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rmation technology renewable energy mechanics food production and naval engineering 186 creative industries in nantes had over 9 000 architectural design fashion media visual arts and digital technology companies in 2016 a 15 percent job creation rate between 2007 and 2012 and have a hub under construction on the isle of nantes 187 architecture edit main gate of the castle of the dukes of brittany nantes s cityscape is primarily recent with more buildings built during the 20th century than in any other era 188 the city has 127 buildings listed as monuments historiques the 19th ranked french city 189 most of the old buildings were made of tuffeau stone a light easily sculpted sandstone typical of the loire valley and cheaper schist because of its sturdiness granite was often used for foundations old buildings on the former feydeau island and the neighbouring embankments often lean because they were built on damp soil 190 nantes has a few structures dating to antiquity and the early middle ages remnants of the third century roman city wall exist in the old town 191 the saint étienne chapel in the saint donatien cemetery outside the city centre dates to 510 and was originally part of a roman necropolis 192 the roman city walls were largely replaced during the 13th and 15th centuries although many of the walls were destroyed in the 18th century some segments such as porte saint pierre built in 1478 survived 193 belfry of sainte croix church several 15th and 16th century half timbered houses still stand in le bouffay an ancient area corresponding to nantes s medieval core 194 which is bordered by nantes cathedral and the castle of the dukes of brittany the large gothic cathedral replaced an earlier romanesque church its construction took 457 years from 1434 to 1891 the cathedral s tomb of francis ii duke of brittany and his wife is an example of french renaissance sculpture 195 the psallette built next to the cathedral about 1500 is a late gothic mansion 193 the gothic castle is one of nantes s chief landmarks begun in 1207 many of its current buildings date to the 15th century although the castle had a military role it was also a residence for the ducal court granite towers on the outside hide delicate tuffeau stone ornaments on its inner facades designed in flamboyant style with italianate influence 196 the counter reformation inspired two baroque churches the 1655 oratory chapel and sainte croix church rebuilt in 1670 a municipal belfry clock originally on a tower of bouffay castle a prison demolished after the french revolution was added to the church in 1860 197 place foch with its louis xvi column after the renaissance nantes developed west of its medieval core along new embankments trade derived wealth permitted the construction of many public monuments during the 18th century most designed by the neoclassical architects jean baptiste ceineray and mathurin crucy they include the chamber of accounts of brittany now the préfecture 1763 1783 the graslin theatre 1788 place foch with its column and statue of louis xvi 1790 and the stock exchange 1790 1815 place royale was completed in 1790 and the large fountain added in 1865 its statues represent the city of nantes the loire and its main tributaries the city s 18th century heritage is also reflected in the hôtels particuliers and other private buildings for the wealthy such as the cours cambronne inspired by georgian terraces 198 although many of the 18th century buildings have a neoclassical design they are adorned with sculpted rococo faces and balconies this architecture has been called nantais baroque 199 the passage pommeraye a shopping arcade most of nantes s churches were rebuilt during the 19th century a period of population growth and religious revival after the french revolution most were rebuilt in gothic revival style including the city s two basilicas saint nicolas and saint donatien the first built between 1844 and 1869 was one of france s first gothic revival projects the latter was built between 1881 and 1901 after the franco prussian war which triggered another catholic revival in france notre dame de bon port near the loire is an example of 19th century neoclassicism built in 1852 its dome was inspired by that of les invalides in paris 200 the passage pommeraye built in 1840 1843 is a multi storey shopping arcade typical of the mid 19th century 201 industrial architecture includes several factories converted into leisure and business space primarily on the isle of nantes the former lefèvre utile factory is known for its tour lu a publicity tower built in 1909 two cranes in the former harbour dating to the 1950s and 1960s have also become landmarks recent architecture is dominated by postwar concrete reconstructions modernist buildings and examples of contemporary architecture such as the courts of justice designed by jean nouvel in 2000 202 203 culture edit museums edit reliquary of anne of brittany in the dobrée museum nantes