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ayu mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ plattdüütsch नेपाली nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پنجابی پښتو ရခိုင် rumantsch romani čhib română русский scots سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenščina српски srpski svenska kiswahili sakizaya தமிழ் ไทย tagalog tolışi toki pona türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt winaray wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia organized force intended for warfare for the film see military film armed forces redirects here for other uses see armed forces disambiguation this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources military news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2008 learn how and when to remove this message part of a series on war outline index history prehistoric ancient post classical early modern industrial modern military organization command and control defense ministry reserves ranks branches army navy air force marines coast guard border guard special forces cyber force space force specialties staff engineers intel recon medical police diving pilot land units infantry armor cavalry artillery special forces signal corps naval units warships submarines aircraft carriers landing craft auxiliary ships air units fighters bombers command close air support electronic warfare reconnaissance combat systems fire control system fire control radar director military combat information center sonar radar 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withdrawal operational military operation special operations research blitzkrieg expeditionary deep operation maneuver operational maneuver group raid covert stay behind strategy list of military strategies and concepts military campaign anti access attrition commerce raiding counter offensive culminating defense in depth fabian empty fort kinetic mosaic deception defensive depth goal nuclear naval offensive scorched earth grand strategy asymmetric blockade broken backed class cold war colonial conquest containment divide and conquer economic endemic fleet in being irregular liberation limited network centric new generation perpetual political princely proxy religious resource strategic succession technology theater total war world war administrative branch policy staff training service sociology organization area of responsibility chain of command command and control doctrine order of battle principles of war economy of force medicine engineers intelligence ranks personnel recruitment conscription draft evasion mobilization training specialism soldier morale volunteer women children transgender harassment conscientious objector conscription and sexism counter recruitment logistics history war economy arms industry materiel train supply chain management defense industrial base base mob fob outpost science power projection loss of strength gradient lanchester s laws force multiplication morale law belligerent occupation armistice ceasefire court martial desertion geneva conventions geneva protocol islamic justice lawful unlawful combatant perfidy regular irregular jewish right of conquest right of self defense rules of engagement self determination martial law war crime war and genocide war treason warlord theory air supremacy appeasement command of the sea deterrence theory full spectrum dominance overmatch just war theory principles of war philosophy of war security dilemma tripwire force wargaming simulation exercises combat effectiveness center of gravity non warfare arms control counterinsurgency deterrence disaster response gray zone gunboat diplomacy humanitarian aid law enforcement low intensity conflict military engineering peacekeeping peacebuilding peace through strength show of force culture awards and decorations battle cry warrior war film military science fiction war novel anti war movement foot drill war song psychology uniform wargame militarization militarism antimilitarism camp follower related women in war war resister war studies horses in warfare wartime sexual violence fifth column mercenary pacifism privateer private military company soldiers are murderers category v t e nato military ceremony in pabradė lithuania november 2014 a military also known collectively as armed forces is a heavily armed highly organized force primarily intended for warfare militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state with their members identifiable by a distinct military uniform they may consist of one or more military branches such as an army navy air force space force marines or coast guard the main task of a military is usually defined as defence of their state and its interests against external armed threats in broad usage the terms armed forces and military are often synonymous although in technical usage a distinction is sometimes made in which a country s armed forces may include other paramilitary forces such as armed police countries by number of active soldiers 2009 beyond warfare the military may be employed in additional sanctioned and non sanctioned functions within the state including internal security threats crowd control promotion of political agendas emergency services and reconstruction protecting corporate economic interests social ceremonies and national honour guards 1 a nation s military may function as a discrete social subculture with dedicated infrastructure such as military housing schools utilities logistics hospitals legal services food production finance and banking services the profession of soldiering is older than recorded history 2 some images of classical antiquity portray the power and feats of military leaders the battle of kadesh in 1274 bc from the reign of ramses ii features in bas relief monuments the first emperor of a unified china qin shi huang created the terracotta army to represent his military might 3 the ancient romans wrote many treatises and writings on warfare as well as many decorated triumphal arches and victory columns etymology and definitions the first recorded use of the word military in english spelled militarie was in 1582 4 it comes from the latin militaris from latin miles soldier through french but is of uncertain etymology one suggestion being derived from mil it going in a body or mass 5 6 as a noun phrase the military usually refers generally to a country s armed forces or sometimes more specifically to the senior officers who command them 4 7 in general it refers to the physicality of armed forces their personnel equipment and the physical area which they occupy as an adjective military originally referred only to soldiers and soldiering but it broadened to apply to land forces in general and anything to do with their profession 4 