Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

life, and, mary, carpenter, contents, early, social, work, anti, slavery, reformatories, india, europe, america, later, legacy, works, personal, papers, see, also, references, sources, external, links, red, lodge, reformatory,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (225), and (142), #carpenter (75), for (52), from (48), mary (47), she (43), her (39), bristol (37), retrieved (34), was (31), original (28), archived (28), april (26), schools (26), london (26), 2009 (26), reformatory (25), children (22), education (22), with (21), school (21), edit (18), english (16), women (15), had (15), social (14), june (14), february (14), isbn (14), red (14), lodge (14), this (13), british (13), national (13), prison (13), work (13), juvenile (13), that (13), library (12), india (12), also (12), wikipedia (11), 1877 (11), educational (11), public (11), 2016 (11), reform (11), which (11), page (10), association (10), england (10), offenders (10), life (10), articles (9), university (9), their (9), later (9), archives (8), catalogue (8), boston (8), female (8), classes (8), years (8), girls (8), meeting (8), century (7), 1807 (7), press (7), history (7), manton (7), 1976 (7), heinemann (7), 435 (7), 32569 (7), streets (7), 978 (7), 1872 (7), green (7), ragged (7), reformatories (7), cite (6), short (6), cemetery (6), international (6), historical (6), discovery (6), youth (6), 2023 (6), perishing (6), dangerous (6), slavery (6), society (6), unitarian (6), roy (6), william (6), tuckerman (6), many (6), who (6), industrial (6), visited (6), indian (6), were (6), published (6), about (5), july (5), arnos (5), vale (5), other (5), papers (5), oxford (5), article (5), our (5), november (5), prisons (5), march (5), 2008 (5), congress (5), correctional (5), penal (5), 1868 (5), poor (5), 1851 (5), journal (5), lant (5), young (5), europe (5), america (5), been (5), but (5), year (5), movement (5), read (5), improve (5), house (5), established (5), anti (5), contents (4), search (4), may (4), using (4), use (4), commons (4), pages (4), cs1 (4), wikisource (4), 2012 (4), reformers (4), exeter (4), org (4), states (4), works (4), links (4), dictionary (4), smith (4), 2021 (4), times (4), longmans (4), irish (4), child (4), delinquents (4), condition (4), treatment (4), john (4), against (4), frederick (4), see (4), active (4), influence (4), have (4), legacy (4), died (4), invited (4), now (4), attention (4), such (4), where (4), met (4), paper (4), addressed (4), visit (4), first (4), main (4), his (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), toggle (3), view (3), september (3), good (3), odnb (3), incorporating (3), archival (3), service (3), 1911 (3), britannica (3), all (3), 19th (3), people (3), united (3), books (3), alice (3), vol (3), saywell (3), 1964 (3), online (3), ref (3), biography (3), december (3), miss (3), 2007 (3), victorian (3), macmillan (3), discipline (3), american (3), sen (3), six (3), months (3), nineteenth (3), 2011 (3), 2001 (3), britain (3), gilpin (3), development (3), 1833 (3), county (3), douglass (3), calcutta (3), raja (3), help (3), 1857 (3), kingswood (3), personal (3), russell (3), memoir (3), science (3), 1860 (3), joseph (3), day (3), major (3), reforms (3), early (3), cathedral (3), did (3), 1858 (3), memorial (3), supported (3), most (3), not (3), suffrage (3), become (3), interest (3), between (3), known (3), one (3), when (3), general (3), set (3), teachers (3), government (3), brahmo (3), very (3), give (3), evidence (3), free (3), became (3), founded (3), act (3), into (3), 1852 (3), what (3), 1854 (3), followed (3), lewin (3), mead (3), anna (3), father (3), boarding (3), brother (3), tools (3), languages (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), terms (2), wikimedia (2), last (2), categories (2), citation (2), maint (2), deprecated (2), url (2), description (2), wikidata (2), collection (2), relating (2), external (2), zimmern (2), 11th (2), cambridge (2), 385 (2), encyclopædia (2), ruby (2), pamphlets (2), subscription (2), access (2), required (2), doi (2), 1887 (2), sources (2), manuscript (2), collections (2), huntington (2), tate (2), dorset (2), centre (2), link (2), leading (2), system (2), jails (2), must (2), mercury (2), newspapers (2), group (2), funeral (2), family (2), fawcett (2), millicent (2), garrett (2), 1886 (2), some (2), eminent (2), biographical (2), sketches (2), archive (2), 1985 (2), print (2), 1st (2), 1870 (2), factory (2), law (2), bombay (2), james (2), robert (2), dresser (2), madge (2), research (2), mid (2), peter (2), past (2), natural (2), sciences (2), george (2), walter (2), guide (2), 2002 (2), january (2), 1853 (2), cash (2), ladies (2), mark (2), infed (2), sir (2), 1843 (2), stange (2), unitarians (2), 2003 (2), talbot (2), manchester (2), class (2), middle (2), october (2), new (2), victoria (2), statistical (2), references (2), has (2), portal (2), correspondence (2), are (2), held (2), 12693 (2), can (2), 1875 (2), crofton (2), developed (2), 1866 (2), days (2), longman (2), 1864 (2), promotion (2), 1848 (2), campaigns (2), more (2), writings (2), helped (2), criticised (2), monument (2), north (2), transept (2), buried (2), higher (2), cause (2), publicly (2), death (2), castle (2), began (2), further (2), condemned (2), organise (2), better (2), domestic (2), wrote (2), lloyd (2), garrison (2), conferences (2), gave (2), prominent (2), speakers (2), meetings (2), certified (2), proposals (2), conditions (2), gaols (2), returned (2), made (2), secretary (2), ram (2), mohan (2), educated (2), mainly (2), due (2), lack (2), during (2), samaj (2), form (2), establishing (2), fund (2), these (2), said (2), say (2), priests (2), coming (2), used (2), strong (2), street (2), catholic (2), same (2), large (2), boys (2), park (2), row (2), passing (2), worked (2), cobbe (2), lady (2), byron (2), including (2), diaries (2), museum (2), ideas (2), originally (2), soon (2), book (2), before (2), contributed (2), bill (2), seen (2), start (2), time (2), abolitionist (2), twenty (2), fugitive (2), slave (2), caused (2), philip (2), 1835 (2), working (2), visiting (2), inspired (2), after (2), mother (2), path (2), massachusetts (2), born (2), minister (2), penn (2), reformer (2), name (2), 5675 (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, text, available, under, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, parameter, dnb, template, encyclopaedia, reference, unfit, errors, missing, periodical, infobox, person, conflicting, parameters, hcards, gadget, wikiminiatlas, written, dmy, dates, 2024, different, burials, philanthropists, schoolteachers, somerset, deaths, births, founders, colleges, theorists, https, index, php, title, mary_carpenter, oldid, 1372769591, yale, lux, snac, open, idref, deutsche, biographie, trove, israel, poland, sweden, norway, netherlands, worldcat, fast, gnd, viaf, isni, authority, control, databases, swarthmore, college, peace, elihu, burritt, google, material, louisa, theodora, chisholm, hugh, membership, prochaska, frank, 1093, 4733, gordon, alexander, elder, stephen, leslie, news, staff, 2006, independent, ills, laid, bare, bright, martin, 2000, 2014, guardian, inspector, says, barbaric, shut, 251, 250, 2025, trust, 1600, 1900, gale, nelson, claudia, praeger, publishers, 160, 275, 98697, ties, chaudhuri, indiana, 1992, western, imperialism, complicity, resistance, digital, 1785, 216, 215, schroeder, janice, self, teaching, speech, delinquency, 161, 162471676, s2cid, 1060, 1503, issn, 1017, s1060150308080091, 149, literature, culture, wines, enoch, cobb, washington, govt, off, 163, commissioner, proceedings, annual, correction, preventative, chunder, keshub, 141, 165, aditya, sarkar, 2017, trouble, mill, emergence, labour, question, late, martel, carol, 1996, olson, stuart, sadle, eds, greenwood, 784, 313, 29367, 783, empire, institute, beyond, pale, focus, fleming, chichester, phillimore, ltd, 119, 86077, 477, ethnic, minorities, city, 1000, everyone, ayres, 2020, palgrave, 030, 46600, edwardian, stone, 1909, reid, 263, record, fifty, progress, reprint, jeffries, sons, 1878, canynge, concise, suburbs, care, network, 2013, autograph, letter, literary, holdings, latimer, morgan, 278, 276, annals, informal, bloy, marjorie, web, graham, scheme, charles, douglas, fairleigh, dickinson, 128, 8386, 3168, 1865, gehring, thom, bowers, fredalene, via, highbeam, hero, contractor, carla, morris, 1990, 270, 7190, 2225, 268, sect, party, making, leeds, 1820, buehrens, reverend, uua, universalist, involvement, amit, telegraph, tomb, 2010, rammohan, cathy, hartley, routledge, 85743, 228, rootsweb, pigots, directory, gloucestershire, 1830, requires, royal, records, found, jones, 1876, address, whitfield, rev, hon, convict, trubner, rajah, rammohun, roberts, convicts, robinson, hurst, blackett, 1862, transactions, 338, 346, convicted, christian, tract, 1849, crosby, nichols, morning, evening, meditations, every, month, until, 1984, closed, 1918, enlightened, regime, dealing, political, activism, addresses, bring, 20th, however, causes, crime, apparently, remain, unaddressed, 21st, failures, contemporary, official, bodies, havard, thomas, never, married, adopt, five, old, girl, rosanna, sleep, cortège, half, mile, long, raised, 