactments a funfair and other events since 2006 the city has also hosted the annual leiden international film festival 23 leiden has important functions as a shopping and trade centre for communities around the city the city also houses the eurotransplant the international organization responsible for the mediation and allocation of organ donation procedures in austria belgium croatia germany luxembourg the netherlands and slovenia 24 leiden also houses the headquarters of airbus a global pan european aerospace and defence corporation and a leading defence and military contractor worldwide 25 rivers canals and parks edit leiden academic building and nonnenbrug the two branches of the oude rijn which enter leiden on the east unite in the centre of the city the city is further intersected by numerous small canals with tree bordered quays on the west side of the city the hortus botanicus and other gardens extend along the old singel or outer canal the leidse hout park which contains a small deer park lies on the northwest border with oegstgeest the van der werf park is named after the mayor pieter adriaansz van der werff nl who defended the city against the spaniards in 1574 the city was beleaguered for months and many died from famine the open space for the park was formed by the accidental explosion of a ship loaded with gunpowder in 1807 which destroyed hundreds of houses including that of the elsevier family of printers buildings of interest edit because of the economic decline from the end of the 17th until the middle of the 19th century much of the 16th and 17th century city centre is still intact it is the second largest 17th century town centre in the netherlands the largest being amsterdam s city centre a hundred buildings in the centre are decorated with large murals of poetry part of a wall poem project active from 1992 and still ongoing 26 27 fortifications edit at the strategically important junction of the two arms of the oude rijn stands the old castle de burcht a circular tower built on an earthen mound the mound probably was a refuge against high water before a small wooden fortress was built on top of it in the 11th century the citadel is a so called motte and bailey castle 28 of leiden s old city gates only two are left the zijlpoort and the morspoort 29 both dating from the end of the 17th century apart from one small watch tower on the singel nothing is left of the town s city walls another former fortification is the gravensteen built as a fortress in the 13th century it has since served as house library and prison 30 presently it is one of the university s buildings churches edit the chief of leiden s numerous churches are the hooglandse kerk or the church of st pancras built in the 15th century and containing a monument to pieter adriaansz van der werff and the pieterskerk church of st peter 1315 with monuments to scaliger boerhaave and other scholars from a historical perspective the marekerk is interesting too arent van s gravesande designed that church in 1639 other fine examples of his work in leiden are in the stedelijk museum de lakenhal the municipal museum of fine arts and the bibliotheca thysiana the growing city needed another church and the marekerk was the first protestant church to be built in leiden and in holland after the reformation it is an example of dutch classicism in the drawings by van s gravesande the pulpit is the centrepiece of the church the pulpit is modelled after the one in the nieuwe kerk at haarlem designed by jacob van campen the building was first used in 1650 and is still in use the heilige lodewijkkerk is first catholic church in leiden that was built after the reformation this church was given to the catholics after the gunpowder explosion in 1807 which killed 150 inhabitants and destroyed a large part of the city centre 31 32 the waalse kerk breestraat 63 was originally part of the katharina hospital in 1584 it became the church of protestant refugees from the southern netherlands brugge and france later churches in the centre include the st joseph in expressionistic style university buildings edit the 1860 leiden observatory after restoration 2013 botanical gardens the city centre contains many buildings that are in use by the university of leiden the academy building is housed in a former 16th century convent among the institutions connected with the university are the national institution for east indian languages ethnology and geography the botanical gardens founded in 1587 the observatory 1860 the museum of antiquities rijksmuseum van oudheden and the ethnographical museum of which p f von siebold s japanese collection was the nucleus rijksmuseum voor volkenkunde this collection is now housed in a separate museum called the sieboldhuis the bibliotheca thysiana occupies an old renaissance building of the year 1655 it is especially rich in legal works and vernacular chronicles noteworthy are also the many special collections at leiden university library among which those of the society of dutch literature 1766 and the collection of casts and engravings in recent years the university has built the leiden bio science park at the city s outskirts to accommodate the science departments citation needed other buildings edit stadhuis city hall a 16th century building that was badly damaged by a fire in 1929 but has its renaissance façade designed by lieven de key still standing gemeenlandshuis van rijnland 1596 restored in 1878 de waag english weigh house built by pieter post gravensteen a former 15th century jail at the gerecht square former court house stedelijk gymnasium aka latijnse school the old gymnasium 1599 heilige geest weeshuis a former holy spirit orphanage a complex of 16th century buildings molen de valk a corn grinding windmill now home to a museum 1743 pesthuis which was built during 1657 1661 at that time just outside the city for curing patients suffering the bubonic plague however after it was built the feared disease did not occur in the netherlands anymore so it was never used for its original purpose the building has been used as a military hospital prison national asylum and army museum until 2019 it served as the entrance of naturalis this museum one of the largest natural history museums in the world was recently renovated and is a building of interest in itself 33 stadstimmerwerf the city carpenter s yard or construction yard 1612 built by lieven de key c 1560 1627 the former residence of the city s master carpenter is open to the public and is in use as an art gallery of a local visual artists collective culture edit the former residence of leiden s master carpenter at the stadstimmerwerf city carpenter s or construction yard open to the public and in use as an art gallery museums edit rijksmuseum van oudheden national museum of antiquities museum volkenkunde national museum of ethnology naturalis biodiversity center rijksmuseum boerhaave stedelijk museum de lakenhal japan museum sieboldhuis museum de valk leiden american pilgrim museum corpus in oegstgeest but almost directly next to the border with leiden hortus botanicus leiden museum het leids weverhuis young rembrandt studio erfgoed leiden en omstreken anatomisch museum leiden transport edit leiden central railway station local bus service in leiden is provided by qbuzz under contract to the province of zuid holland qbuzz took over the service from arriva in december 2024 34 leiden has three intercity railway stations leiden centraal leiden lammenschans and de vink nederlandse spoorwegen provides rail service to all three stations air travel is served by the nearest schiphol airport which is approximately 31 km northeast of leiden ns operates direct train services between leiden centraal and schiphol stations notable people edit see also category people from leiden william ii count of holland in the lakenhal the following is a selection of important leidenaren throughout history public officials and scholars edit for a chronological guide see timeline of leiden historical population year pop p a 1398 5 000 1497 11 000 0 80 1514 14 250 1 53 1574 12 456 0 22 1581 12 144 0 36 1622 44 745 3 23 1632 44 000 0 17 1665 67 000 1 28 1732 70 000 0 07 1750 38 105 3 32 1795 30 955 0 46 source lourens lucassen 1997 pp 112 114...