Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

gas, natural, and, storage, effects, liquefied, other, greenhouse, risk, of, contents, name, history, sources, processing, demand, transport, uses, health, environmental, safety, concerns, energy, content, statistics, pricing, adsorbed, ang, see, also, references, further, reading, external, links, shale, coal, synthetic, renewable, crystallized, clathrates, compressed, flaring, salt, domes, underground, floating, mid, stream, power, generation, domestic, use, transportation, fertilizers, hydrogen, animal, fish, feed, olefins, alkenes, effect, release, emissions, pollutants, radionuclides, production, fracking, added, odor, explosion, carbon, monoxide, inhalation, european, union, united, states, canada, installation, bans,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
gas (621), the (584), and (350), #natural (312), from (122), retrieved (114), energy (96), for (95), with (67), methane (65), are (60), that (57), edit (55), fuel (45), other (45), oil (45), may (44), production (38), which (38), can (37), emissions (36), pressure (36), 2022 (35), carbon (35), shale (35), has (35), this (34), doi (34), cubic (34), lng (33), archived (33), original (33), also (33), used (33), use (31), june (31), states (30), global (30), world (30), november (29), february (29), united (29), liquefied (29), new (29), was (28), october (27), 2020 (27), coal (27), 2019 (27), such (27), hydrogen (26), storage (26), 2017 (26), water (25), 2013 (25), 2026 (24), 2015 (24), climate (24), not (24), march (24), environmental (24), september (23), december (23), 2023 (23), pipelines (23), 000 (23), have (23), pdf (22), greenhouse (22), 2021 (21), industry (21), 2014 (21), 2011 (21), into (21), fossil (20), bibcode (20), national (19), 978 (19), wells (19), power (19), when (19), about (18), fuels (18), history (18), petroleum (18), its (18), isbn (18), dioxide (18), countries (18), processing (17), data (17), development (17), april (17), january (17), extraction (17), information (17), 2012 (17), well (17), some (17), one (17), www (17), million (17), been (17), 2025 (16), state (16), administration (16), supply (16), articles (15), sources (15), july (15), per (15), standard (15), all (14), liquid (14), 2024 (14), hydraulic (14), gov (14), flaring (14), often (14), low (14), plant (14), org (13), wheel (13), over (13), transport (13), august (13), through (13), fracturing (13), high (13), reserves (13), times (13), will (13), rock (13), gasoline (12), source (12), 1016 (12), china (12), air (12), european (12), volume (12), meters (12), feet (12), change (12), atmospheric (12), more (12), made (12), higher (12), content (12), process (12), wikipedia (11), non (11), mid (11), pipeline (11), 2016 (11), science (11), technology (11), renewable (11), heat (11), could (11), eia (11), industrial (11), than (11), but (11), aircraft (11), between (11), called (11), see (11), most (11), these (11), gases (11), safety (10), page (10), engine (10), front (10), underground (10), journal (10), york (10), com (10), chemical (10), fracking (10), since (10), 2010 (10), long (10), caused (10), 2018 (10), electricity (10), due (10), century (10), first (10), distribution (10), btu (10), end (10), commercial (10), flng (10), via (10), include (10), kpa (10), main (10), flow (10), hydrocarbons (10), using (9), rear (9), nitrogen (9), segment (9), meter (9), infrastructure (9), propane (9), network (9), russia (9), needed (9), report (9), research (9), drilling (9), homes (9), buildings (9), associated (9), domestic (9), produce (9), system (9), year (9), almost (9), section (9), 100 (9), heating (9), less (9), field (9), psi (9), article (9), many (9), demand (9), toggle (8), statistics (8), available (8), under (8), references (8), american (8), international (8), car (8), cng (8), engineering (8), 2007 (8), press (8), how (8), our (8), crisis (8), union (8), europe (8), largest (8), health (8), unconventional (8), produced (8), geological (8), economic (8), however (8), where (8), ground (8), require (8), help (8), canada (8), generation (8), risk (8), construction (8), plants (8), warming (8), chemicals (8), transportation (8), temperature (8), primarily (8), billion (8), around (8), major (8), being (8), gaseous (8), effect (8), synthetic (8), because (8), before (8), reliable (7), combustion (7), uses (7), offshore (7), review (7), market (7), surface (7), markets (7), qatar (7), resources (7), analysis (7), prices (7), export (7), monoxide (7), pmid (7), quality (7), residential (7), iea (7), feed (7), systems (7), burning (7), price (7), engines (7), consumption (7), remove (7), removed (7), units (7), converted (7), during (7), term (7), quantities (7), sometimes (7), extracted (7), fields (7), years (7), compared (7), burned (7), increased (7), ethane (7), typically (7), code (6), cs1 (6), country (6), service (6), english (6), portal (6), four (6), compressed (6), station (6), lpg (6), castaneda (6), christopher (6), university (6), america (6), further (6), out (6), reduce (6), robert (6), density (6), molecular (6), product (6), fire (6), materials (6), odor (6), agency (6), project (6), central (6), impact (6), naturalgas (6), free (6), north (6), noaa (6), leaks (6), online (6), cryogenic (6), powered (6), required (6), based (6), gtl (6), formation (6), proven (6), products (6), much (6), pressures (6), approximately (6), depending (6), sold (6), small (6), trillion (6), would (6), transported (6), added (6), formations (6), reservoir (6), then (6), until (6), hydraulically (6), after (6), salt (6), growth (6), above (6), sulfide (6), lower (6), technologies (6), their (6), resulting (6), effects (6), estimated (6), processes (6), early (6), 20th (6), subsection (6), table (5), policy (5), need (5), image (5), statements (5), two (5), diesel (5), vehicle (5), vehicles (5), van (5), compact (5), sng (5), gasification (5), manufactured (5), types (5), list (5), 138 (5), what (5), clean (5), challenges (5), 2004 (5), public (5), 2008 (5), reuters (5), consumer (5), department (5), impacts (5), cause (5), areas (5), venting (5), ipcc (5), 2009 (5), news (5), radiative (5), forcing (5), only (5), green (5), transition (5), potential (5), home (5), floating (5), across (5), 2000 (5), revolution (5), company (5), exploration (5), networks (5), now (5), move (5), formed (5), stored (5), greater (5), 200 (5), foot (5), typical (5), generally (5), concerns (5), off (5), found (5), usually (5), frequently (5), inside (5), result (5), building (5), toxic (5), either (5), known (5), tight (5), both (5), fractured (5), scale (5), while (5), those (5), large (5), citation (5), there (5), were (5), similar (5), maximum (5), allow (5), generate (5), fired (5), stream (5), contents (4), search (4), view (4), additional (4), terms (4), site (4), last (4), target (4), unsourced (4), geographic (4), short (4), japan (4), single (4), internal (4), individual (4), alternative (4), biogas (4), compression (4), injection (4), truck (4), panel (4), lead (4), design (4), light (4), links (4), trade (4), ukraine (4), cambridge (4), today (4), 105 (4), encyclopedia (4), regulatory (4), eastern (4), sustainable (4), value (4), russian (4), mediterranean (4), business (4), commission (4), engineers (4), handbook (4), weight (4), link (4), cite (4), pmc (4), institute (4), texas (4), should (4), gallons (4), injected (4), scientists (4), total (4), economics (4), area (4), drop (4), naturally (4), radioactive (4), stoves (4), ovens (4), always (4), hookups (4), co2 (4), cycle (4), get (4), anthropogenic (4), cooking (4), fertilizer (4), worldwide (4), plumbing (4), piping (4), nfpa (4), reduction (4), browse (4), cargo (4), ethan (4), 2006 (4), led (4), manufacturing (4), continued (4), cost (4), liquefaction (4), south (4), africa (4), ship (4), lines (4), name (4), talk (4), does (4), capacity (4), activated (4), measure (4), vary (4), barrels (4), local (4), greatly (4), thus (4), sales (4), consumers (4), decatherms (4), produces (4), thermal (4), access (4), northern (4), pure (4), needs (4), recent (4), events (4), explosion (4), pipes (4), odorless (4), hvhf (4), heavy (4), permeability (4), currently (4), intensive (4), significant (4), nearly (4), variety (4), fractures (4), operation (4), components (4), specific (4), equipment (4), pollutants (4), allowed (4), human (4), globally (4), including (4), current (4), concentration (4), otherwise (4), account (4), near (4), olefins (4), jet (4), iran (4), transmission (4), down (4), within (4), conditions (4), unit (4), close (4), late (4), had (4), byproduct (4), create (4), helium (4), form (4), calorific (4), collected (4), mole (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), 103 (3), you (3), commons (3), categories (3), updating (3), dutch (3), pages (3), lacking (3), maint (3), deprecated (3), archival (3), chinese (3), https (3), block (3), drive (3), petrol (3), personal (3), specialized (3), top (3), town (3), coupé (3), sedan (3), delivery (3), multi (3), stop (3), coupe (3), size (3), family (3), stove (3), lighting (3), odorizer (3), butane (3), regasification (3), producer (3), point (3), zhang (3), changes (3), 187 (3), mark (3), james (3), corporation (3), 1993 (3), regulated (3), reviews (3), adsorbed (3), imports (3), seeks (3), emergency (3), perspective (3), war (3), david (3), 1973 (3), web (3), annual (3), overview (3), 116 (3), masking (3), issn (3), jones (3), s2cid (3), nature (3), protection (3), jackson (3), 108 (3), increase (3), wastewater (3), center (3), average (3), operations (3), scientific (3), comparison (3), western (3), subsidence (3), cdc (3), nuclear (3), eric (3), 1021 (3), acs (3), cities (3), utilities (3), social (3), government (3), victoria (3), bans (3), michael (3), placed (3), boom (3), efforts (3), chapter (3), ritchie (3), hannah (3), roser (3), max (3), introduction (3), bridge (3), chemistry (3), life (3), exporting (3), space (3), measured (3), earth (3), oxide (3), studies (3), assessment (3), why (3), must (3), pollution (3), considering (3), ngv (3), structures (3), regulator (3), media (3), problem (3), remain (3), prelude (3), steel (3), cut (3), petronas (3), zuckerman (3), satellite (3), east (3), relative (3), efficiency (3), parts (3), projects (3), ngl (3), key (3), conversion (3), wang (3), huge (3), poland (3), crude (3), shell (3), stg (3), program (3), smell (3), like (3), peak (3), ratio (3), ang (3), gigajoule (3), jurisdictions (3), convert (3), metric (3), learn (3), please (3), any (3), varies (3), traded (3), each (3), contract (3), therms (3), period (3), time (3), users (3), eni (3), contain (3), 101 (3), update (3), pricing (3), few (3), damage (3), enough (3), significantly (3), collect (3), installation (3), colorless (3), occurred (3), addition (3), odorant (3), causes (3), horizontal (3), following (3), fracture (3), frack (3), fluid (3), metals (3), they (3), mixed (3), wellbore (3), improved (3), according (3), sand (3), strong (3), 210 (3), sulfur (3), meet (3), requirements (3), australia (3), part (3), followed (3), future (3), distance (3), come (3), estimates (3), hydrocarbon (3), overall (3), 140 (3), atmosphere (3), release (3), half (3), released (3), fugitive (3), 120 (3), raw (3), ethylene (3), alkenes (3), animal (3), fish (3), feedstock (3), running (3), develop (3), passenger (3), modern (3), number (3), existing (3), expensive (3), facilities (3), distributed (3), mains (3), designed (3), downstream (3), kilopascals (3), 800 (3), stranded (3), compressors (3), marine (3), shore (3), economically (3), viable (3), them (3), domes (3), shows (3), exports (3), simply (3), points (3), 900 (3), simple (3), fractions (3), commercially (3), matter (3), driven (3), diagram (3), liquids (3), clathrates (3), condensate (3), better (3), tools (3), languages (2), statement (2), legal (2), contact (2), privacy (2), apply (2), organization (2), wikimedia (2), inc (2), needing (2), language (2), url (2), german (2), written (2), description (2), wikidata (2), index (2), yale (2), spain (2), authority (2), control (2), classification (2), stroke (2), cylinder (2), dual (2), hybrid (2), electric (2), liquified (2), autogas (2), direct (2), kart (2), buggy (2), vis (2), roadster (2), utility (2), hardtop (2), beach (2), super (2), sports (2), hot (2), suv (2), mini (2), executive (2), burner (2), carrier (2), syngas (2), landfill (2), blast (2), furnace (2), tracker (2), external (2), zhao (2), huang (2), 104101 (2), 123 (2), outlook (2), indonesia (2), 88415 (2), anthony (2), flows (2), brazilian (2), 196 (2), ngib (2), 001 (2), work (2), 145 (2), ssrn (2), 119 (2), xia (2), prospects (2), 122 (2), 1525 (2), tph (2), 176480 (2), smith (2), 1928 (2), marcos (2), rser (2), 104 (2), charles (2), reading (2), engineer (2), website (2), phase (2), relations (2), law (2), begins (2), fueling (2), npr (2), gazprom (2), discovery (2), ever (2), plan (2), dependency (2), range (2), perry (2), cecil (2), chilton (2), download (2), deaths (2), estimate (2), thomas (2), fears (2), 1038 (2), constituents (2), relevant (2), contamination (2), 345 (2), california (2), occupational (2), drilled (2), concerned (2), survey (2), trends (2), fluids (2), volumes (2), burns (2), 1007 (2), disposal (2), related (2), waste (2), case (2), reserve (2), vicinity (2), nora (2), council (2), occurring (2), lebel (2), finnegan (2), colin (2), ouyang (2), zutao (2), est (2), brady (2), dan (2), look (2), community (2), against (2), substitution (2), roadmap (2), appliance (2), bye (2), federal (2), gulf (2), coast (2), guardian (2), study (2), role (2), 778714 (2), 1093 (2), oso (2), 9780197787144 (2), 003 (2), obstruction (2), jason (2), futures (2), 101350 (2), erss (2), politics (2), 102526 (2), allen (2), asian (2), asia (2), environment (2), aeronautics (2), owid (2), matthew (2), richard (2), historical (2), zenodo (2), emit (2), percent (2), thought (2), eds (2), physical (2), basis (2), contribution (2), working (2), fifth (2), explained (2), kate (2), abnett (2), cleaner (2), rmi (2), protein (2), scientist (2), food (2), sarah (2), ammonia (2), synthesis (2), axios (2), performance (2), 031 (2), developments (2), tupolev (2), kittyhawk (2), run (2), said (2), services (2), shutoff (2), valve (2), certification (2), valves (2), maintenance (2), guide (2), specifications (2), society (2), 115 (2), elevated (2), 301 (2), zimmerman (2), clark (2), kevin (2), issues (2), commodity (2), canary (2), making (2), batteries (2), woodside (2), facility (2), deliver (2), composite (2), ngdc (2), bank (2), advantage (2), 190 (2), dictionary (2), verbraucherzentrale (2), powerup (2), another (2), gross (2), withdrawals (2), 2005 (2), utilization (2), benefits (2), 201 (2), efficient (2), pearl (2), flammable (2), hydrates (2), 173 (2), epa (2), situ (2), daily (2), resource (2), sun (2), leading (2), proved (2), intelligence (2), factbook (2), nations (2), apga (2), brief (2), 185 (2), hadley (2), ives (2), start (2), oxford (2), initiative (2), mitigation (2), opportunities (2), organic (2), rotten (2), eggs (2), district (2), emits (2), benzene (2), increases (2), indoor (2), background (2), composition (2), porous (2), yield (2), common (2), three (2), equal (2), customer (2), 150 (2), thousand (2), sell (2), message (2), material (2), improve (2), location (2), roughly (2), retail (2), slightly (2), done (2), equivalent (2), condense (2), british (2), level (2), legislation (2), 197 (2), become (2), important (2), issue (2), decade (2), 21st (2), created (2), deliveries (2), political (2), sea (2), zohr (2), deep (2), except (2), tonnes (2), contracts (2), temperatures (2), general (2), several (2), metre (2), predominant (2), reflect (2), newly (2), updated (2), vented (2), reduced (2), poisoning (2), inhalation (2), occur (2), businesses (2), leak (2), without (2), resulted (2), powerful (2), standing (2), people (2), below (2), outdoors (2), millions (2), native (2), london (2), historically (2), solar (2), flowback (2), salts (2), exist (2), operators (2), 180 (2), technique (2), appropriate (2), largely (2), extract (2), characterized (2), considered (2), involves (2), conventional (2), vertical (2), prior (2), casing (2), open (2), reducing (2), friction (2), mixture (2), along (2), technological (2), decrease (2), turn (2), affect (2), removes (2), sour (2), 162 (2), radon (2), activity (2), rapidly (2), radionuclides (2), although (2), far (2), amounts (2), hazard (2), 139 (2), goals (2), preserve (2), laws (2), preventing (2), electrification (2), accounts (2), excess (2), passed (2), additionally (2), ban (2), onshore (2), partially (2), capital (2), netherlands (2), five (2), growing (2), emitted (2), tons (2), sector (2), responsible (2), sixth (2), refined (2), delivered (2), fewer (2), means (2), joule (2), 136 (2), quickly (2), supported (2), relatively (2), given (2), quantity (2), 131 (2), solid (2), planned (2), 128 (2), 130 (2), 127 (2), dominant (2), drivers (2), rectangles (2), chart (2), exceed (2), contributes (2), aromatic (2), 118 (2), alkanes (2), oxidative (2), converts (2), method (2), applications (2), fertilizers (2), advantages (2), 1970s (2), automobile (2), outdoor (2), portable (2), grills (2), supplied (2), polyethylene (2), seismic (2), earthquake (2), operating (2), psig (2), constructed (2), pipe (2), installed (2), welded (2), allowable (2), companies (2), furnaces (2), boilers (2), third (2), setting (2), developed (2), purposes (2), ranges (2), heaters (2), cooling (2), becoming (2), became (2), competitive (2), referred (2), excerpt (2), 950 (2), 050 (2), removal (2), various (2), molecules (2), processed (2), pentane (2), underway (2), footprint (2), helps (2), deployed (2), make (2), impractical (2), land (2), depleted (2), reservoirs (2), previous (2), tanks (2), nearby (2), volatile (2), set (2), capture (2), observations (2), still (2), recovered (2), economical (2), directly (2), coming (2), chains (2), causing (2), possible (2), unlike (2), dust (2), lighter (2), predominantly (2), cooled (2), separate (2), germany (2), custody (2), transfer (2), covid (2), reached (2), deal (2), schematic (2), butanes (2), pentanes (2), crystallized (2), place (2), oxygen (2), 19th (2), widespread (2), contains (2), day (2), sichuan (2), condensates (2), recoverable (2), second (2), casinghead (2), coalbed (2), mtg (2), obtained (2), seeps (2), throughout (2), fredonia (2), widely (2), ancient (2), risks (2), confused (2), shortened (2), scm (2), band (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), read (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), беларуская (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, developers, conduct, contacts, disclaimers, text, agree, registered, trademark, profit, foundation, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, utc, hidden, harv, sfn, errors, multiple, auto, scaled, images, unfit, excerpts, existent, centric, limited, scope, dmy, dates, different, inventions, php, title, natural_gas, oldid, 1378413370, lux, nara, israel, latvia, czech, republic, gnd, databases, template, category, wankel, vee, straight, reciprocating, flat, boxer, configuration, motor, layout, position, twelve, ten, eight, six, wheels, steam, hicev, cell, plug, nev, battery, e85, ethanol, biogasoline, biodiesel, biofuel, homogeneous, charge, ignition, propulsion, voiturette, tow, taxicab, flying, police, rapid, transit, pedal, gyrocar, flower, dune, driverless, autonomous, connected, amphibious, terrain, ville, touring, torpedo, targa, wagon, shooting, brake, saloon, runabout, spider, spyder, retractable, quad, pickup, phaeton, notchback, minibus, microvan, limousine, liftback, landaulet, kammback, hatchback, fastback, cabriolet, convertible, drophead, cab, cabrio, coach, brougham, berlinetta, barchetta, baquet, body, styles, vintage, ute, economy, classic, antique, sport, pony, muscle, hatch, grand, tourer, crossover, cuv, leisure, minivan, mpv, luxury, bucket, sandrail, lowrider, sled, rod, baja, bug, custom, full, supermini, subcompact, kei, micro, pilot, turbine, mantle, heater, bunsen, gasworks, holder, compressor, bio, ngc, hcng, cbm, apg, wood, pintsch, mond, blau, featuring, mapper, urgewald, exit, gogel, xiao, renrong, pengjun, kangzheng, tianyu, zhangyuan, caixia, lyu, mechanism, context, conflict, jtrangeo, 