700, spent, always, feminist, would, believing, unpopularity, might, damage, though, appear, platform, supporting, interview, windsor, florence, nightingale, queen, west, blue, plaque, attract, afield, favourable, princess, interested, along, workers, resolved, towards, preparation, pay, greater, mental, practical, problems, conclusion, proposed, establishment, union, went, switzerland, study, louis, guillaume, 1873, abolitionists, 1874, york, express, concern, dreadful, state, neuchâtel, darmstadt, catherine, winkworth, hesse, pope, pius, forty, 1746, lectures, era, few, ever, principles, results, participated, inauguration, bengal, governor, improving, achieved, funding, educate, final, able, schemes, operation, presented, normal, ambition, hers, since, finding, part, age, twelve, leader, asked, organisation, communication, hospitals, encouraged, both, colonial, administrators, particularly, concerned, led, shortage, nurses, attendants, hall, erected, keshab, chandra, madras, only, told, case, flogged, prevent, them, myself, absolutely, insulted, feel, erroneously, they, showing, zeal, own, religion, insulting, protestants, select, committee, destitute, amongst, warned, immigrants, attending, low, anglo, combining, vices, commercial, town, character, undesirable, way, religious, beliefs, drove, love, ruling, sentiment, attempt, principle, agitated, arguing, entitled, financial, aid, addressing, subject, owing, instigation, conference, relation, grants, birmingham, 1861, called, institution, its, kind, following, 1895, famous, vivisectionist, lived, 1859, turbulent, relationship, two, meant, left, frances, power, given, outright, purchase, cottage, training, detailed, present, earliest, transforming, deserted, functional, human, foot, outhouse, reveal, cells, located, cellar, disciplining, violent, refractory, noisy, punishments, included, caning, having, hair, cut, 1889, put, practice, premises, decided, separate, sexes, initially, funded, wesley, publication, sketched, out, three, urgently, needed, population, feeding, need, drew, communicate, reformist, thinkers, consulted, those, drafting, bills, committees, introduced, make, provision, manufacturing, districts, failed, pass, opposition, pre, eminence, position, result, failure, sprang, towns, providing, food, clothing, prompting, herself, night, adults, closure, carpenters, private, charity, series, newspaper, inquirer, church, nonconformist, parliament, aroused, philanthropist, 1846, attended, escaped, 1838, raising, efforts, maintained, next, brothers, sister, campaign, return, back, southern, committed, atrocious, humanity, itself, god, event, concentrate, 1850, samuel, slums, around, remained, nearly, purposes, societies, raise, funds, emerging, alleviate, poverty, 1840, sisters, clifton, whiteladies, road, founder, reformed, influenced, philosophy, stay, kiddel, beech, ministry, directly, partly, chance, remark, walking, through, slum, district, small, boy, rags, ran, across, remarked, should, home, model, based, upon, farm, meningitis, stapleton, hinduism, hannah, 1817, moved, took, charge, great, run, wife, daughters, studied, mathematics, greek, latin, taught, spells, governess, 1827, head, teacher, mrs, hertfordshire, isle, wight, brandon, hill, campaigned, lobbying, played, role, passage, several, acts, woman, foremost, establish, carrying, daughter, bringing, previously, unavailable, opportunities, kensal, pearsall, benjamin, relatives, parents, resting, place, aged, devon, portrait, photograph, disambiguation, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, pdf, export, switch, parser, get, shortened, information, permanent, related, here, actions, talk, தமிழ், svenska, русский, മലയാളം, 한국어, қазақша, italiano, עברית, français, español, esperanto, deutsch, বাংলা, bikol, central, مصرى, العربية, subsection, top, special, recent, community, learn, contribute, random, current, events, navigation, jump, content,

Text of the page (random words):
formers carpenter was consulted by those drafting educational bills and she was invited to give evidence before house of commons committees 26 and in 1852 she published juvenile delinquents their condition and treatment 27 which contributed to the passing of the juvenile offenders act in 1854 28 in 1852 she put her ideas into practice establishing a reformatory school at bristol in 1852 in kingswood in the premises of a school which had originally been set by john wesley 12 originally this was for boys and girls but she soon decided to separate the sexes and set up a girls reformatory in what is now the red lodge museum in 1854 initially funded by lady byron 29 red lodge reformatory edit main article red lodge museum bristol red lodge reformatory 1889 when lady byron died in 1860 mary carpenter was given a