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by the spaniards once stood these buildings were centered around a plaza which was later expanded to become the plaza mayor the huaca de aliaga and huaca riquelme were other major buildings near the plaza other nearby constructions included the temple oracle of rímac one of the main places of worship in the valley also known as the so called huaca grande that once stood in barrios altos 24 founding edit the founding of lima painting by josé effio 1845 1920 in the national museum of archaeology anthropology and history of peru in 1532 the spanish and their indigenous allies from the ethnic groups subdued by the incas under the command of francisco pizarro took monarch atahualpa prisoner in the city of cajamarca although a ransom was paid he was sentenced to death for political and strategic reasons after some battles the spanish conquered their empire the spanish crown named francisco pizarro governor of the lands he had conquered pizarro decided to found the capital in the rímac river valley 25 after a failed attempt to establish it in jauja he considered that lima was strategically located close to a favorable coast for the construction of a port but prudently far from it in order to prevent attacks by pirates and foreign powers on fertile lands and with a suitable cool climate thus on 6 january 1535 lima was founded with the name city of the kings named in this way in honor of the epiphany 26 27 on territories that had been of the kuraka taulichusco the explanation of this name is due to the fact that around the same time in january the spaniards were looking for the place to lay the foundation for the new city not far from the pachacámac sanctuary near the rímac river on the oldest spanish maps of peru both lima and ciudad de los reyes can be seen together citation needed however as had happened with the region initially called new castile and later peru the city of the kings soon lost its name in favor of lima pizarro with the collaboration of nicolás de ribera diego de agüero and francisco quintero personally traced the plaza mayor and the rest of the city grid building the viceroyalty palace today transformed into the government palace of peru which hence retains the traditional name of casa de pizarro and the cathedral whose first stone pizarro laid with his own hands 28 in august 1536 the flourishing city was besieged by the troops of the inca general quizu yupanqui under orders from the monarch manco inca yupanqui who was in cusco but the spanish and their indigenous allies managed to defeat them the huaylas wayllas army s assistance was of special importance to the spanish the army arrived personally led by contarhuancho 29 kuntur wanchu a secondary wife of the deceased emperor wayna qhapaq and now a respected kuraka of half the province of huaylas the hanan huaylas or upper huaylas moiety contarhuancho came to lima after receiving a plea for help in a quipu message from her daughter the huaylas inca princess doña inés huaylas yupanqui in the following years lima gained prestige by being designated the capital of the viceroyalty of peru and the seat of a real audiencia in 1543 since the location of the coastal city was conditioned by the ease of communications with spain a close bond with the port of callao was soon established 30 colonial period edit renaissance metropolitan cathedral of lima built between 1602 and 1797 in the plaza mayor for the next century it prospered as the center of an extensive trade network that integrated the viceroyalty with the americas europe and east asia but the city was not without its dangers violent earthquakes destroyed a large part of it between 1586 and 1687 leading to a great deal of construction activity it is then when aqueducts starlings and retaining walls appear before the flooding of the rivers the bridge over the rímac is finished the cathedral is built and numerous hospitals convents and monasteries are built then we can see that the city is articulated around its neighborhoods another threat was the presence of pirates and corsairs in the pacific ocean which motivated the construction of the walls of lima between 1684 and 1687 18 the 1687 earthquake marked a turning point in the history of lima since it coincided with a recession in trade due to economic competition with other cities such as buenos aires with the creation of the viceroyalty of new granada in 1717 the political demarcations were reorganized and lima only lost some territories that actually already enjoyed their autonomy in 1746 a strong earthquake severely damaged the city and destroyed callao forcing a massive reconstruction effort by viceroy josé antonio manso de velasco 31 during the 17th and 18th centuries lima was considered one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the entire spanish empire boasting a splendor that some observers considered worthy of a world power attracting merchants from all over europe asia and the rest of the americas the city was well known for being the residence of several members of the spanish nobility who resided in sumptuous manors and palaces located within the walls of lima the large number of religious orders within the city was also recognized the city of the kings of lima royal high court principal city of the kingdom of the indies residence of the viceroy painting of 1615 by the inca painter guamán poma royal library denmark 32 the unfinished cathedral in the plaza mayor painting of 1680 museo de américa madrid 33 view of lima and the tapada limeña a colonial women fashion in a painting of 1842 by d orbigny and benoît museum of the americas spain 34 lima as seem from the rímac district painting of 1850 by batta molinelli 35 colonial calle de los judíos lima in 1866 by manuel a fuentes and firmin didot brothers sons co university of chicago library 36 colonial calles de la oca and de bodegones lima in 1866 by manuel a fuentes and firmin didot brothers sons co university of chicago library 36 puente de piedra bridge the former arco del puente gate and the walls of lima in 1878 by el viajero ilustrado old fund of the university of seville 37 basilica of san francisco built between 1657 and 1672 in the second half of the 18th century enlightenment ideas about public health and social control influenced the development of the city during this period the peruvian capital was affected by the bourbon reforms as it lost its monopoly on foreign trade and its control over the important mining region of upper peru this economic weakening led the elite of the city to depend on the positions granted by the viceregal government and the church which contributed to keeping them more linked to the crown than to the cause of independence the greatest political economic impact that the city experienced at that time occurred with the creation of the viceroyalty of the río de la plata in 1776 which changed the course and orientations imposed by the new mercantile traffic among the buildings built during this period there is the coliseo de gallos the acho bullring and the general cemetery the first two were erected to regulate these popular activities centralizing them in one place while the cemetery put an end to the practice of burying the dead in churches considered unhealthy by public authorities independence edit painting of josé de san martín during the declaration of independence of peru in the plaza mayor on july 28 1821 a combined expedition of argentine and chilean independence