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ese services were in a variety of styles depending on the preferences of the congregation often they were held alongside a traditional service in order to cater to those who preferred contemporary worship music today a few lutheran congregations have contemporary worship as their sole form of worship outreach is no longer given as the primary motivation rather this form of worship is seen as more in keeping with the desires of individual congregations 281 in finland lutherans have experimented with the st thomas mass fi and metal mass in which traditional hymns are adapted to heavy metal with the order of mass preserved some laestadians enter a heavily emotional and ecstatic state during worship the lutheran world federation in its nairobi statement on worship and culture recommended every effort be made to bring church services into a more sensitive position with regard to cultural context 282 in 2006 both the evangelical lutheran church in america elca and the lutheran church missouri synod lcms in cooperation with certain international english speaking church bodies within their respective fellowships released new hymnals evangelical lutheran worship elca and lutheran service book lcms along with these the most widely used among english speaking congregations include evangelical lutheran hymnary 1996 evangelical lutheran synod the lutheran book of worship 1978 lutheran council in the united states of america lutheran worship 1982 lcms christian worship 1993 wisconsin evangelical lutheran synod and the lutheran hymnal 1941 evangelical lutheran synodical conference of north america in the lutheran church of australia the official hymnal is the lutheran hymnal with supplement of 1986 which includes a supplement to the lutheran hymnal of 1973 itself a replacement for the australian lutheran hymn book of 1921 prior to this time the two lutheran church bodies in australia which merged in 1966 used a variety of hymnals mostly in the german language spanish speaking elca churches frequently use libro de liturgia y cántico 1998 augsburg fortress for services and hymns for a more complete list see list of english language lutheran hymnals calendar edit source lutheran church year main articles liturgical calendar lutheran and calendar of saints lutheran further information lectionary lutherans observe the liturgical calendar which consists of the cycle of liturgical days and seasons that determines when feast days including celebrations of saints are to be observed and which portions of scripture are to be read 283 the calendar features greater festivals lesser festivals and commemorations 284 the lutheran churches use a lectionary that enjoins appointed scripture readings for each day which include an old testament reading psalm epistle reading and gospel reading 285 missions edit source christ lutheran church in india sizable lutheran missions arose for the first time during the 19th century early missionary attempts during the century after the reformation did not succeed however european traders brought lutheranism to africa beginning in the 17th century as they settled along the coasts during the first half of the 19th century missionary activity in africa expanded including preaching by missionaries translation of the bible and education 286 lutheranism came to india beginning with the work of bartholomäus ziegenbalg where a community totaling several thousand developed complete with their own translation of the bible catechism their own hymnal and system of lutheran schools in the 1840s this church experienced a revival through the work of the leipzig mission including karl graul 287 after german missionaries were expelled in 1914 lutherans in india became entirely autonomous yet preserved their lutheran character in recent years india has relaxed its anti religious conversion laws allowing a resurgence in missionary work in latin america missions began to serve european immigrants of lutheran background both those who spoke german and those who no longer did these churches in turn began to evangelize those in their areas who were not of european background including indigenous peoples 288 in 1892 the first lutheran missionaries reached japan although work began slowly and a major setback occurred during the hardships of wwii 289 lutheranism there has survived and become self sustaining 290 after missionaries to china including those of the lutheran church of china were expelled they began ministry in taiwan and hong kong the latter which became a center of lutheranism in asia 290 the lutheran mission in new guinea though founded only in 1953 became the largest lutheran mission in the world in only several decades through the work of native lay evangelists many tribes of diverse languages were reached with the gospel 290 today the lutheran world federation operates lutheran world relief a relief and development agency active in more than 50 countries education edit source resurrection lutheran school is a parochial school of the wisconsin evangelical lutheran synod wels in rochester minnesota and the fourth largest private school system in the united states 291 catechism instruction catechesis is considered foundational in most lutheran churches almost all maintain sunday schools and some host or maintain lutheran schools at the preschool elementary middle high school folk high school or university level lifelong study of the catechism is intended for all ages so that the abuses of the pre reformation church will not recur 292 lutheran schools have always been a core aspect of lutheran mission work starting with bartholomew ziegenbalg and heinrich putschasu who began work in india in year 1706 293 during the counter reformation era in german speaking areas backstreet lutheran schools were the main lutheran institution among crypto lutherans 294 pastors almost always have substantial theological educations including koine greek and biblical hebrew so that they can refer to the christian scriptures in the original language pastors usually teach in the common language of the local congregation in the u s some congregations and synods historically taught in german danish finnish norwegian or swedish but retention of immigrant languages has been in significant decline since the early and middle 20th century church fellowship edit source georg calixtus taught at the university of helmstedt during the syncretistic controversy the lutheran church of the redeemer in jerusalem in the holy land houses lutheran congregations that worship in arabic german danish and english a lutheran pastor wearing a chasuble during communion confirmation at the church of norway s lunder church in ringerike norway in 2012 a læstadian lay preacher in finnmark norway in 1898 lutherans were divided about the issue of church fellowship for the first 30 years after luther s death philipp melanchthon and his philippist party felt that christians of different beliefs should join in union with each other without completely agreeing on doctrine against them stood the gnesio lutherans led by matthias flacius and the faculty at the university of jena they condemned the philippist position for indifferentism describing it as a unionistic compromise of precious reformation theology instead they held that genuine unity between christians and real theological peace was only possible with an honest agreement about every subject of doctrinal controversy 295 complete agreement