legacy to outright purchase the red lodge including a cottage to be used for training the girls in domestic service 30 mary carpenter s detailed diaries ref 12693 1 2 online catalogue present the earliest days at the red lodge transforming it from deserted house into functional school including the discovery of a human foot in an outhouse 30 carpenter s diaries also reveal the use of the cells located in the cellar of the red lodge for disciplining violent refractory and noisy girls other punishments included caning and having their hair cut very short 30 the famous anti vivisectionist frances power cobbe worked at the red lodge and lived with mary carpenter from 1858 to 1859 but a turbulent relationship between the two meant that cobbe left the school 30 park row industrial school 1895 in 1858 carpenter also established a reformatory for boys called the park row industrial school in bristol which was the first certified institution of its kind to be founded in england following the passing of the industrial schools act 1857 31 her strong religious beliefs drove her reforms love must be the ruling sentiment of all who attempt to influence and guide these children she wrote in reformatory schools for the children of the perishing and dangerous classes and for juvenile offenders 32 now that the principle of reformatory schools was established carpenter agitated for free day schools arguing the ragged schools were entitled to financial aid from the government at the 1860 oxford meeting she became the first women to read a paper at a british association meeting addressing this subject and mainly owing to her instigation a conference on ragged schools in relation to government grants for education was held at birmingham in 1861 33 28 in the same year carpenter was invited to give evidence to the house of commons select committee on the education of destitute children amongst other evidence she criticised catholic priests who warned young children of irish immigrants from attending her ragged school she condemned the low anglo irish as combining the vices of the english in a large commercial town with their natural character in a very undesirable way 34 she further said i can only say that the children told us that the priests had in one case flogged a child for coming to our school and had used very strong influence to prevent them from coming and that i have myself been absolutely insulted in the street by catholic children who feel erroneously that they were showing their zeal for their own religion by insulting protestants 35 india edit in 1866 carpenter visited india which had been an ambition of hers since her meeting with raja ram mohan roy in 1833 she visited calcutta madras and bombay finding that for the most part girls were not educated past the age of twelve years mainly due to a lack of educated female teachers during her visit carpenter met keshab chandra sen the leader of brahmo samaj sen asked her to form an organisation in britain to improve communication between british and indian reformers which she did in 1870 establishing the national indian association 36 37 she visited many schools hospitals and gaols and encouraged both indian and british colonial administrators to improve and fund these she was particularly concerned that the lack of good female education led to a shortage of women teachers nurses and prison attendants 38 the mary carpenter hall at the brahmo girls school in calcutta was erected as a memorial to this work 30 she also participated in the inauguration of the bengal social science association 39 and addressed a paper to the governor general on proposals for female education reformatory schools and improving the conditions of gaols 38 she returned to india in 1868 and achieved funding to set up a normal school to educate female indian teachers 18 in 1875 she made a final visit and was able to see many of her schemes in operation 40 she also presented proposals to for indian prison reform to the secretary of the indian government 18 europe and america edit at the international penal and prison congress in 1872 carpenter read a paper on the principles and results of the english reformatory and certified industrial schools 41 she read forty papers at conferences of the national association for the promotion of social science between the years of 1857 and 1746 gave many public lectures and was known as one of the most prominent speakers on social reform in an era when few women ever addressed public meetings 42 carpenter s work now began to attract attention in europe and further afield not all of such attention was favourable pope pius ix condemned her books and her work in 1864 18 princess alice of hesse who had