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hics subsection 6 1 largest cities 6 2 religion 6 3 languages 6 4 health 6 5 education 6 6 human rights 6 7 modern slavery 7 culture toggle culture subsection 7 1 traditional arts and handicrafts 7 2 music 7 3 cinema and media 7 4 literature 7 5 sports 7 6 cuisine 8 see also 9 references toggle references subsection 9 1 citations 9 2 general and cited references 9 3 explanatory notes 10 further reading 11 external links toggle external links subsection 11 1 government 11 2 history 11 3 tourism 11 4 maps toggle the table of contents mauritania 254 languages аԥсшәа acèh адыгабзэ afrikaans alemannisch አማርኛ pangcah aragonés ænglisc obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى asturianu kotava azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali boarisch žemaitėška bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская betawi български भोजपुरी bislama banjar bamanankan বাংলা བོད ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী brezhoneg bosanski буряад català chavacano de zamboanga 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano کوردی corsu qırımtatarca čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch zazaki dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང ཁ eʋegbe ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی fulfulde suomi võro føroyskt fɔ̀ngbè français arpetan nordfriisk frysk gaeilge gagauz kriyòl gwiyannen gàidhlig galego گیلکی avañe ẽ bahasa hulontalo ghanaian pidgin farefare gaelg hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski hornjoserbsce kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն interlingua bahasa indonesia interlingue igbo ilokano ido íslenska italiano 日本語 patois jawa ქართული qaraqalpaqsha taqbaylit karai karai kabɩyɛ kongo kumoring gĩkũyũ қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ yerwa kanuri 한국어 къарачай малкъар کٲشُر kurdî kernowek кыргызча latina ladino lëtzebuergesch лезги lingua franca nova luganda limburgs ligure ladin lombard lingála lietuvių latviešu madhurâ мокшень malagasy māori minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ मराठी кырык мары bahasa melayu malti mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی nedersaksies plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål novial ߒߞߏ sesotho sa leboa nupe diné bizaad occitan livvinkarjala oromoo ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ kapampangan papiamentu polski piemontèis پنجابی پښتو português runa simi română русский ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sardu sicilianu scots سنڌي davvisámegiella sängö srpskohrvatski српскохрватски taclḥit တႆး සිංහල simple english slovenčina slovenščina gagana samoa anarâškielâ chishona soomaaliga shqip српски srpski siswati sesotho seeltersk sunda svenska kiswahili ślůnski sakizaya தமிழ் tayal తెలుగు тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ türkmençe tagalog tolışi setswana toki pona türkçe seediq xitsonga татарча tatarça chitumbuka twi удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt volapük walon winaray wolof 吴语 isixhosa მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá vahcuengh zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikinews wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 20 n 12 w 20 n 12 w 20 12 checked from wikipedia the free encyclopedia page version status this is an accepted version of this page this is the latest accepted revision reviewed on 22 september 2026 country in west africa this article is about the modern country for the ancient kingdom see mauretania for other uses see mauretania disambiguation not to be confused with mauritius islamic republic of mauritania الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية arabic al jumhūriyyah al islāmiyyah al mūrītāniyyah flag seal motto شرف إخاء عدل honor fraternity justice anthem النشيد الوطني الموريتاني national anthem of mauritania show globe show map of africa capital and largest city nouakchott 18 09 n 15 58 w 18 150 n 15 967 w 18 150 15 967 official languages arabic recognized national languages arabic pulaar soninke wolof ethnic groups 40 haratin 30 beidane 30 halpulaar fulani soninké and wolof 1 religion 2 sunni islam official demonym mauritanian government unitary semi presidential islamic republic president mohamed ould ghazouani prime minister mokhtar ould djay president of the national assembly mohamed ould meguett legislature national assembly independence from france republic established 28 november 1958 independence from france 28 november 1960 current constitution 12 july 1991 area total 1 030 000 km 2 400 000 sq mi 3 28th population 2026 estimate 5 461 319 4 123rd density 3 4 km 2 8 8 sq mi 231st gdp ppp 2025 estimate total 40 060 billion 5 143rd per capita 8 650 6 130th gdp nominal 2025 estimate total 11 470 billion 7 149th per capita 2 480 8 144th gini 2014 32 6 9 medium inequality hdi 2023 0 563 10 medium 163rd currency