finally came about in 1577 after the death of both melanchthon and flacius when a new generation of theologians resolved the doctrinal controversies on the basis of scripture in the formula of concord of 1577 296 although they decried the visible division of christians on earth orthodox lutherans avoided ecumenical fellowship with other churches believing that christians should not for example join for the lord s supper or exchange pastors if they do not completely agree about what the bible teaches in the 17th century georgius calixtus began a rebellion against this practice sparking the syncretistic controversy with abraham calovius as his main opponent 297 in the 18th century there was some ecumenical interest between the church of sweden and the church of england john robinson bishop of london planned for a union of the english and swedish churches in 1718 the plan failed because most swedish bishops rejected the calvinism of the church of england although jesper swedberg and johannes gezelius the younger bishops of skara sweden and turku finland were in favor 298 with the encouragement of swedberg church fellowship was established between swedish lutherans and anglicans in the middle colonies over the course of the 1700s and the early 1800s swedish lutherans were absorbed into anglican churches with the last original swedish congregation completing merger into the episcopal church in 1846 299 in the 19th century samuel simon schmucker attempted to lead the evangelical lutheran general synod of the united states toward unification with other american protestants his attempt to get the synod to reject the augsburg confession in favor of his compromising definite platform failed instead it sparked a neo lutheran revival prompting many to form the general council including charles porterfield krauth their alternative approach was lutheran pulpits for lutheran ministers only and lutheran altars for lutheran communicants only 300 beginning in 1867 confessional and liberal minded lutherans in germany joined to form the common evangelical lutheran conference against the ever looming prospect of a state mandated union with the reformed 301 however they failed to reach consensus on the degree of shared doctrine necessary for church union 78 eventually the fascist german christians movement pushed the final national merger of lutheran union and reformed church bodies into a single reich church in 1933 doing away with the previous umbrella german evangelical church confederation dek as part of denazification the reich church was formally done away with in 1945 and certain clergy were removed from their positions however the merger between the lutheran united and reformed state churches was retained under the name protestant church in germany evangelische kirche in deutschland ekd in 1948 the lutheran church bodies within the ekd founded the united evangelical lutheran church of germany velkd but it has since been reduced from being an independent legal entity to an administrative unit within the ekd lutherans are currently divided over how to interact with other christian denominations some lutherans assert that everyone must share the whole counsel of god acts 20 27 in complete unity 1 cor 1 10 302 before pastors can share each other s pulpits and before communicants commune at each other s altars a practice termed closed or close communion on the other hand other lutherans practice varying degrees of open communion and allow preachers from other christian denominations in their pulpits while not an issue in the majority of lutheran church bodies some of them forbid membership in freemasonry partly this is because the lodge is viewed as spreading unitarianism as the brief statement of the lcms reads hence we warn against unitarianism which in our country has to a great extent impenetrated the sects and is being spread particularly also through the influence of the lodges 303 a 1958 report from the publishing house of the wisconsin evangelical lutheran synod states that masonry is guilty of idolatry its worship and prayers are idol worship the masons may not with their hands have made an idol out of gold silver wood or stone but they created one with their own mind and reason out of purely human thoughts and ideas the latter is an idol no less than the former 304 the largest organization of lutheran churches around the world are the lutheran world federation lwf the global confessional and missional lutheran forum the international lutheran council ilc and the confessional evangelical lutheran conference celc these organizations together account for the great majority of lutheran denominations the lcms and the lutheran church canada are members of the ilc the wels and els are members of the celc many lutheran churches such as the lutheran church international a confessional lutheran denomination of evangelical catholic churchmanship are not affiliated with the lwf the ilc or the celc the congregations of the church of the lutheran confession clc are affiliated with their mission organizations in canada india nepal myanmar and many african nations and those affiliated with the church of the lutheran brethren are especially active doing mission work in africa and east asia the lutheran world federation aligned churches do not believe that one church is singularly true in its teachings according to this belief lutheranism is a reform movement rather than a movement into doctrinal correctness as part of this in 1999 the lwf and the roman catholic church jointly issued a statement the joint declaration on the doctrine of justification that stated that the lwf and the catholics both agreed about certain basics of justification and lifted certain catholic anathemas formerly applying to the lwf member churches the lcms has participated in most of the official dialogues with the roman catholic church since shortly after the second vatican council though not the one which produced the joint declaration and to which they were not invited while some lutheran theologians saw the joint declaration as a sign that the catholics were essentially adopting the lutheran position other lutheran theologians disagreed claiming that considering the public documentation of the catholic position this assertion does not hold up citation needed besides their intra lutheran arrangements some member churches of the lwf have also declared full communion with non lutheran protestant churches the porvoo communion is a communion of episcopally led lutheran and anglican churches in europe beside its membership in the porvoo communion church of sweden also has declared full communion with the philippine independent church and the united methodist church citation needed the state protestant churches in germany many other european countries have signed the leuenberg agreement to form the community of protestant churches in europe the evangelical lutheran church in america has been involved in ecumenical dialogues with several denominations the elca has declared full communion with multiple american protestant churches 305 although on paper the lwf churches have all declared have full communion with each other in practice some churches within the lwf have renounced ties with specific other churches 306 one development in this ongoing schism is the global confessional and missional lutheran forum which consists of churches and church related organizations tracing their heritage back to mainline american lutheranism in north americ...