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mah magazine for other uses see muslims disambiguation muslims the name of allah a common symbol of the muslim people the muslim worshippers are performing salah inside a mosque reflecting the enduring tradition of communal prayer total population c 2 billion 25 6 of the global population worldwide 2020 est 1 founder muhammad according to sīrah 2 regions with significant populations indonesia 238 990 000 3 pakistan 226 880 000 3 india 213 060 000 3 bangladesh 151 440 000 3 nigeria 119 980 000 3 egypt 104 040 000 3 iran 87 520 000 3 turkey 83 600 000 3 sudan 46 250 000 3 algeria 43 330 000 3 religions 87 90 sunni islam 4 5 10 13 shia islam 6 7 1 other islamic traditions including ahmadiyya ibadism quranism etc 8 9 scriptures quran prophetic traditions hadith languages arabic also sacred south asian languages african languages southeast asian languages turkic languages iranian languages and other muslim world languages 10 11 12 13 part of a series on islam beliefs oneness of god angels holy books prophets judgement day barzakh predestination resurrection heaven hell practices profession of faith prayer almsgiving fasting pilgrimage texts foundations quran sunnah hadith hadith qudsi sirah tafsir exegesis ijtihad aqidah creed qisas al anbiya stories of the prophets mathnawi poems fiqh jurisprudence sharia law history timeline jahiliyyah muhammad ahl al bayt early muslims salaf companions second generation third generation succession to muhammad rashidun caliphate imamate spread of islam shia sunni relations culture and society academics animals art association football calendar cats censorship children circumcision democracy demographics diaspora denominations sunni shia ibadi economics education ethics exorcism feminism finance friday prayer halal holidays liberalism madrasa moral teachings mosque multiculturalism music mysticism philosophy poetry politics proselytizing science sexuality lgbtq slavery concubinage social welfare women related topics arabic apostasy criticism muhammad quran hadith golden age other religions islamism islamophobia jihad jihadism salafi jihadism deobandi jihadism military laws peace pacifism symbols muslims glossary index outline islam portal v t e muslims arabic المسلمون romanized al muslimūn lit submitters to god 14 are people who are adherents of islam a monotheistic religion belonging to the abrahamic tradition they consider the quran the foundational religious text of islam to be the verbatim word of the god of abraham or allah as it was revealed to muhammad the last islamic prophet 15 alongside the quran muslims also believe in finality of prophet as well as previous revelations such as the tawrat torah the zabur psalms and the injil gospel these earlier revelations are associated with judaism and christianity which are regarded by muslims as earlier versions of islam 16 the majority of muslims also follow the teachings traits and practices attributed to muhammad sunnah as recorded in traditional accounts hadith 17 with an estimated population of 2 billion followers muslims comprise around 26 of total global population 18 19 20 in descending order the percentage of people who identify as muslims on each continental landmass stands at 21 45 of africa 25 of asia and oceania collectively 22 6 of europe 23 and 1 of the americas 24 25 26 27 additionally in subdivided geographical regions the figure stands at 91 of the middle east north africa 28 29 30 90 of central asia 31 32 32 65 of the caucasus 33 34 35 36 37 38 42 of southeast asia 39 40 32 of south asia 41 42 and 42 of sub saharan africa 43 44 while there are several islamic schools and branches as well as non denominational muslims the two largest denominations are sunni islam 87 90 of all muslims 45 and shia islam 10 13 of all muslims 6 46 7 by sheer numbers south asia accounts for the largest portion 31 of the global muslim population 47 48 by country indonesia is the largest in the muslim world holding around 12 of all muslims worldwide 49 50 with pakistan having the second largest number of muslims in the world after indonesia 51 outside the muslim majority countries india and china are home to the largest 11 and second largest 2 muslim populations respectively 52 53 54 due to high muslim population growth islam is the fastest growing religion in the world 55 56 57 muslims have experienced persecution of varying severity especially in china india some parts of africa and southeast asia 58 59 60 61 etymology see also islam etymology the word muslim a or moslem b is the active participle of the same verb of which islām is a verbal noun based on the triliteral š l m to be whole intact 63 64 a female adherent is a muslima مسلمة also transliterated as muslimah 65 the plural form in arabic is muslimūn مسلمون or muslimīn مسلمين and its feminine equivalent is muslimāt مسلمات in english the ordinary word in english is muslim for most of the 20th century the preferred spelling