ouguiya mru time zone utc 00 00 gmt calling code 222 iso 3166 code mr internet tld mr according to article 6 of the constitution the national languages are arabic pulaar soninke and wolof the official language is arabic mauritania a officially the islamic republic of mauritania b is a country in the maghreb region of west africa it is bordered by the atlantic ocean to the west western sahara to the north and northwest algeria to the northeast mali to the east and southeast and senegal to the southwest by land area mauritania is the 11th largest country in africa and the 28th largest in the world 90 of its territory is in the sahara desert most of its population of 5 4 million live in the temperate south of the country roughly a third of the population is concentrated in the capital and largest city nouakchott on the atlantic coast the country s name derives from mauretania the latin name for a region to the north in the ancient mediterranean maghreb mauretania extended from central present day northern algeria to the atlantic in morocco berbers occupied what is now mauritania by the beginning of the 3rd century ce groups of arab tribes migrated to this area in the late 7th century bringing with them islam arab culture and the arabic language in the early 20th century mauritania was colonized by france as part of french west africa it achieved independence in 1960 the country has since experienced recurrent coups and periods of military dictatorship the 2008 mauritanian coup d état was led by general mohamed ould abdel aziz who won subsequent presidential elections in 2009 and 2014 12 he was succeeded by general mohamed ould ghazouani following the 2019 elections in what was considered the country s first peaceful transition of power since independence 13 mauritania has a poor human rights record particularly because of its perpetuation of slavery the 2023 global slavery index estimates there are about 149 000 slaves in the country or 32 per 1 000 people 14 15 16 despite an abundance of natural resources mauritania remains poor its economy is based primarily on agriculture and fishing mauritania is culturally and politically part of the arab world as a member of the arab league arabic is the official language while pulaar soninke and wolof are recognized as national languages the state religion is islam and almost all inhabitants are sunni muslims despite its prevailing arab identity mauritanian society is multiethnic the haratin comprise 40 of the population while the bidhan make up 30 of the population the remaining 30 of mauritania s population comprises various sub saharan ethnic groups etymology edit mauritania takes its name from the ancient berber kingdom that flourished beginning in the third century bc and later became the roman province of mauretania which flourished into the seventh century ad 17 the two territories do not overlap though historical mauretania was considerably farther north than modern mauritania as it was spread out along the entire western half of the mediterranean coast of africa the term mauretania in turn derives from the greek and roman exonym for the berber peoples of the kingdom the mauri people the word mauri is also the root of the name for the moors 18 it was more commonly known to arab geographers as bilad chinqit arabic بلاد شنقيط the land of chinguetti 19 the term mauritanie occidentale was officially used in a ministerial circular in 1899 it is based on a proposal by xavier coppolani a french military and colonial administrator who was instrumental in the colonial occupation and creation of modern day mauritania this term employed by the french gradually replaced other designations previously used for referring to the country 20 21 history edit main article history of mauritania early history edit rock art in the sahara desert the ancient tribes of mauritania were berber niger congo 22 and bafour peoples the bafour were among the first saharan peoples to abandon their previously nomadic lifestyle and adopt a primarily agricultural one in response to the gradual desertification of the sahara they eventually migrated southward 23 many of the berber tribes have claimed to have yemeni and sometimes other arab origins little evidence supports those claims but a 2000 dna study of the yemeni people suggested that some ancient connection might exist between the peoples 24 the umayyads were the first arab muslims to enter mauritania during the islamic conquests they made incursions into mauritania and were established in the region by the end of the seventh century 25 many berber tribes in mauritania fled the arrival of the arabs to the gao region in mali 25 other peoples also migrated south past the sahara and into west africa in the 11th century several nomadic berber confederations in the desert regions overlapping present day mauritania joined to form the almoravid movement they expanded north and south spawning an important