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chip they did not want and could not use ctc released intel from their contract and allowed them free use of the design 51 intel marketed it as the 8008 in april 1972 as the world s first 8 bit microprocessor it was the basis for the famous mark 8 computer kit advertised in the magazine radio electronics in 1974 this processor had an 8 bit data bus and a 14 bit address bus 52 the 8008 was the precursor to the successful intel 8080 1974 which offered improved performance over the 8008 and required fewer support chips federico faggin conceived and designed it using high voltage n channel mos the zilog z80 1976 was also a faggin design using low voltage n channel with depletion load and derivative intel 8 bit processors all designed with the methodology faggin created for the 4004 motorola released the competing 6800 in august 1974 and the similar mos technology 6502 was released in 1975 both designed largely by the same people the 6502 family rivaled the z80 in popularity during the 1980s a low overall cost little packaging simple computer bus requirements and sometimes the integration of extra circuitry e g the z80 s built in memory refresh circuitry allowed the home computer revolution to accelerate sharply in the early 1980s this delivered such inexpensive machines as the sinclair zx81 which sold for us 99 equivalent to 350 59 in 2025 a variation of the 6502 the mos technology 6510 was used in the commodore 64 and yet another variant the 8502 powered the commodore 128 the western design center inc wdc introduced the cmos wdc 65c02 in 1982 and licensed the design to several firms it was used as the cpu in the apple iie and iic personal computers as well as in medical implantable grade pacemakers and defibrillators automotive industrial and consumer devices wdc pioneered the licensing of microprocessor designs later followed by arm 32 bit and other microprocessor intellectual property ip providers in the 1990s motorola introduced the mc6809 in 1978 it was an ambitious and well thought through 8 bit design that was source compatible with the 6800 and implemented using purely hard wired logic subsequent 16 bit microprocessors typically used microcode to some extent as cisc design requirements were becoming too complex for pure hard wired logic another early 8 bit microprocessor was the signetics 2650 which enjoyed a brief surge of interest due to its innovative and powerful instruction set architecture a seminal microprocessor in the world of spaceflight was rca s rca 1802 aka cdp1802 rca cosmac introduced in 1976 which was used on board the galileo probe to jupiter launched 1989 arrived 1995 rca cosmac was the first to implement cmos technology the cdp1802 was used because it could be run at very low power and because a variant was available fabricated using a special production process silicon on sapphire sos which provided much better protection against cosmic radiation and electrostatic discharge than that of any other processor of the era thus the sos version of the 1802 was said to be the first radiation hardened microprocessor the rca 1802 had a static design meaning that the clock frequency could be made arbitrarily low or even stopped this let the galileo spacecraft use minimum electric power for long uneventful stretches of a voyage timers or sensors would awaken the processor in time for important tasks such as navigation updates attitude control data acquisition and radio communication current versions of the western design center 65c02 and 65c816 also have static cores and thus retain data even when the clock is completely halted 12 bit designs edit the intersil 6100 family consisted of a 12 bit microprocessor the 6100 and a range of peripheral support and memory ics the microprocessor recognised the dec pdp 8 minicomputer instruction set as such it was sometimes referred to as the cmos pdp8 since it was also produced by harris corporation it was also known as the harris hm 6100 by virtue of its cmos technology and associated benefits the 6100 was being incorporated into some military designs until the early 1980s 16 bit designs edit the first multi chip 16 bit microprocessor was the national semiconductor imp 16 introduced in early 1973 an 8 bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as the imp 8 another early multi chip 16 bit microprocessor is the mcp 1600 that digital equipment corporation dec used in 1975 for the lsi 11 oem board set and the packaged pdp 11 03 minicomputer in late 1974 national introduced the first 16 bit single chip microprocessor the pmos national semiconductor pace 53 which was later followed by an nmos version the ins8900 another single chip design is the general instrument cp1600 released in february 1975 54 which was used mainly in the intellivision console another single chip 16 bit microprocessor from 1976 was ti s tms 9900 which was also compatible with their ti 990 line of minicomputers the 9900 was used in the ti 990 