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n regime korea achieved rapid economic development through state led industrialization and export oriented growth strategies through the two periods of former presidents park chung hee and chun doo hwan the korean economy transformed its system from a traditional and static agricultural economy to a modern and dynamic industrial economy if the focus was on political oppression it should have been criticized there is also an aspect that political authoritarianism had a positive functional effect on the promotion of economic development at the time 64 in other words the authoritarian system at the time was difficult to avoid criticism if it focused on political oppression but there were also some positive functional aspects in that it was able to control unstable social needs and consistently pursue long term growth plans the military and bureaucratic groups that grew up maintaining autonomy from the existing production means control class dominated the state government and built a modern industrial society through reforms from above nevertheless it is necessary to discuss the relationship between the two in that the democratic system can affect the guarantee of freedom and equality necessary for economic growth and the raising of awareness of private property rights the characteristics of democracy are closely related to endogenous growth factors democracy increases the awareness of private property rights by ensuring the people the freedom and equality necessary for sustainable economic growth these changes increase the level of individual capital and the motivation to participate in economic activities to pursue profits in addition if the level of human capital in the market tends to increase overall the productivity of the country also increases which can promote national industrial development in addition the importance of high quality human resources has emerged as the industrial structure changes the causal relationship between the level of democracy endogenous growth factors high quality human resources and economic growth was analyzed centering on member states of the commonwealth of independent states that transformed into a democratic system with the collapse of the former soviet union the analysis results show that as the level of democracy increases in transition countries such as cis member states the level of high quality human resources can also increase which can have a positive effect on economic growth in transition countries such as cis member states that have undergone the transition of political and economic systems from socialism to democracy if the level of democracy increases the level of high quality human resources can also increase which can have a positive effect on economic growth in other words it has been confirmed that in some countries the level of democracy affects high quality human resources and also has a positive effect on economic growth 65 since the relationship between democracy level high quality human resources economic growth has been statistically verified it suggests that the formation and growth of a democratic system may be one of the goals that must be pursued for economic growth in addition it is also important that economic growth through the level of democracy goes beyond a simple relationship to affect high quality human resources through the activation of individual citizens motivation to participate leading to economic growth beyond simply accepting the system of democracy social maturity needs to be achieved in relation to the establishment of institutions and laws to revitalize the motivation for individual citizens to participate nevertheless simply expanding and applying democracy does not help economic growth and it is necessary to consider the relationship with the exogenous economic growth factors mentioned in existing economic growth theories no matter how it affects economic development goals democracy has clear values on its own so the question of how to realize democratization without causing decisive sacrifices to other development goals is important if democracy is only discussed in terms of economy and efficiency it can lead to the negative consequences of dictatorship and totalitarianism in the extreme securing institutional transparency and social inclusion at the core of sustainable and long term development even at the expense of short term efficiency can be a necessary condition for qualitative growth not a constraint on economic development nonetheless it is acknowledged that democracy and economic development have an affinity but they are likely to conflict while forming a value for value tension 66 nevertheless we should pay attention to the complementary relationship rather than the mutually exclusive concept of democracy and economic growth this is due to the fact that through institutional stability and political freedom democracy can form a foundation for trust in the market economy and economic growth can in turn form a circular structure that enables institutional maturity of democracy therefore social inclusion and long term sustainability should be pursued rather than short term growth rates when understanding the relationship between the two these complementary structures demonstrate that democracy is a key factor in solidifying the qualitative foundation of economic development in addition to analyze the relationship between different regional economic development experiences and various characteristics in a more generalized framework it is necessary to analyze not only the relationship between the two democratization and economic growth but also separate factors such as institutional quality and legal order and the relationship between these variables justifications and support edit increased political stability edit several key features of liberal democracies are associated with political stability including economic growth as well as robust state institutions that guarantee free elections the rule of law and individual liberties 2 one argument for democracy is that by creating a system where the public can remove administrations without changing the legal basis for government democracy aims at reducing political uncertainty and instability and assuring citizens that however much they may disagree with present policies they will be given a regular chance to change those who are in power or change policies with which they disagree this is preferable to a system where political change takes place through violence citation needed one notable feature of liberal democracies is that their opponents those groups who wish to abolish liberal democracy rarely win elections advocates use this as an argument to support their view that liberal democracy is inherently stable and can usually only be overthrown by external force while opponents argue that the system is inherently stacked against them despite its claims to impartiality in the past it was feared that democracy could be easily exploited by leaders with dictatorial aspirations who could get themselves elected into power nonetheless the actual number of liberal democracies that have elected dictators into power is low when it has occurred it is usually after a major crisis has caused many people to doubt the system or in young poorly functioning democracies some possible examples include adolf hitler during the great depression and napoleon iii who became first president of the second french republic