empire that stretched from the sahara to the iberian peninsula in europe 26 27 according to a disputed arab tradition 28 29 the almoravids traveled south and conquered the ancient and extensive ghana empire around 1076 30 from 1644 to 1674 the indigenous peoples of the area that is modern mauritania made what became their final effort to repel the maqil arabs who were invading their territory this effort which was unsuccessful is known as the char bouba war the invaders were led by the beni hassan tribe the descendants of the beni hassan warriors became the upper stratum of moorish society hassaniya a bedouin arabic dialect named for the beni hassan became the dominant language among the largely nomadic population 31 colonial history edit main article colonial mauritania this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed july 2024 learn how and when to remove this message the portuguese empire ruled arguin portuguese arguim from 1445 after prince henry the navigator set up a feitoria until 1633 after the portuguese the dutch and then the french took control of arguin until abandoning it in 1685 starting in the late 19th century france laid claim to the territories of present day mauritania from the senegal river area northwards in 1901 xavier coppolani took charge of the imperial mission 32 through a combination of strategic alliances with zawaya tribes and military pressure on the hassane warrior nomads he managed to extend french rule over the mauritanian emirates beginning in 1903 and 1904 the french armies succeeded in occupying trarza brakna and tagant however the northern emirate of adrar held out longer the emirate was aided by the anticolonial rebellion or jihad of shaykh maa al aynayn and by insurgents from tagant and the other occupied regions in 1904 france organized the territory of mauritania and it became part of french west africa first as a protectorate and later as a colony in 1912 the french armies defeated adrar and incorporated it into the territory of mauritania 33 french rule brought legal prohibitions against slavery and an end to interclan warfare during the colonial period 90 of the population remained nomadic gradually many individuals belonging to sedentary peoples whose ancestors had been expelled centuries earlier began to migrate into mauritania until 1902 the capital of french west africa was in modern day senegal it was first established at saint louis and later from 1902 to 1960 in dakar when senegal gained its independence that year france chose nouakchott as the site of the new capital of mauritania at the time nouakchott was little more than a fortified village or ksar 34 after mauritanian independence larger numbers of indigenous sub saharan african peoples haalpulaar soninke and wolof immigrated with most of them settling in the area north of the senegal river many of these new arrivals had been educated in the french language and customs and became clerks soldiers and administrators in the new state at the same time the french were militarily suppressing the most intransigent hassane tribes in the north french pressure on those tribes altered the existing balance of power and new conflicts arose between the southern populations and the moors 35 clarification needed incomprehensible the great sahel droughts of the early 1970s caused massive devastation in mauritania exacerbating problems of poverty and conflict the arabized dominant elites reacted to changing circumstances and to arab nationalist calls from abroad by increasing pressure to arabize many aspects of mauritanian life such as law and the education system this was also a reaction to the consequences of the french domination under the colonial rule various models for maintaining the country s cultural diversity have been suggested but none have been successfully implemented citation needed this ethnic discord was evident during intercommunal violence that broke out in april 1989 the mauritania senegal border war the conflict has since subsided mauritania expelled some 70 000 sub saharan african mauritanians in the late 1980s 36 ethnic tensions and the sensitive issue of slavery past and in some areas present are still powerful themes in the country s political debate a significant number from all groups seek a more diverse pluralistic society citation needed conflict with western sahara edit main articles political status of western sahara and tiris al gharbiyya this section relies on a single source please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources mauritania news newspapers books scholar jstor december 2025 learn how and when to remove this message nouakchott is the capital and largest city of mauritania it is one of the largest cities in the sahara the international court of justice concluded that in spite of some evidence of both morocco s and mauritania s legal ties prior to spanish colonization neither set of ties was sufficie...