has several museums the fine art museum is the city s largest opened in 1900 it has an extensive collection ranging from italian renaissance paintings to contemporary sculpture the museum includes works by tintoretto brueghel rubens georges de la tour ingres monet picasso kandinsky and anish kapoor 204 the historical museum of nantes in the castle is dedicated to local history and houses the municipal collections items include paintings sculptures photographs maps and furniture displayed to illustrate major points of nantes history such as the atlantic slave trade industrialisation and the second world war 205 the dobrée museum houses the département s archaeological and decorative arts collections the building is a romanesque revival mansion facing a 15th century manor collections include a golden reliquary made for anne of brittany s heart medieval statues and timber frames coins weapons jewellery manuscripts and archaeological finds 206 the natural history museum of nantes is one of the largest of its kind in france it has more than 1 6 million zoological specimens and several thousand mineral samples 207 the machines of the isle of nantes opened in 2007 in the converted shipyards has automatons prototypes inspired by deep sea creatures and a 12 metre tall 39 ft walking elephant with 620 000 visitors in 2015 the machines were the most visited non free site in loire atlantique 208 smaller museums include the jules verne museum dedicated to the author who was born in nantes and the planetarium the hab galerie located in a former banana warehouse on the loire is nantes s largest art gallery owned by the city council it is used for contemporary art exhibitions 209 the council manages four other exhibition spaces and the city has several private galleries 210 venues edit the graslin theatre opened in 1788 le zénith nantes métropole an indoor arena in saint herblain has a capacity of 9 000 and is france s largest concert venue outside paris 211 since its opening in 2006 placebo supertramp snoop dogg and bob dylan have performed on its stage nantes s largest venue is la cité nantes events center a 2 000 seat auditorium 212 it hosts concerts congresses and exhibitions and is the primary venue of the pays de la loire national orchestra the graslin theatre built in 1788 is home to the angers nantes opéra the former lu biscuit factory facing the castle has been converted into le lieu unique it included a hammam bathhouse restaurant and bookshop and hosts art exhibits drama music and dance performances 213 the 879 seat grand t is the loire atlantique département theatre 214 and the salle vasse is managed by the city other theatres include the théâtre universitaire and several private venues la fabrique a cultural entity managed by the city has three sites which include music studios and concert venues the largest is stereolux specialising in rock concerts experimental happenings and other contemporary performances the 140 seat pannonica specialises in jazz and the nearby 503 seat salle paul fort is dedicated to contemporary french singers 215 216 nantes has five cinemas with others throughout the metropolitan area 217 events and festivals edit main hall at the machines of the isle of nantes the royal de luxe street theatre company moved to nantes in 1989 and has produced a number of shows in the city the company is noted for its large marionettes including a giraffe the little giant and the sultan s elephant and has also performed in lisbon berlin london and santiago 218 former royal de luxe machine designer françois delarozière created the machines of the isle of nantes and its large walking elephant in 2007 the machines sponsor theatre dance concerts ice sculpting shows and performances for children in the spring and fall and at christmastime 219 estuaire contemporary art exhibitions were held along the loire estuary in 2007 2009 and 2012 220 they left several permanent works of art in nantes and inspired the voyage à nantes a series of contemporary art exhibitions across the city which has been held every summer since 2012 a route a green line painted on the pavement helps visitors make the voyage between the exhibitions and the city s major landmarks some works of art are permanent and others are used for a summer 221 permanent sculptures include daniel buren s anneaux a series of 18 rings along the loire reminiscent of atlantic slave trade shackles and works by françois morellet and dan graham 222 la folle journée the mad day an alternate title of pierre beaumarchais play the marriage of figaro is a classical music festival held each winter the original one day festival now lasts for five days its programme has a main theme past themes have included exile nature russia and frédéric chopin mixing classics with lesser known and performed works the concept has been exported to bilbao tokyo and warsaw and the festival sold a record 154 000 tickets in 2015 223 the september rendez vous de l erdre couples a jazz festival with a pleasure boating show