2025jtgeo, 12304101x, geography, purwanto, widodo, wahyu, muharam, yuswan, pratama, yoga, wienda, hartono, djoni, soedirman, harimanto, anindhito, rezki, status, jngse, 053, 2016jngse, 55p, pratt, joseph, priest, tyler, 1997, b978, x5036, pioneers, penna, 429, 49238, 4324, 9780429492389, mathias, melissa, cristina, szklo, alexandre, lessons, learned, reform, 6490, enpol, 013, 2007enpol, 6478m, 6478, luguang, 2022ngib, 187l, prospect, jacobson, doesn, 009, 24954, 1017, 9781009249553, miracles, save, emiliozzi, simone, ferriani, fabrizio, gazzani, andrea, consequences, 3183599245, proquest, 4849472, 1177, 01956574241290640, 2025enerj, 119e, chengzao, jia, yongfeng, 2014ngib, beneath, historic, preservation, act, jstor, historian, 218, 00042, 207, clarance, 2003, 521, 56732, emergence, panhandle, ohio, 8142, 0590, enterprise, northeastern, 1938, 1954, campos, adriana, fiorotti, silva, neilton, fidelis, pereira, marcio, giannini, vasconcelos, freitas, aurélio, strategies, 1216, 2017rserv, 1207c, 1207, blanchard, pittsburgh, 8229, 8777, scopewe, virtual, wsu, definitions, europa, repowereu, guarantee, resell, farah, paolo, davide, lenses, medreg, 2695964, sumit, roy, seeking, alpha, era, upside, foreign, jürgen, wagner, imi, contours, cold, goldman, cnn, money, unveils, calculated, teknopoli, options, csv, hazardous, rawson, nancy, quraishi, ali, bruno, 848, 26989604, 4551224, 6028, jres, 026, 839, standards, findings, recommendations, joint, nist, aga, workshop, mufson, steven, 0190, 8286, washington, post, cheap, jumbles, stirs, inhibit, renewables, josh, harkinson, mother, withers, guzzles, howarth, 7364, 275, 205067220, 21921896, 477271a, 271, 477, assurance, characterization, select, osborn, stephen, vengosh, avner, warner, nathaniel, 8176, 21555547, 3100993, 1073, pnas, 1100682108, 2011pnas, 8172o, 8172, proceedings, academy, sciences, drinking, accompanying, keranen, weingarten, abers, bekins, 6195, 451, 206558853, 24993347, 1126, 1255802, 2014sci, 448k, 448, sharp, oklahoma, seismicity, induced, massive, biological, diversity, documents, reveal, billions, illegally, aquifers, apha, depth, developmental, responsibility, limit, gallegos, tanya, varela, brian, vol, investigations, 5131, distributions, treatment, additives, proppants, applied, 1947, literature, yeboah, 702, s12205, 011, 0010, 2011ksjce, 697y, 701, ksce, civil, chojna, losoncz, suni, shapes, fitzgerald, timothy, frackonomics, sept, brantley, susan, meyendorff, anna, facts, chiras, daniel, bartlett, publishers, 283, notable, example, los, angeles, harbor, extensive, began, 4496, 1486, agenda, niosh, association, norm, 2539, 35081712, 1c04707, 2022enst, 2529l, 2529, cooktops, jeff, grapple, fight, stay, rooney, millie, library, connecting, win, victorian, canberra, hit, retailers, hill, blue, flame, dozens, banning, cancelgas, electrifyeverything, der, pekbuurt, gaat, als, eerste, amsterdamse, wijk, het, aardgas, wire, express, ahead, schedule, threatens, big, blow, finds, canadell, josep, scheel, monteiro, pedro, costa, cotrim, cunha, leticia, harvnb, error, citerefipcc_ar6_wg12021, ar6, wg1, biogeochemical, cycles, feedbacks, dembicki, geoff, ekberg, kristoffer, davies, kert, bergquist, ann, kristin, nissen, ada, levantesi, stella, delay, denial, 0002, roberts, timmons, milani, carlos

Text of the page (random words):