in english was moslem but this has now fallen into disuse that spelling and its pronunciation were opposed by many muslims in english speaking countries because the s was often pronounced with a z sound this made the word more closely match the arabic triliteral ẓ l m ظ ل م which has negative meanings and includes the arabic word for the oppressor 66 67 in the united states the associated press ap instructed news outlets to switch to the spelling muslim in 1991 making it the most common spelling thereafter 68 69 the last major newspaper in the united kingdom to use the spelling moslem was the daily mail which switched to muslim in 2004 67 the word mosalman mussulman or musulman persian مسلمان romanized mosalmân alternatively musalmān is a common equivalent for muslim used in central and south asia in english it was sometimes spelled mussulman and has become archaic in usage however cognates of this word remain the standard term for muslim in various other european languages until at least the mid 1960s many english language writers used the term mohammedans or mahometans 70 although such terms were not necessarily intended to be pejorative muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that muslims worship muhammad rather than god 71 other obsolete terms include muslimite 72 and muslimist 73 in medieval europe muslims were commonly called saracens in islam the muslim philologist ibn al anbari said a muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to god for just as we say in arabic that something is salima to a person meaning that it became solely his own so in the same way islām means making one s religion and faith god s alone 74 in several places in the quran the word muslim conveys a universal meaning beyond the description of the followers of muhammad for example 75 abraham was neither a jew nor a christian but he was a true muslim مُسۡلِمࣰا and he was not a polytheist quran 3 67 76 then when jesus perceived their disbelief he said who will be my helpers of god the disciples said we will be the helpers of god we believe in god and bear witness that we are muslims مُسۡلِمُونَ quran 3 52 77 quranic studies scholar mohsen goudarzi has argued that in the quran the word dīn means worship the islām means monotheism and the muslim means monotheist 78 until the 8th century the term muslim was more inclusive including anyone who was considered to be submitting to god e g christians and jews and the term mu min was instead used to refer to believers in islam as a distinct religion 79 qualifiers part of a series on islam and iman islam iman ihsan individuals mu min believer muslim submitter to god shahid martyr fasiq open sinner corrupt kafir disbeliever munafiq hypocrite mubtadi innovator groups ahl al kitab people of the book ahl al fatrah people of the interval regions dar al islam place of submission dar al ahd place of treaty dar al harb place of division dar al kufr place of disbelief terms dīn religion v t e the kaaba in masjid al haram mecca saudi arabia during the hajj season muslims face towards the kaaba while performing salah to become a muslim and to convert to islam it is essential to say the shahada in front of muslim witnesses 80 one of the five pillars of islam a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one god allah and that muhammad is god s messenger 81 it is a set statement normally recited in arabic ašhadu ʾan lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu llāh أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله i testify that there is no god worthy of worship except allah and muhammad is the messenger of allah 82 in sunni islam in sunni islam the shahada has two parts la ilaha illa llah there is no god but allah and muhammadun rasul allah muhammad is the messenger of god 83 which are sometimes referred to as the first shahada and the second shahada 84 the first statement of the shahada is also known as the tahlīl 85 in shia islam in shia islam the shahada also has a third part a phrase concerning ali the first shia imam and the fourth rashid caliph of sunni islam وعليٌّ وليُّ الله wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu llāh which translates to ali is the wali of god 86 in quranism in quranist islam the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but allah la ilaha illa llah quranists believe adding muhammad or other messengers in the declaration of faith contradicts the quran and leads to idolization alongside god 87 five pillars of islam main article five pillars of islam the religious practices of muslims are enumerated in the five pillars of islam the declaration of faith shahadah daily prayers salah almsgiving zakat fasting during the month of ramadan sawm and the pilgrimage to makkah hajj at least once in a lifetime 88 89 in islamic theology main article prophets and messengers in islam the majority of theological traditions of islam accept that works do not determine if someone is a muslim or not god alone would know