and later emperor citation needed better information on and corrections of problems edit a democratic system may provide better information for policy decisions undesirable information may more easily be ignored in dictatorships even if this undesirable or contrarian information provides early warning of problems anders chydenius put forward the argument for freedom of the press for this reason in 1776 67 the democratic system also provides a way to replace inefficient leaders and policies thus problems may continue longer and crises of all kinds may be more common in autocracies 4 reduction of corruption edit highly democratic countries tend to have lower levels of corruption research by the world bank suggests that political institutions are extremely important in determining the prevalence of corruption democracy parliamentary systems political stability and freedom of the press are all associated with lower rates of corruption 3 freedom of information legislation is important for accountability and transparency for example the indian right to information act has already engendered mass movements in the country that is bringing the lethargic often corrupt bureaucracy to its knees and changing power equations completely 68 better use of resources edit famines by political regime 1870 2023 famines tend not to happen in democracies democracies are better at managing the resources they have available than autocracies 4 this means democracies can operate the same government services as a comparable autocracy while spending less allowing them to lower taxes improve social services and otherwise invest in their national well being it also reduces their odds of experiencing crises caused by poor resource allocation prominent economist amartya sen observed that no functioning democracy has ever suffered a large scale famine 69 he argued that elections give democratic governments strong incentives to respond to food shortages while an independent press helps to spotlight such crises and increases public pressure on officials to act 70 similarly refugee crises are far less likely to occur in democracies than autocracies from 1985 to 2008 the eighty seven largest refugee crises occurred in autocracies 4 health and human development edit liberal democracies on the right score on average higher in life expectancy than other regime types democracy correlates with a higher score on the human development index and a lower score on the human poverty index several health indicators most notably life expectancy and infant and maternal mortality have a stronger and more significant association with democracy than they have with gdp per capita rise of the public sector or income inequality 5 in the post communist states the countries that have achieved the greatest gains in life expectancy since the end of the post communist economic crash have been the ones that are most democratic 71 minimization of political violence edit rudolph rummel s power kills says that liberal democracy among all types of regimes minimizes political violence and is a method of nonviolence rummel attributes this firstly to democracy instilling an attitude of tolerance of differences an acceptance of losing and a positive outlook towards conciliation and compromise 72 a study published by the british academy on violence and democracy argues that in practice liberal democracy has not stopped those running the state from exerting acts of violence both within and outside their borders the paper also argues that police killings profiling of racial and religious minorities online surveillance data collection or media censorship are a couple of ways in which successful states maintain a monopoly on violence 73 effective response in wartime edit research has shown that democracies are more likely to win wars than non democracies 74 several theories have been advanced to explain this phenomenon one posits that since losing wars harms democratic leaders chances of re election they will only declare war when the odds of victory are high for the same reason democratic leaders are often swift to abandon unsuccessful military strategies and pivot to new ideas autocratic leaders do not face the same pressures making them more likely to start ill conceived wars or refuse to abandon losing strategies 74 another theory holds that democratic states are more effective at mobilizing their resources than autocracies an advantage that is particularly crucial to success in modern warfare others believe that democratic countries relatively stable foreign policy improves their ability to cooperate with each other in military alliances leading to more coordinated campaigns that improve battlefield outcomes 75 american political scientists allan c stam and dan reiter also note that the emphasis on individuality within democratic societies means that their soldiers fight with greater initiative and superior leadership officers in autocracies are often selected for political loyalty rather than military ability sometimes they may be exclusively selected from a small class or religious ethnic group that support the regime further limiting the talent pool available leadership often responds harshly to any perceived criticisms or disobedience which may make soldiers and officers afraid to raise any objections or do anything without explicit authorization this lack of initiative may be particularly detrimental in modern warfare 76 enemy soldiers may more easily surrender to democracies since they can expect comparatively good treatment in world war ii autocratic nazi germany committed atrocities against soviet prisoners of wars leading to roughly half dying in custody 77 78 when knowledge of these atrocities became widespread in the ussr rates of defection among soviet soldiers dropped markedly 79 by contrast many german soldiers were pleased to be captured by american and british soldiers knowing those two democracies treated their prisoners of war well 80 democratic peace theory edit main article democratic peace theory democratic peace theory holds that democratic countries are reluctant to go to war with one another therefore the theory posits that as more countries adopt democracy the frequency and severity of armed conflict between states should decline numerous studies using many different kinds of data definitions and statistical analyses have found a strong negative correlation between the number of democratic countries and the number of wars citation needed democracies have few militarized interstate disputes with one another and those that do occur often result in less than 1 000 battle deaths democracies also have far fewer civil wars 81 82 this theory remains disputed however some critics argue that increased peace leads to more democracy rather than the other way around others argue both phenomena are the result of a third factor or perhaps not causally linked at all 83 page needed objections and criticism edit see also criticism of democracy campaign costs edit in athenian democracy some public offices were randomly allocated to citizens in order to inhibit the effects of plutocracy aristotle described the law courts in athens which were selected by lot as democratic 84 and described elections as oligarchic 85 political campaigning in representative democracies can favor the rich due to campaign costs a form of plutocracy where only a very small number of wealthy individuals can actually affect government policy in their favor and toward pluto...