4 minicomputer the ti 99 4a home computer and the tm990 line of oem microcomputer boards the chip was packaged in a large ceramic 64 pin dip package while most 8 bit microprocessors such as the intel 8080 used the more common smaller and less expensive plastic 40 pin dip a follow on chip the tms 9980 was designed to compete with the intel 8080 had the full ti 990 16 bit instruction set used a plastic 40 pin package moved data 8 bits at a time but could only address 16 kb a third chip the tms 9995 was a new design the family later expanded to include the 99105 and 99110 another microprocessor implementation of a minicomputer is the fairchild semiconductor microflame 9440 introduced in 1977 it implemented the instruction set of the nova 2 in 1978 intel upsized their 8080 design into the 16 bit intel 8086 the first member of the x86 family which powers most modern pc type computers intel introduced the 8086 as a cost effective way of porting software from the 8080 lines and succeeded in winning much business on that premise the 8088 a version of the 8086 that used an 8 bit external data bus was the microprocessor in the first ibm pc intel then released the 80186 and 80188 the 80286 and in 1985 the 32 bit 80386 cementing their pc market dominance with the processor family s backwards compatibility the 80186 and 80188 were essentially versions of the 8086 and 8088 enhanced with some onboard peripherals and a few new instructions although intel s 80186 and 80188 were not used in ibm pc type designs dubious discuss second source versions from nec the v20 and v30 frequently were the 8086 and successors had an innovative but limited method of memory segmentation while the 80286 introduced a full featured segmented memory management unit mmu the 80386 introduced a flat 32 bit memory model with paged memory management the 16 bit intel x86 processors up to and including the 80386 do not include floating point units fpus intel introduced the 8087 80187 80287 and 80387 math coprocessors to add hardware floating point and transcendental function capabilities to the 8086 through 80386 cpus the 8087 works with the 8086 8088 and 80186 80188 55 the 80187 works with the 80186 but not the 80188 56 the 80287 works with the 80286 and the 80387 works with the 80386 the combination of an x86 cpu and an x87 coprocessor forms a single multi chip microprocessor the two chips are programmed as a unit using a single integrated instruction set 57 the 8087 and 80187 coprocessors are connected in parallel with the data and address buses of their parent processor and directly execute instructions intended for them the 80287 and 80387 coprocessors are interfaced to the cpu through i o ports in the cpu s address space this is transparent to the program which does not need to know about or access these i o ports directly the program accesses the coprocessor and its registers through normal instruction opcodes the western design center wdc introduced the cmos 65816 16 bit upgrade of the wdc cmos 65c02 in 1984 the 65816 16 bit microprocessor was the core of the apple iigs and later the super nintendo entertainment system making it one of the most popular 16 bit designs of all time 32 bit designs edit upper interconnect layers on an intel 80486 dx2 die 16 bit designs had only been on the market briefly when 32 bit implementations started to appear the most significant of the 32 bit designs is the motorola mc68000 introduced in 1979 the 68k as it was widely known had 32 bit registers in its programming model but used 16 bit internal data paths three 16 bit arithmetic logic units and a 16 bit external data bus to reduce pin count and externally supported only 24 bit addresses internally it worked with full 32 bit addresses in pc based ibm compatible mainframes the mc68000 internal microcode was modified to emulate the 32 bit system 370 ibm mainframe 58 motorola generally described it as a 16 bit processor the combination of high performance large 16 megabytes or 2 24 bytes memory space and fairly low cost made it the most popular cpu design of its class the apple lisa and macintosh designs made use of the 68000 as did other designs in the mid 1980s including the atari st and amiga the world s first single chip fully 32 bit microprocessor with 32 bit data paths 32 bit buses and 32 bit addresses was the at t bell labs bellmac 32a with first samples in 1980 and general production in 1982 59 60 after the divestiture of at t in 1984 it was renamed the we 32000 we for western electric and had two follow on generations the we 32100 and we 32200 these microprocessors were used in the at t 3b5 and 3b15 minicomputers in the 3b2 the world s first desktop super microcomputer in the companion the world s first 32 bit laptop computer and in alexander the world s first book sized super microcomputer featuring rom pack memory cartridges similar to today s gaming consoles all these systems ran the unix system v operating system the first commercial single chip fully 32 bit microprocessor