about the belief of a person fellow muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith only the khawārij developed an understanding of muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms 90 when asked about one s beliefs it is recommended for one to say the istit̲h̲nāʾ for example in sha allah i am muslim a believer so god will i am muslim since only god knows the future of a person 91 among ash arites it is also seen as a sign of humility and the individual s longing to improve because the creature has no assurance of their own state of belief until the end of life 92 the quran describes many prophets and messengers within judaism and christianity and their respective followers as muslim some of those that were mentioned are adam noah abraham ishmael jacob moses and jesus and his apostles are all considered to be muslims in the quran 93 the quran states that these men were muslims because they submitted to god preached his message and upheld his values which included praying charity fasting and pilgrimage thus in surah 3 52 of the qur an jesus disciples tell him we believe in god and you be our witness that we are muslims wa shahad be anna muslimūn in islamic belief before the quran god had given the tawrat torah to the prophets and messengers among the children of israel 94 the zabur psalms to david and the injil gospel to jesus who are all considered important muslim prophets 95 demographics main article islam demographics see also islam by country world muslim population by percentage 2012 according to pew estimates as of 2020 muslims made up about 25 6 of the global population or roughly 2 billion people the growth is mainly due to muslims having a younger average age and higher birth rates two key drivers of natural population increase 96 the most populous muslim majority country is indonesia home to 12 7 of the world s muslims 97 followed by pakistan 11 0 bangladesh 9 2 nigeria 5 3 and egypt 4 9 49 about 20 of the world s muslims live in the middle east and north africa non majority india contains 10 9 of the world s muslims 97 98 arab muslims form the largest ethnic group among muslims in the world 99 followed by bengalis 100 101 and punjabis 102 over 87 90 of muslims are sunni 4 5 the second largest sect shia make up 10 13 6 46 7 whereas other movements such as the ahmadiyya quranism ibadism collectively count for 1 per cent 8 103 while the majority of the population in the middle east identify as either sunni or shia a significant number of muslims identify as non denominational 104 with about 2 billion followers 2025 over a quarter of earth s population 105 islam is the second largest and the fastest growing religion in the world 106 primarily due to the young age and high fertility rate of muslims 107 with muslims having a rate of 3 1 compared to the world average of 2 5 according to the same study religious switching has no impact on the muslim population since the number of people who embrace islam and those who leave islam are roughly equal 108 107 according to a 2020 pew study about 1 of adults raised muslim leave the faith while a similar share convert to islam resulting in low levels of religious switching both into and out of islam 109 as of 2010 49 countries in the world had muslim majorities in which muslims comprised more than 50 of the population 108 in 2010 74 1 of the world s muslim population lived in countries where muslims are in the majority while 25 9 of the world s muslim population lived in countries where muslims are in the minority 108 a pew center study in 2010 found that 3 of the world s muslim population lives in non muslim majority developed countries 108 india s muslim population is the world s largest muslim minority population in the world 11 of the world s muslim population 108 followed by ethiopia 28 million china 22 million russia 16 million and tanzania 13 million 107 sizeable minorities are also found in the americas 5 2 million or 0 6 australia 714 000 or 1 9 and parts of europe 44 million or 6 108 according to a 2020 pew study 79 of the world s muslim population live in muslim majority countries while 21 reside in countries where muslims are a minority 110 a pew center study in 2016 found that muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 34 of the total muslim population of any major religion while only 7 are aged 60 the smallest percentage of any major religion according to the same study muslims have the highest fertility rates 3 1 of any major religious group 111 the study also found that muslims tied with hindus have the lowest average levels of education with an average of 5 6 years of schooling though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions 111 about 36 of all muslims have no formal schooling 111 and muslims have the lowest average levels of higher education of any major religious group with only 8 having graduate and post graduate degrees 111 culture main article islamic culture muslim culture or islamic c...