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to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative works rather than a traditional copyright like independent filmmaking open source filmmaking takes place outside hollywood and other major studio systems citation needed fan film main article fan film a fan film is a film or video inspired by a film television program comic book or a similar source created by fans rather than by the source s copyright holders or creators fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs but some of the most notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels fan films vary tremendously in length from short faux teaser trailers for non existent motion pictures to rarer full length motion pictures citation needed distribution main articles film distribution and film release film distribution is the process through which a film is made available for viewing by an audience this is normally the task of a professional film distributor who would determine the marketing strategy of the film the media by which a film is to be exhibited or made available for viewing and may set the release date and other matters the film may be exhibited directly to the public either through a movie theater historically the main way films were distributed or television for personal home viewing including on dvd video or blu ray disc video on demand online downloading television programs through broadcast syndication etc other ways of distributing a film include rental or personal purchase of the film in a variety of media and formats such as vhs tape or dvd or internet downloading or streaming using a computer citation needed animation main article animation an animated image of a horse made using eight pictures animation is a technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually whether generated as a computer graphic or by photographing a drawn image or by repeatedly making small changes to a model unit see claymation and stop motion and then photographing the result with a special animation camera when the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second there is an illusion of continuous movement due to the phi phenomenon generating such a film is very labor intensive and tedious though the development of computer animation has greatly sped up the process because animation is very time consuming and often very expensive to produce the majority of animation for tv and films comes from professional animation studios however the field of independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s with animation being produced by independent studios and sometimes by a single person several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry citation needed limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using shortcuts in the animation process this method was pioneered by upa and popularized by hanna barbera in the united states and by osamu tezuka in japan and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television 199 although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions there is a specific style of animation that depends on film camera less animation made famous by film makers like norman mclaren len lye and stan brakhage is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film and then run through a projector citation needed see also docufiction hybrid genre filmophile lists bibliography of film by genre glossary of motion picture terms index of video related articles list of film awards list of film festivals list of film periodicals list of years in film lists of films list of books on films outline of film lost film the movies a simulation game about the film industry taking place at the dawn of cinema platforms television film web film notes various other nicknames exist including a picture photoplay or flick citations severny andrei september 5 2013 the movie theater of the future will be in your mind tribeca archived from the original on september 7 2013 retrieved september 5 2013 bohn thomas w 1987 light and shadows a history of motion pictures internet archive palo alto calif mayfield pub co p 4 isbn 978 0 87484 702 4 parkinson david 2012 history of film 2 ed new york thames hudson ltd p 16 isbn 978 0 500 20410 8 oclc 794136291 meier allison c 12 may 2018 the magic lantern shows that influenced modern horror jstor daily retrieved 15 august 2020 stampfer s 1833 die stroboscopischen scheiben oder optischen zauberscheiben deren theorie und wissenschaftliche anwendung in german trentsensky vieweg retronews fr le site de presse de la bnf www retronews fr retrieved 2026 06 27 veras christine 2022 03 01 reanimating the history and the forgotten characteristics of the zoetrope animation 17 1 26 48 doi 10 1177 17468477221085412 issn 1746 8477 the history of the 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15 kijamii 11 golden age egyptian actors we still hav...