become interested in social reform invited her along with catherine winkworth to darmstadt to help organise a congress of women workers in 1872 43 this meeting resolved to work towards a better preparation for domestic life and to pay greater attention to the mental development of an interest in the practical problems of life at the conclusion of the meeting carpenter proposed the establishment of an international union for the industrial education of women 44 she went on to neuchâtel switzerland to study louis guillaume s prison system 23 and in 1873 to america where she met abolitionists such as william lloyd garrison and frederick douglass she visited prisons and in 1874 wrote to the new york prison association to express her concern about the dreadful state of the prisons 18 later life edit blue plaque on the red lodge bristol carpenter supported the movement for the higher education of women 12 45 and had always supported the feminist cause but for most of her life would not do so publicly believing that the unpopularity of the movement for women s suffrage might damage her educational and penal reforms she did though in 1877 the year of her death appear on a public platform in bristol supporting the bristol and west of england society for women s suffrage 42 she was invited for an interview with queen victoria and florence nightingale at windsor castle in 1868 46 carpenter never married but she did adopt a five year old girl rosanna in 1858 47 she died in her sleep at the red lodge in june 1877 and was buried at arnos vale cemetery her funeral cortège was half a mile long 48 a public meeting in october 1877 raised 2 700 to be spent on her reform schools and a memorial in bristol cathedral 22 legacy edit monument to mary carpenter by j havard thomas north transept bristol cathedral 49 the reformatory school in kingswood was active until 1984 and the red lodge girls reformatory closed in 1918 12 carpenter s campaigns for juvenile penal reform had a major influence on the development of a more enlightened regime for dealing with young offenders her writings political activism and public addresses had a major influence on correctional education in britain europe india and america and helped bring about major reforms in the 19th and 20th century 18 however many of the causes of youth crime apparently remain unaddressed in the early 21st century 50 and failures in contemporary youth jails have been criticised by official bodies 51 52 works edit morning and evening meditations for every day in a month boston wm crosby h p nichols 1848 memoir of joseph tuckerman d d of boston u s london christian tract society 1849 reformatory schools for the children of the perishing and dangerous classes and for juvenile offenders london c gilpin 1851 juvenile delinquents their condition and treatment london w f g cash 1853 reformatories for convicted girls transactions of the national association for the promotion of social science pp 338 346 1860 six months in india london longmans green and co 1868 female life in prison with robinson frederick william london hurst and blackett 1862 our convicts london longman green longman roberts green 1864 the last days in england of the rajah rammohun roy london trubner and co 1866 reformatory prison discipline as developed by the rt hon sir walter crofton in the irish convict prisons with crofton william london longmans green and co 1872 memoir of the rev lant carpenter ll d with russell lant carpenter london e t whitfield 1875 an address on prison discipline and juvenile reformatories w jones 1876 personal papers edit papers and correspondence of mary carpenter the red lodge reformatory and the kingswood reformatory are held by bristol archives ref 12693 online catalogue records relating to mary carpenter can also be found at boston public library 53 dorset history centre 54 oxford university tate library 55 huntington library 56 and the british library manuscript collections 57 see also edit biography portal english wikisource has original works by or about mary carpenter education reform prison reform social reform references edit journal of the royal statistical society 20 1857 cite journal cite journal requires journal help ruby j saywell mary carpenter of bristol bristol historical association pamphlets no 9 1964 p 1 manton jo 1976 mary carpenter and the children of the streets london heinemann pp 25 27 isbn 0 435 32569 8 pigots directory of gloucestershire for 1830 rootsweb archived from the original on 16 march 2012 retrieved 18 april 2009 fawcett millicent garrett 1886 some eminent women of our times short biographical sketches london macmillan pp 12 cathy hartley ed 2003 a historical dictionary of british