the names of both the royal military academy 1741 and united states military academy 1802 reflect this however at about the time of the napoleonic wars military began to be used in reference to armed forces as a whole such as military service military intelligence and military history as such it now connotes any activity performed by armed force personnel 4 history main article military history depiction of ancient egyptian military formation military history is often considered to be the history of all conflicts not just the history of the state militaries it differs somewhat from the history of war with military history focusing on the people and institutions of war making while the history of war focuses on the evolution of war itself in the face of changing technology governments and geography military history has a number of facets one main facet is to learn from past accomplishments and mistakes so as to more effectively wage war in the future another is to create a sense of military tradition which is used to create cohesive military forces still another is to learn to prevent wars more effectively human knowledge about the military is largely based on both recorded and oral history of military conflicts war their participating armies and navies and more recently air forces 8 organization further information military organization personnel and units main article military personnel see also military reserve military service and women in the military despite the growing importance of military technology military activity depends above all on people for example in 2000 the british army declared man is still the first weapon of war 9 rank and role the military organization is characterized by a command hierarchy divided by military rank with ranks normally grouped in descending order of authority as officers e g colonel non commissioned officers e g sergeant and personnel at the lowest rank e g private while senior officers make strategic decisions subordinated military personnel soldiers sailors marines or airmen fulfil them although rank titles vary by military branch and country the rank hierarchy is common to all state armed forces worldwide in addition to their rank personnel occupy one of many trade roles which are often grouped according to the nature of the role s military tasks on combat operations combat roles e g infantry combat support roles e g combat engineers and combat service support roles e g logistical support recruitment main article military recruitment personnel may be recruited or conscripted depending on the system chosen by the state most military personnel are males the minority proportion of female personnel varies internationally approximately 3 in india 10 10 in the uk 11 13 in sweden 12 16 in the us 13 and 27 in south africa 14 while two thirds of states now recruit or conscript only adults as of 2017 50 states still relied partly on children under the age of 18 usually aged 16 or 17 to staff their armed forces 15 whereas recruits who join as officers tend to be upwardly mobile 16 17 most enlisted personnel have a childhood background of relative socio economic deprivation 18 19 20 for example after the us suspended conscription in 1973 the military disproportionately attracted african american men men from lower status socioeconomic backgrounds men who had been in nonacademic high school programs and men whose high school grades tended to be low 16 however a study released in 2020 on the socio economic backgrounds of u s armed forces personnel suggests that they are at parity or slightly higher than the civilian population with respect to socio economic indicators such as parental income parental wealth and cognitive abilities the study found that technological tactical operational and doctrinal changes have led to a change in the demand for personnel furthermore the study suggests that the most disadvantaged socio economic groups are less likely to meet the requirements of the modern u s military 21 obligations the obligations of military employment are many full time military employment normally requires a minimum period of service of several years between two and six years is typical of armed forces in australia the uk and the us for example depending on role branch and rank 22 23 24 some armed forces allow a short discharge window normally during training when recruits may leave the armed force as of right 25 alternatively part time military employment known as reserve service allows a recruit to maintain a civilian job while training under military discipline at weekends he or she may be called out to deploy on operations to supplement the full time personnel complement after leaving the armed forces recruits may remain liable for compulsory return to full time military employment in order to train or deploy on operations 25 24 military law introduces offences not recognized by civilian courts such as absence without leave awol desertion political acts malingering behaving disrespectfully and disobedience see for example offences against military law in the united kingdom 26 penalties range from a summary reprimand to imprisonment for several years following a court martial 26 certain rights are also restricted or suspended including the freedom of association e g union organizing and freedom of speech speaking to the media 26 military personnel in some countries have a right of conscientious objection if they believe an order is immoral or unlawful or cannot in good conscience carry it out personnel may be posted to bases in their home country or overseas according to operational need and may be deployed from those bases on exercises or operations during peacetime when military personnel are generally stationed in garrisons or other permanent military facilities they conduct administrative tasks training and education activities technology maintenance and recruitment training main article military recruit training initial training conditions recruits for the demands of military life including preparedness to injure and kill other people and to face mortal danger without fleeing it is a physically and psychologically intensive process which resocializes recruits for the unique nature of military demands citation needed for example individuality is suppressed e g by shaving the head of new recruits issuing uniforms denying privacy and prohibiting the use of first names 27 28 daily routine is tightly controlled e g recruits must make their beds polish boots and stack their clothes in a certain way and mistakes are punished 29 28 continuous stressors deplete psychological resistance to the demands of their instructors e g depriving recruits of sleep food or shelter shouting insults and giving orders intended to humiliate 30 28 29 f...