available on the market was the hp focus intel s first 32 bit microprocessor was the iapx 432 which was introduced in 1981 but was not a commercial success it had an advanced capability based object oriented architecture but poor performance compared to contemporary architectures such as intel s own 80286 introduced 1982 which was almost four times as fast on typical benchmark tests however the results for the iapx432 was partly due to a rushed and therefore suboptimal ada compiler citation needed motorola s success with the 68000 led to the mc68010 which added virtual memory support the mc68020 introduced in 1984 added full 32 bit data and address buses the 68020 became hugely popular in the unix super microcomputer market and many small companies e g altos charles river data systems cromemco produced desktop size systems the mc68030 was introduced next improving upon the previous design by integrating the mmu into the chip the continued success led to the mc68040 which included an fpu for better math performance the 68050 failed to achieve its performance goals and was not released and the follow up mc68060 was released into a market saturated by much faster risc designs the 68k family faded from use in the early 1990s other large companies designed the 68020 and follow ons into embedded equipment at one point there were more 68020s in embedded equipment than there were intel pentiums in pcs 61 the coldfire processor cores are derivatives of the 68020 during this time early to mid 1980s national semiconductor introduced a very similar 16 bit pinout 32 bit internal microprocessor called the ns 16032 later renamed 32016 the full 32 bit version named the ns 32032 later national semiconductor produced the ns 32132 which allowed two cpus to reside on the same memory bus with built in arbitration the ns32016 32 outperformed the mc68000 10 but the ns32332 which arrived at approximately the same time as the mc68020 did not have enough performance the third generation chip the ns32532 was different it had about double the performance of the mc68030 which was released around the same time the appearance of risc processors like the am29000 and mc88000 now both dead influenced the architecture of the final core the ns32764 technically advanced with a superscalar risc core 64 bit bus and internally overclocked it could still execute series 32000 instructions through real time translation when national semiconductor decided to leave the unix market the chip was redesigned into the swordfish embedded processor with a set of on chip peripherals the chip turned out to be too expensive for the laser printer market and was killed the design team went to intel and there designed the pentium processor which is very similar to the ns32764 core internally the big success of the series 32000 was in the laser printer market where the ns32cg16 with microcoded bitblt instructions had very good price performance and was adopted by large companies like canon by the mid 1980s sequent introduced the first smp server class computer using the ns 32032 this was one of the design s few wins and it disappeared in the late 1980s the mips r2000 1984 and r3000 1989 were highly successful 32 bit risc microprocessors they were used in high end workstations and servers by sgi among others other designs included the zilog z80000 which arrived too late to market to stand a chance and disappeared quickly the arm first appeared in 1985 62 this is a risc processor design which has since come to dominate the 32 bit embedded systems processor space due in large part to its power efficiency its licensing model and its wide selection of system development tools semiconductor manufacturers generally license cores and integrate them into their own system on a chip products only a few such vendors such as apple are licensed to modify the arm cores or create their own most cell phones include an arm processor as do a wide variety of other products there are microcontroller oriented arm cores without virtual memory support as well as symmetric multiprocessor smp applications processors with virtual memory from 1993 to 2003 the 32 bit x86 architectures became increasingly dominant in desktop laptop and server markets and these microprocessors became faster and more capable intel had licensed early versions of the architecture to other companies but declined to license the pentium so amd and cyrix built later versions of the architecture based on their own designs during this span these processors increased in complexity transistor count and capability instructions second by at least three orders of magnitude intel s pentium line is probably the most famous and recognizable 32 bit processor model at least with the public at broad 64 bit designs in personal computers edit while 64 bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since the early 1990s including the nintendo 64 gaming console in 1996 the early 2000s saw the introduction of 64 bit microprocessors targ...