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Text of the page (random words):
its used to encode a character or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input output units a term other than character is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code and different codes may use different numbers of bits i e different byte sizes in input output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters the term is coined from bite but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to bit a word consists of the number of data bits transmitted in parallel from or to memory in one memory cycle word size is thus defined as a structural property of the memory the term catena was coined for this purpose by the designers of the bull gamma 60 fr computer block refers to the number of words transmitted to or from an input output unit in response to a single input output instruction block size is a structural property of an input output unit it may have been fixed by the design or left to be varied by the program bemer robert william 1959 a proposal for a generalized card code of 256 characters communications of the acm 2 9 19 23 doi 10 1145 368424 368435 s2cid 36115735 postel j september 1981 internet protocol darpa internet program protocol specification ietf p 43 doi 10 17487 rfc0791 rfc 791 retrieved 28 august 2020 octet an eight bit byte 1 2 buchholz werner 1956 06 11 7 the shift matrix pdf the link system ibm pp 5 6 stretch memo no 39g archived from the original pdf on 2017 04 04 retrieved 2016 04 04 most important from the point of view of editing will be the ability to handle any characters or digits from 1 to 6 bits long figure 2 shows the shift matrix to be used to convert a 60 bit word coming from memory in parallel into characters or bytes as we have called them to be sent to the adder serially the 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels thus if a 1 comes out of position 9 it appears in all six cores underneath pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the adder the adder may accept all or only some of the bits assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit decimal digits starting at the right the 0 diagonal is pulsed first sending out the six bits 0 to 5 of which the adder accepts only the first four 0 3 bits 4 and 5 are ignored next the 4 diagonal is pulsed this sends out bits 4 to 9 of which the last two are again ignored and so on it is just as easy to use all six bits in alphanumeric work or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis or to offset the bytes by any number of bits all this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals an analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder 3600 computer system reference manual pdf k st paul minnesota us control data corporation cdc 1966 10 11 1965 60021300 archived from the original pdf on 2017 04 05 retrieved 2017 04 05 byte a partition of a computer word nb discusses 12 bit 24 bit and 48 bit bytes rao thammavaram r n fujiwara eiji 1989 mccluskey edward j ed error control coding for computer systems prentice hall series in computer engineering 1 ed englewood cliffs nj us prentice hall isbn 0 13 283953 9 lccn 88 17892 nb example of the usage of a code for 4 bit bytes tafel hans jörg 1971 einführung in die digitale datenverarbeitung introduction to digital information processing in german munich carl hanser verlag p 300 isbn 3 446 10569 7 byte zusammengehörige folge von i a neun bits davon sind acht datenbits das neunte ein prüfbit nb defines a byte as a group of typically 9 bits 8 data bits plus 1 parity bit iso iec 2382 1 1993 information technology vocabulary part 1 fundamental terms 1993 byte a string that consists of a number of bits treated as a unit and usually representing a character or a part of a character notes 1 the number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given data processing system 2 the number of bits in a byte is usually 8 internet history of 1960s 1964 computer history museum 2017 2015 archived from the original on 2022 06 24 retrieved 2022 08 17 1 2 jaffer aubrey 2011 2008 metric interchange format archived from the original on 2017 04 03 retrieved 2017 04 03 kozierok charles m 2005 09 20 2001 the tcp ip guide binary information and representation bits bytes nibbles octets and characters byte versus octet 3 0 archived from the original on 2017 04 03 retrieved 2017 04 03 1 2 iso 2382 4 organization of data 2 ed byte octet 8 bit byte a string that consists of eight bits 1 2 3 4 5 buchholz werner february 1977 the word byte comes of age byte magazine 2 2 144 we received the following from w buchholz one of the individuals who was working on ibm s project stretch in the mid 1950s his letter tells the story not being a regular reader of your magazine i heard about the question in the november 1976 issue regarding the origin of the term byte from a colleague who knew that i had perpetrated this piece of jargon see page 77 of