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antibiotic is most effective at treating the illness a systematic review compared two antibiotics there was one trial an open label not blinded non inferiority trial of 510 people comparing two antibiotics ceftriaxone in which there were 14 deaths out of 247 and chloramphenicol 12 deaths out of 256 there were no reported side effects both antibiotics were considered equally effective antibiotic choice should be based on local antibiotic resistance information 59 prognosis edit without treatment meningococcal disease is often fatal with a case fatality rate of up to 80 proper treatment reduces the case fatality rate to 4 20 60 averaging out at about 10 around one fifth of survivors experience permanent disability including blindness hearing loss neurological damage or gangrene in the limbs requiring amputation 1 complications edit complications following meningococcal disease can be divided into early and late groups early complications include raised intracranial pressure disseminated intravascular coagulation seizures circulatory collapse and organ failure later complications of meningococcal disease can be physical neurological or psychological physical effects most commonly following meningococcal sepsis may include limb malformation or amputation these outcomes are more frequently observed in children who have experienced invasive meningococcal disease neurological complications typically associated with meningococcal meningitis can include hearing loss cognitive impairments and seizures psychological effects observed in children include post traumatic stress disorder ptsd and increased levels of anxiety 61 epidemiology edit the epidemiology of meningococcal disease varies between different populations and regions worldwide in 2012 methods in molecular biology estimated that around 1 2 million cases of meningococcal disease occur worldwide each year causing an estimated 135 000 deaths 62 in 2015 the lancet estimated around 73 000 deaths occurred worldwide due to meningococcal meningitis alone not including meningococcemia and other presentations 63 disease causing serotypes vary by country and age group with serotype b accounting for most new cases worldwide 64 in the united states and other parts of the developed world citation needed incidence is highest among children under 5 young adults and older adults 1 due to the availability of meningococcal vaccination and antibiotics outbreaks in the developed world are rare and 98 of cases are sporadic 65 outbreaks that do occur tend to take place in dense settings such as schools college campuses nursing homes and prisons 65 in some parts of the world such as the african meningitis belt outbreaks of meningococcal disease are much more frequent 66 percentage serogroup distribution of imd cases worldwide from 2017 to 2019 geographical regions with available data data from china colombia the dominican republic japan kuwait mozambique paraguay south korea uruguay and venezuela are not shown percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding serogroup a is included in the other category serogroups other than b c w and y are included in the ng category among the african meningitis belt countries benin burkina faso cameroon central african republic ghana mali niger nigeria senegal south sudan chad and togo contributed serogroup data africa edit see also african meningitis belt 2009 10 west african meningitis outbreak and meningitis vaccine project the distribution of meningococcal meningitis in the african meningitis belt the importance of meningitis disease is as significant in africa as hiv tb and malaria cases of meningococcemia leading to severe meningoencephalitis are common among young children and the elderly deaths occurring in less than 24 hours are more likely during the disease epidemic seasons in africa and sub saharan africa is hit by meningitis outbreaks throughout the epidemic season it may be that climate change 67 contributes significantly the spread of the disease in benin burkina faso cameroon the central african republic chad côte d ivoire the democratic republic of the congo ethiopia ghana mali niger nigeria and togo this is an area of africa where the disease is endemic meningitis is silently present and there are always a few cases when the number of cases passes five per population of 100 000 in one week teams are on alert epidemic levels are reached when there have been 100 cases per 100 000 population over several weeks 68 further complicating efforts to halt the spread of meningitis in africa is the fact that extremely dry dusty weather conditions which characterize niger and burkina faso from december to june favor the development of epidemics overcrowded villages are breeding grounds for bacterial transmission and lead to a high prevalence of respiratory tract infections leaving the body more susceptible to infection encouraging the spread of meningitis irin africa news has been providing the number of deaths for each country since 1995 69 70 71 72 and a mass vaccination campaign following a community outbreak of meningococcal disease in florida was done by the cdc 73 europe edit this section is empty you can help by adding to it march 2026 asia edit this section is empty you can help by adding to it march 2026 americas edit from 2021 to 2023 there was an outbreak of the disease in florida primarily in msm caused by serogroup c 74 75 history and etymology edit from the greek meninx membrane kokkos berry meningococcal disease was first described by gaspard vieusseux during an outbreak in geneva in 1805 in 1884 italian pathologists ettore marchiafava and angelo celli described intracellular micrococci in cerebrospinal fluid and in 1887 anton weichselbaum identified the meningococcus designated as diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis in cerebrospinal fluid and established the connection between the organism and epidemic meningitis 76 meningococcal disease is often colloquially referred to as meningitis 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