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4 starting in 1719 traders began to import slaves in higher numbers two french ships the du maine and the aurore arrived in new orleans carrying more than 500 black slaves coming from africa previous slaves in louisiana had been transported from french colonies in the west indies by the end of 1721 new orleans counted 1 256 inhabitants of whom about half were slaves citation needed in 1724 the french government issued a law called the code noir black code in english which regulated the interaction of whites blancs and blacks noirs in its colony of louisiana which was much larger than the current state of louisiana after the sale of louisiana french law survived in the louisiana such as the prohibition and outlaw of any cruel punishment 55 56 fugitive slaves called maroons could easily hide in the backcountry of the bayous and survive in small settlements 57 the word maroon comes from the spanish cimarron which means fierce or unruly 58 in the late 18th century the last spanish governor of the louisiana territory wrote truly it is impossible for lower louisiana to get along without slaves and with the use of slaves the colony had been making great strides toward prosperity and wealth 59 free woman of color with mixed race daughter late 18th century collage painting new orleans when the united states purchased louisiana in 1803 it was soon accepted that slaves could be brought to louisiana as easily as they were brought to neighboring mississippi though it violated u s law to do so 59 despite demands by united states rep james hillhouse and by the pamphleteer thomas paine to enforce existing federal law against slavery in the newly acquired territory 59 slavery prevailed because it was the source of great profits and the lowest cost labor at the start of the 19th century louisiana was a small producer of sugar with a relatively small number of slaves compared to saint domingue and the west indies it soon thereafter became a major sugar producer as new settlers arrived to develop plantations william c c claiborne louisiana s first united states governor said african slave labor was needed because white laborers cannot be had in this unhealthy climate 60 hugh thomas wrote that claiborne was unable to enforce the abolition of the atlantic slave trade which the u s and great britain enacted in 1807 the united states continued to protect the domestic slave trade including the coastwise trade the transport of slaves by ship along the atlantic coast and to new orleans and other gulf ports by 1840 new orleans had the biggest slave market in the united states which contributed greatly to the economy of the city and of the state new orleans had become one of the wealthiest cities and the third largest city in the nation 61 the ban on the african slave trade and importation of slaves had increased demand in the domestic market during the decades after the american revolutionary war more than one million enslaved african americans underwent forced migration from the upper south to the deep south two thirds of them in the slave trade others were transported by their owners as slaveholders moved west for new lands 62 63 with changing agriculture in the upper south as planters shifted from tobacco to less labor intensive mixed agriculture planters had excess laborers many sold slaves to traders to take to the deep south slaves were driven by traders overland from the upper south or transported to new orleans and other coastal markets by ship in the coastwise slave trade after sales in new orleans steamboats operating on the mississippi transported slaves upstream to markets or plantation destinations at natchez and memphis unusually for a slave state louisiana harbored escaped filipino slaves from the manila galleons 64 65 66 67 the members of the filipino community were then commonly referred to as manila men or manilamen and later tagalas 68 as they were free when they created the oldest settlement of asians in the united states in the village of saint malo louisiana 68 69 70 71 the inhabitants of which even joined the united states in the war of 1812 against the british empire while they were being led by the french american jean lafitte 70 asylum and influence of creoles from saint domingue further information saint domingue creoles saint domingue creoles spanish occupation of louisiana lasted from 1769 to 1800 72 beginning in the 1790s waves of immigration took place from saint domingue as refugees poured over following a slave rebellion that started during the french revolution of saint domingue in 1791 over the next decade thousands of refugees landed in louisiana from the island including europeans creoles and africans some of the latter brought in by each free group they greatly increased the french speaking population in new orleans and louisiana as well as the number of africans and the slaves reinforced african culture in the city 73 anglo american officials initially made attempts to keep out the additional creoles of color but the louisiana creoles wanted to increase the creole population more than half of the refugees eventually settled in louisiana and the majority remained in new orleans 74 pierre clément de laussat governor 1803 said saint domingue was of all our colonies in the antilles the one whose mentality and customs influenced louisiana the most 75 french pirate jean lafitte who operated in new orleans was born in port au prince around 1782 76 purchase by the united states main articles louisiana purchase territory of orleans republic of west florida and neutral ground louisiana when the united states won its independence from great britain in 1783 one of its major concerns was having a european power on its western boundary and the need for unrestricted access to the mississippi river as american settlers pushed west they found that the appalachian mountains provided a barrier to shipping goods eastward the easiest way to ship produce was to use a flatboat to float it down the ohio and mississippi rivers to the port of new orleans where goods could be put on ocean going vessels the problem with this route was that the spanish owned both sides of the mississippi below natchez napoleon s ambitions in louisiana involved the creation of a new empire centered on the caribbean sugar trade by the terms of the treaty of amiens of 1802 great britain returned control of the islands of martinique and guadeloupe to the french napoleon looked upon louisiana as a depot for these sugar islands and as a buffer to u s settlement in october 1801 he sent a large military force to take back saint domingue then under control of toussaint louverture after the haitian revolution when the army led by napoleon s brother in law leclerc was defeated napoleon decided to sell louisiana 77 map of louisiana in 1800 thomas jefferson third president of the united states was disturbed by napoleon s plans to re establish french colonies in north america with the possession of new orleans napoleon could close the mississippi to u s commerce at any time jefferson authorized robert r livingston u s minister to france to negotiate for the purchase of the city of new orleans portions of the east bank of the mississippi 78 and free navigation of the river for u s commerce livingston was authorized to pay up to 2 million an official transfer of louisiana to french ownership had not yet taken place and napoleon s deal with the spanish was a poorly kept secret on the frontier