november 1976 byte olde englishe i searched my files and could not locate a birth certificate but i am sure that byte is coming of age in 1977 with its 21st birthday many have assumed that byte meaning 8 bits originated with the ibm system 360 which spread such bytes far and wide in the mid 1960s the editor is correct in pointing out that the term goes back to the earlier stretch computer but incorrect in that stretch was the first not the last of ibm s second generation transistorized computers to be developed the first reference found in the files was contained in an internal memo written in june 1956 during the early days of developing stretch a byte was described as consisting of any number of parallel bits from one to six thus a byte was assumed to have a length appropriate for the occasion its first use was in the context of the input output equipment of the 1950s which handled six bits at a time the possibility of going to 8 bit bytes was considered in august 1956 and incorporated in the design of stretch shortly thereafter the first published reference to the term occurred in 1959 in a paper processing data in bits and pieces by g a blaauw f p brooks jr and w buchholz in the ire transactions on electronic computers june 1959 page 121 the notions of that paper were elaborated in chapter 4 of planning a computer system project stretch edited by w buchholz mcgraw hill book company 1962 the rationale for coining the term was explained there on page 40 as follows byte denotes a group of bits used to encode a character or the number of bits transmitted in parallel to and from input output units a term other than character is used here because a given character may be represented in different applications by more than one code and different codes may use different numbers of bits ie different byte sizes in input output transmission the grouping of bits may be completely arbitrary and have no relation to actual characters the term is coined from bite but respelled to avoid accidental mutation to bit system 360 took over many of the stretch concepts including the basic byte and word sizes which are powers of 2 for economy however the byte size was fixed at the 8 bit maximum and addressing at the bit level was replaced by byte addressing since then the term byte has generally meant 8 bits and it has thus passed into the general vocabulary are there any other terms coined especially for the computer field which have found their way into general dictionaries of english language 1 2 timeline of the ibm stretch harvest era 1956 1961 computer history museum june 1956 archived from the original on 2016 04 29 retrieved 2017 04 03 1956 summer gerrit blaauw fred brooks werner buchholz john cocke and jim pomerene join the stretch team lloyd hunter provides transistor leadership 1956 july sic in a report werner buchholz lists the advantages of a 64 bit word length for stretch it also supports nsa s requirement for 8 bit bytes werner s term byte first popularized in this memo nb this timeline erroneously specifies the birth date of the term byte as july 1956 while buchholz actually used the term as early as june 1956 buchholz werner 1956 07 31 5 input output pdf memory word length ibm p 2 stretch memo no 40 archived from the original pdf on 2017 04 04 retrieved 2016 04 04 60 is a multiple of 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 hence bytes of length from 1 to 6 bits can be packed efficiently into a 60 bit word without having to split a byte between one word and the next if longer bytes were needed 60 bits would of course no longer be ideal with present applications 1 4 and 6 bits are the really important cases with 64 bit words it would often be necessary to make some compromises such as leaving 4 bits unused in a word when dealing with 6 bit bytes at the input and output however the link computer can be equipped to edit out these gaps and to permit handling of bytes which are split between words 1 2 buchholz werner 1956 09 19 2 input output byte size pdf memory word length and indexing ibm p 1 stretch memo no 45 archived from the original pdf on 2017 04 04 retrieved 2016 04 04 the maximum input output byte size for serial operation will now be 8 bits not counting any error detection and correction bits thus the exchange will operate on an 8 bit byte basis and any input output units with less than 8 bits per byte will leave the remaining bits blank the resultant gaps can be edited out later by programming raymond eric steven 2017 2003 byte definition archived from the original on 2017 04 03 retrieved 2017 04 03 1 2 3 4 bemer robert william 2000 08 08 why is a byte 8 bits or is it computer history vignettes archived from the original on 2017 04 03 retrieved 2017 04 03 i came to work for ibm and saw all the confusion caused by the 64 character limitation especially when we started to think about word processing which would require both upper and lower case add 26 lower case letters to 47 existing and one got 