women routledge p 84 isbn 978 1 85743 228 2 archived from the original on 5 february 2023 retrieved 15 february 2021 manton jo 1976 mary carpenter and the children of the streets london heinemann pp 30 38 isbn 0 435 32569 8 raja rammohan roy victoria county history archived from the original on 27 july 2011 retrieved 7 november 2010 roy amit 14 june 2007 new life for raja s tomb the telegraph calcutta india archived from the original on 22 november 2008 retrieved 3 april 2009 buehrens reverend john unitarian universalist involvement in india archive uua org archived from the original on 20 july 2008 retrieved 4 april 2009 1 2 manton jo 1976 mary carpenter and the children of the streets london heinemann pp 49 52 isbn 0 435 32569 8 1 2 3 4 smith mark k 2002 mary carpenter reformatory schools and education infed org archived from the original on 28 october 2012 retrieved 17 april 2009 manton jo 1976 mary carpenter and the children of the streets london heinemann p 51 isbn 0 435 32569 8 morris robert john june 1990 class sect and party making of the british middle class leeds 1820 50 manchester manchester university press pp 268 270 isbn 978 0 7190 2225 8 archived from the original on 5 february 2023 retrieved 5 march 2021 contractor carla mary carpenter bristol unitarians archived from the original on 8 july 2011 retrieved 17 april 2009 manton jo 1976 mary carpenter and the children of the streets london heinemann p 76 isbn 0 435 32569 8 frederick douglass talbot county the historical society of talbot county archived from the original on 16 april 2009 retrieved 22 april 2009 1 2 3 4 5 6 gehring thom bowers fredalene b september 2003 mary carpenter 19th century english correctional education hero journal of correctional education correctional education association 1 archived from the original on 10 march 2016 retrieved 17 april 2009 via highbeam research stange charles c stange douglas d 1985 british unitarians against american slavery 1833 1865 fairleigh dickinson university press p 128 isbn 978 0 8386 3168 3 bloy marjorie 19 january 2009 sir james graham s factory education scheme 1843 a web of english history archived from the original on 19 july 2008 retrieved 4 april 2009 smith mark k december 2001 ragged schools and the development of youth work and informal education infed org archived from the original on 12 march 2009 retrieved 4 april 2009 1 2 latimer john 1887 the annals of bristol in the nineteenth century bristol w f morgan pp 276 278 retrieved 17 april 2009 1 2 3 zimmern alice 1911 carpenter mary encyclopædia britannica vol 5 11th ed p 385 newspapers holdings british library catalogue archived from the original on 5 february 2023 retrieved 4 april 2009 carpenter mary 1851 reformatory schools for the children of the perishing and dangerous classes and for juvenile offenders london c gilpin pp 38 39 retrieved 5 april 2009 reformatory schools for the children of the perishing and dangerous classes and for juvenile offenders autograph letter collection literary ladies the national archives archived from the original on 6 december 2013 retrieved 5 april 2009 carpenter mary 1853 juvenile delinquents their condition and treatment london w f g cash retrieved 5 april 2009 juvenile delinquents their condition and treatment 1 2 smith m k 2002 mary carpenter the international child and youth care network archived from the original on 6 january 2009 retrieved 5 april 2009 the canynge concise guide to bristol and suburbs bristol jeffries sons 1878 1 2 3 4 5 saywell r j mary carpenter of bristol the university of bristol 1964 2001 reprint stone george f 1909 bristol as it was and as it is a record of fifty years progress bristol walter reid p 263 carpenter mary 1851 reformatory schools for the children of the perishing and dangerous classes and for juvenile offenders c gilpin pp 74 mary carpenter ayres peter 2020 women and the natural sciences in edwardian britain palgrave macmillan p 27 isbn 978 3 030 46600 8 fleming peter dresser madge 2007 bristol ethnic minorities and the city 1000 2001 england s past for everyone chichester phillimore co ltd p 119 isbn 978 1 86077 477 5 dresser madge beyond the pale mary carpenter and the irish poor in mid victorian bristol an article from history in focus institute of historical research archived from the original on 16 june 2011 retrieved 5 april 2009 martel carol m 1996 olson james stuart sadle robert eds historical dictionary of the british empire greenwood press pp 783 784 isbn 978 0 313 29367 2 archived from the original on 5 february 2023 retrieved 15 february 2021 aditya sarkar trouble at the mill factory law and the emergence of labour question in late nineteenth century bombay 2017 1 2 carpen...