on october 18 1802 however juan ventura morales acting intendant of louisiana made public the intention of spain to revoke the right of deposit at new orleans for all cargo from the united states the closure of this vital port to the united states caused anger and consternation commerce in the west was virtually blockaded historians believe the revocation of the right of deposit was prompted by abuses by the americans particularly smuggling and not by french intrigues as was believed at the time president jefferson ignored public pressure for war with france and appointed james monroe a special envoy to napoleon to assist in obtaining new orleans for the united states jefferson also raised the authorized expenditure to 10 million 79 on april 11 1803 french foreign minister talleyrand unexpectedly asked livingston to purchase the entire louisiana territory far exceeding the authorized negotiations for just new orleans monroe agreed with livingston that napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time leaving them with no ability to obtain the desired new orleans area and that approval from president jefferson might take months so livingston and monroe decided to open negotiations immediately by april 30 they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire louisiana territory of 828 000 square miles 2 100 000 km 2 for sixty million francs approximately 15 million 79 part of this sum 3 5 million was used to forgive debts owed by france to the united states 80 the payment was made in united states bonds which napoleon sold at face value to the dutch firm of hope and company and the british banking house of baring at a discount of 87 1 2 per each 100 unit as a result france received only 8 831 250 in cash for louisiana english banker alexander baring conferred with marbois in paris shuttled to the united states to pick up the bonds took them to britain and returned to france with the money which napoleon used to wage war against baring s own country louisiana purchase 1803 when news of the purchase reached the united states jefferson was surprised he had authorized the expenditure of 10 million for a port city and instead received treaties committing the government to spend 15 million on a land package which would double the size of the country jefferson s political opponents in the federalist party argued the louisiana purchase was a worthless desert 81 and that the u s constitution did not provide for the acquisition of new land or negotiating treaties without the consent of the federal legislature what really worried the opposition was the new states which would inevitably be carved from the louisiana territory strengthening western and southern interests in u s congress and further reducing the influence of new england federalists in national affairs president jefferson was an enthusiastic supporter of westward expansion and held firm in his support for the treaty despite federalist objections the u s senate ratified the louisiana treaty on october 20 1803 by statute enacted on october 31 1803 president thomas jefferson was authorized to take possession of the territories ceded by france and provide for initial governance 82 a transfer ceremony was held in new orleans on november 29 1803 since the louisiana territory had never officially been turned over to the french the spanish took down their flag and the french raised theirs the following day general james wilkinson accepted possession of new orleans for the united states the louisiana territory purchased for less than three cents an acre doubled the size of the united states overnight without a war or the loss of a single american life and set a precedent for the purchase of territory it opened the way for the eventual expansion of the united states across the continent to the pacific ocean shortly after the united states took possession the area was divided into two territories along the 33rd parallel north on march 26 1804 thereby organizing the territory of orleans to the south and the district of louisiana subsequently formed as the louisiana territory to the north 83 statehood main articles admission to the union list of u s states by date of admission to the union seminole wars and adams onís treaty louisiana became the eighteenth u s state on april 30 1812 the territory of orleans became the state of louisiana and the louisiana territory was simultaneously renamed the missouri territory 84 at its creation the state of louisiana did not include the area north and east of the mississippi river known as the florida parishes on april 14 1812 congress had authorized louisiana to expand its borders to include the florida parishes 85 86 but the border change required approval of the state legislature which it did not give until august 4 87 for the roughly three months in between the northern border of eastern louisiana was the course of bayou manchac and the middle of lake maurepas and lake pontchartrain 88 from the mid 1820s to 1861 louisiana moved from a political system based on personality and ethnicity to a distinct two party system democrats competed first against the whig party then the know nothing party and finally on the eve of the civil war only against other democrats secession and the civil war main articles ordinance of secession confederate states of america and louisiana in the american civil war signing the ordinance of secession of louisiana january 26 1861 oil on canvas painting 1861 capture of new orleans april 1862 colored lithograph of engraving according to the 1860 census 331 726 people were enslaved nearly 47 of the state s total population of 708 002 89 the strong economic interest of elite whites in maintaining the slave society contributed to louisiana s decision to secede from the union on january 26 1861 90 it followed other u s states in seceding after the election of abraham lincoln as president of the united states louisiana s secession was announced on january 26 1861 and it became part of the confederate states of america the state was quickly defeated in the civil war a result of union strategy to cut the confederacy in two by controlling the mississippi river federal troops captured new orleans on april 25 1862 because a large part of the population had union sympathies or compatible commercial interests the federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of louisiana under federal control as a state within the union with its own elected representatives to the u s congress 91 92 post civil war to mid 20th century consolidated bond of the state of louisiana issued 6 july 1892 following the american civil war and emancipation of slaves violence rose in the southern u s as the war was carried on by insurgent private and paramilitary groups during the initial period after the war there was a massive rise in black participation in terms of voting and holding political office louisiana saw the united states first and second black governors with oscar dunn and p b s pinchback with 125 black members of the state legislature being elected during this time while charles e nash was elected to represent the state s 6th congressional district in the u s house of representatives eventually former confederates came to dominate the state legislature after the end of reconstruction and federal occupation in the late 1870s and black codes were implemented to regulate freedmen and increasingly restricted the right to vote they refused to extend voting rights to african americans who had be...