on the erdre 224 exposing the public to a musical genre considered elitist all concerts are free annual attendance is about 150 000 225 the three continents festival is an annual film festival dedicated to asia africa and south america with a mongolfière d or golden hot air balloon awarded to the best film nantes also hosts univerciné festivals dedicated to films in english italian russian and german and a smaller spanish film festival the scopitone festival is dedicated to digital art and utopiales is an international science fiction festival 226 slavery memorial edit main article memorial to the abolition of slavery a path along the loire river banks between the anne de bretagne bridge and the victor schoelcher footbridge begins the nantes slavery memorial the path is covered in 2 000 spaced glass inserts with 1 710 of them commemorating the names of slave ships and their port dates in nantes the other 290 inserts name ports in africa the americas and the area around the indian ocean the path and surrounding 1 73 acre park lead to the under the docks part of the memorial which opens with a staircase leading visitors underground closer to the water level of the river which can be seen through the gaps between the support pillars upon entry visitors are greeted with the universal declaration of human rights and the word freedom written in 47 different languages from areas affected by the slave trade other etchings of quotes by figures like nelson mandela and dr martin luther king jr appear on the slanted frosted glass wall which lined the memorial wall opposite the pillars which open to the river these quotes come from across the globe from all four continents affected by the slave trade and span over five centuries from the 17th to the 21st at the end of the hall toward the exit is a room with the timeline of slavery as it became abolished in various countries around the world 227 in the arts edit j m w turner s nantes from the ile feydeau 1829 30 nantes has been described as the birthplace of surrealism since andré breton leader of the movement met jacques vaché there in 1916 228 in nadja 1928 andré breton called nantes perhaps with paris the only city in france where i have the impression that something worthwhile may happen to me 229 fellow surrealist julien gracq wrote the shape of a city published in 1985 about the city nantes also inspired stendhal in his 1838 mémoires d un touriste gustave flaubert in his 1881 par les champs et par les grèves where he describes his journey through brittany henry james in his 1884 a little tour in france andré pieyre de mandiargues in le musée noir 1946 and paul louis rossi in nantes 1987 230 the city is the hometown of french new wave film director jacques demy two of demy s films were set and shot in nantes lola 1964 and a room in town 1982 the passage pommeraye appears briefly in the umbrellas of cherbourg other films set or filmed in nantes include god s thunder by denys de la patellière 1965 the married couple of the year two by jean paul rappeneau 1971 day off by pascal thomas 2001 and black venus by abdellatif kechiche 2010 jean luc godard s keep your right up was filmed at its airport in 1987 217 nantes appears in a number of songs the best known to non french audiences being 2007 s nantes by the american band beirut french language songs include nantes by barbara 1964 and nantes by renan luce 2009 the city is mentioned in about 50 folk songs making it the most sung about city in france after paris dans les prisons de nantes is the most popular with versions recorded by édith piaf georges brassens tri yann and nolwenn leroy other popular folk songs include le pont de nantes recorded by guy béart in 1967 and nana mouskouri in 1978 jean françois de nantes a sea shanty and the bawdy de nantes à montaigu 231 british painter j m w turner visited nantes in 1826 as part of a journey in the loire valley and later painted a watercolour view of nantes from feydeau island the painting was bought by the city in 1994 and is on exhibit at the historical museum in the castle 232 an engraving of this work was published in the keepsake annual for 1831 with an illustrative poem entitled the return by letitia elizabeth landon turner also made two sketches of the city which are in collections at tate britain 233 cuisine edit 1897 advertisement for the lu petit beurre during the 19th century nantes born gastronome charles monselet praised the special character of the local plebeian cuisine which included buckwheat crepes caillebotte fermented milk and fouace brioche 234 the nantes region is renowned in france for market gardens and is a major producer of corn salad leeks radishes and carrots 235 nantes has a wine growing region the vignoble nantais primarily south of the loire it is the largest producer of dry white wines in france chiefly muscadet and gros plant usually served with fish langoustines and oysters 236 local fishing ports such as la turballe and ...
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