fighters led by general don josé de san martín landed in southern lima in 1820 but did not attack the city faced with a naval blockade and guerrilla action on the mainland viceroy josé de la serna was forced to evacuate the city in july 1821 to save the royalist army fearing a popular uprising and lacking the means to impose the order the city council invited san martín to enter the city signing a declaration of independence at his request once general san martín proclaimed the independence of peru 38 lima became the capital of the new republic thus it was the seat of the government of the liberator and also the seat of the first constituent congress that the country had 39 the war lasted for two more years during which the city changed hands many times and suffered abuses from both sides by the time the war was decided on 9 december 1824 at the battle of ayacucho lima had been considerably impoverished republican era edit gate of the colonial wall of lima the arco del puente its partially wooden structures were consumed by a fire caused by street vendors in 1879 40 the colonial wall of lima had ten gates 41 40 now demolished after the war of independence lima became the capital of the republic of peru its development was stymied by the country s socioeconomic paralysis until the 1850s when income from the export of guano allowed for rapid expansion in the following twenty years the state financed the construction of large public buildings to replace the old viceregal establishments among these are the central market the general slaughterhouse the mental asylum the penitentiary and the hospital dos de mayo there were also improvements in communications in 1850 a railway line between lima and callao was completed from the desamparados station and in 1870 an iron bridge was inaugurated over the rímac river baptized as puente balta in 1872 the colonial city walls were demolished by the us engineer henry meiggs under contract with the peruvian government 42 in anticipation of further urban growth in the future however this period of economic expansion also widened the gap between rich and poor producing widespread social unrest the famous arco del puente the gate of the colonial wall of lima was consumed by a fire caused by street vendors in 1879 40 during the war of the pacific 1879 1883 the chilean army occupied lima after defeating peruvian troops and reserves in the battles of san juan and miraflores the city suffered from the invaders who looted museums public libraries and educational institutions at the same time angry mobs attacked wealthy citizens and the asian colony looting their properties and businesses 20th century edit the metropolitan cathedral of lima in plaza mayor in 1910 at the beginning of the 20th century the construction of avenues that would serve as a matrix for the development of the city began 43 the avenues paseo de la república leguía today called avenida arequipa avenida brasil and the landscaping salaverry that headed south and venezuela and colonial avenues to the west joining the port of callao 44 in the 1930s the great constructions began with the remodeling of the government palace of peru and the palacio municipal these constructions reached their peak in the 1950s during the government of manuel a odría when the great buildings of the ministry of economy and the ministry of education were built javier alzamora valdez building currently the seat of the superior court of justice of lima the ministry of health the ministry of labour and the hospitals of the workers insurance and of the employee as well as the national stadium and several large housing units 45 46 also in those years a phenomenon began that changed the configuration of the city which was the massive immigration of inhabitants from the interior of the country producing the exponential growth of the capital s population and the consequent urban expansion 47 the new populations were settling on land near the center which was used as an agricultural area the current districts of lince la victoria to the south were populated breña and pueblo libre to the west el agustino ate and san juan de lurigancho to the east and san martín de porres and comas to the north plaza san martín in 1970 as an emblematic point of this expansion in 1973 the self managed community of villa el salvador current district of villa el salvador was created located 30 km south of the city center and currently integrated into the metropolitan area 48 in the 1940s lima started a period of rapid growth spurred by migration from the andean region as rural people sought opportunities for work and education the population estimated at 600 000 in 1940 reached 1 9 million by 1960 and 4 8 million by 1980 49 at the start of this period the urban area was confined to a triangular area bounded by the city s historic center callao and chorrillos in the following decades settlements spread to the north beyond the rímac river to the east along the central highway and to the south 50 the new migrants at first confined to slums in downtown lima led this expansion through large scale land invasions which evolved into shanty towns known as pueblos jóvenes 51 in the 1980s terrorist violence added to the disorderly growth of the city and the increase in the number of internally displaced people terrorist groups like the shining path and túpac amaru revolutionary movement were centered in lima during this time the historic center of the city suffered increasing deterioration and many areas of the city constantly lacked basic services the city improved vague and terrorism decreased moving into the 21st century 21st century edit view of the bajada balta in the miraflores district at night the city began to recover from the violence from the 1980s and 90s the municipality of lima began to reorganize the city remodeling parks streets and buildings the early 2000s and 2010s saw a growth in high rise buildings especially in the economic center of the san isidro district the tallest building in lima and all of peru the torre banco de la nación was completed in 2015 construction of buildings grew 3 9 in 2024 following the countries economic growth 52 in 2007 the city established el metropolitano a rapid bus transport system operating from the north to the south of the city the lima and callao metro line 1 was finally completed in 2010 after numerous halts in the 1970s and 90s the second line of the metro began construction in the early 2020s the construction of the new terminal of the jorge chávez international airport began in 2019 but was delayed due to the covid 19 pandemic and continued in 2021 the terminal was inaugurated on 1 june 2025 allowing transit for an estimated 40 million passengers per year by 2030 53 the port of chancay in the city of chancay was inaugurated on 14 november 2024 in a joint construction performed by peru and china the port is the new main port of lima and is one of the largest in south america lima was selected to host the 2019 pan american games in 2013 the event was the largest sporting event hosted by the country the city was selected to host the 2027 pan american games for the second time in 2024 the city was also selected to joint host the 2025 bolivarian games along with ayacucho after the 2022 peruvian self coup attempt by then president pedro castillo protests emerged around the city and the country between 2022 and 2023 demanding for the release of castillo and for the removing of president dina boluarte thousands of p...