73 9 more than 6 bits could represent i even made a proposal in view of stretch the very first computer i know of with an 8 bit byte that would extend the number of punch card character codes to 256 1 some folks took it seriously i thought of it as a spoof so some folks started thinking about 7 bit characters but this was ridiculous with ibm s stretch computer as background handling 64 character words divisible into groups of 8 i designed the character set for it under the guidance of dr werner buchholz the man who did coin the term byte for an 8 bit grouping 2 it seemed reasonable to make a universal 8 bit character set handling up to 256 in those days my mantra was powers of 2 are magic and so the group i headed developed and justified such a proposal 3 that was a little too much progress when presented to the standards group that was to formalize ascii so they stopped short for the moment with a 7 bit set or else an 8 bit set with the upper half left for future work the ibm 360 used 8 bit characters although not ascii directly thus buchholz s byte caught on everywhere i myself did not like the name for many reasons the design had 8 bits moving around in parallel but then came a new ibm part with 9 bits for self checking both inside the cpu and in the tape drives i exposed this 9 bit byte to the press in 1973 but long before that when i headed software operations for cie bull in france in 1965 66 i insisted that byte be deprecated in favor of octet you can notice that my preference then is now the preferred term it is justified by new communications methods that can carry 16 32 64 and even 128 bits in parallel but some foolish people now refer to a 16 bit byte because of this parallel transfer which is visible in the unicode set i m not sure but maybe this should be called a hextet but you will notice that i am still correct powers of 2 are still magic blaauw gerrit anne brooks jr frederick phillips buchholz werner june 1959 processing data in bits and pieces ire transactions on electronic computers 121 dooley louis g february 1995 byte the word byte ocala fl us archived from the original on 1996 12 20 the word byte was coined around 1956 to 1957 at mit lincoln laboratories within a project called sage the north american air defense system which was jointly developed by rand lincoln labs and ibm in that era computer memory structure was already defined in terms of word size a word consisted of x number of bits a bit represented a binary notational position in a word operations typically operated on all the bits in the full word we coined the word byte to refer to a logical set of bits less than a full word size at that time it was not defined specifically as x bits but typically referred to as a set of 4 bits as that was the size of most of our coded data items shortly afterward i went on to other responsibilities that removed me from sage after having spent many years in asia i returned to the u s and was bemused to find out that the word byte was being used in the new microcomputer technology to refer to the basic addressable memory unit 1 2 ram stefan 17 january 2003 erklärung des wortes byte im rahmen der lehre binärer codes in german berlin germany freie universität berlin archived from the original on 2021 06 10 retrieved 2017 04 10 origin of the term byte 1956 archived from the original on 2017 04 10 retrieved 2022 08 17 a question and answer session at an acm conference on the history of programming languages included this exchange john goodenough you mentioned that the term byte is used in jovial where did the term come from jules schwartz inventor of jovial as i recall the an fsq 31 a totally different computer than the 709 was byte oriented i don t recall for sure but i m reasonably certain the description of that computer included the word byte and we used it fred brooks may i speak to that werner buchholz coined the word as part of the definition of stretch and the an fsq 31 picked it up from stretch but werner is very definitely the author of that word schwartz that s right thank you list of ebcdic codes by ibm ibm com 2020 01 02 archived from the original on 2020 07 03 retrieved 2020 07 03 1 2 knuth donald 1997 1968 the art of computer programming volume 1 fundamental algorithms 3rd ed boston addison wesley p 125 isbn 9780201896831 williams r h 1969 british commercial computer digest pergamon computer data series pergamon press isbn 1483122107 isbn 978 1483122106 page needed clarification needed philips data systems product range pdf philips april 1971 archived from the original on 2016 03 04 retrieved 2015 08 03 1 2 about bits and bytes prefixes for binary multiples iec v0 https web archive org web 20090818042050 http www iec ch online_news etech arch_2003 etech_0503 focus htm v1 https www iec ch prefixes binary multiples archived 2021 08 16 at the wayback machine prefixes for binary multiples archived 2007 08 08 at the wayback machine the nist reference on constants units and uncertain...