seventeenth century french missionaries witnessed the american indians setting fire to natural gas seeps around lake erie and scattered observations of these seeps were made by european descended settlers throughout the eastern seaboard through the 1700s 28 in 1821 william hart dug the first commercial natural gas well in the united states at fredonia new york united states which led in 1858 to the formation of the fredonia gas light company 29 further such ventures followed near wells in other states until technological innovations allowed the growth of major long distance pipelines from the 1920s onwards 28 by 2010 66 000 km 3 16 000 mi 3 or 8 had been used out of the total 850 000 km 3 200 000 mi 3 of estimated remaining recoverable reserves of natural gas 30 sources edit see also list of natural gas fields list of countries by natural gas proven reserves and list of countries by natural gas production natural gas edit natural gas drilling rig in texas us in the 19th century natural gas was primarily obtained as a by product of producing oil the small light gas carbon chains came out of solution as the extracted fluids underwent pressure reduction from the reservoir to the surface similar to uncapping a soft drink bottle where the carbon dioxide effervesces the gas was often viewed as a by product a hazard and a disposal problem in active oil fields the large volumes produced could not be used until relatively expensive pipeline and storage facilities were constructed to deliver the gas to consumer markets until the early part of the 20th century most natural gas associated with oil was either simply released or burned off at oil fields gas venting and production flaring are still practiced in modern times but efforts are ongoing around the world to retire them and to replace them with other commercially viable and useful alternatives 31 32 in addition to transporting gas via pipelines for use in power generation other end uses for natural gas include export as liquefied natural gas lng or conversion of natural gas into other liquid products via gas to liquids gtl technologies gtl technologies can convert natural gas into liquids products such as gasoline diesel or jet fuel a variety of gtl technologies have been developed including fischer tropsch f t methanol to gasoline mtg and syngas to gasoline plus stg f t produces a synthetic crude that can be further refined into finished products while mtg can produce synthetic gasoline from natural gas stg can produce drop in gasoline diesel jet fuel and aromatic chemicals directly from natural gas via a single loop process 33 in 2011 royal dutch shell s 140 000 barrels 22 000 m 3 per day f t plant went into operation in qatar 34 natural gas can be associated found in oil fields or non associated isolated in natural gas fields and is also found in coal beds as coalbed methane 35 it sometimes contains a significant amount of ethane propane butane and pentane heavier hydrocarbons removed for commercial use prior to the methane being sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock non hydrocarbons such as carbon dioxide nitrogen helium rarely and hydrogen sulfide must also be removed before the natural gas can be transported 36 natural gas extracted from oil wells is called casinghead gas whether or not truly produced up the annulus and through a casinghead outlet or associated gas the natural gas industry is extracting an increasing quantity of gas from challenging unconventional resource types sour gas tight gas shale gas and coalbed methane there is some disagreement on which country has the largest proven gas reserves sources that consider that russia has by far the largest proven reserves include the us central intelligence agency 47 600 km 3 37 and energy information administration 47 800 km 3 38 39 as well as the organization of petroleum exporting countries 48 700 km 3 40 contrarily bp credits russia with only 32 900 km 3 41 which would place it in second slightly behind iran 33 100 to 33 800 km 3 depending on the source countries proven natural gas reserves 2014 based on data from the world factbook it is estimated that there are about 900 000 km 3 of unconventional gas such as shale gas of which 180 000 km 3 may be recoverable 42 in turn many studies from mit black veatch and the us department of energy predict that natural gas will account for a larger portion of electricity generation and heat in the future 43 better source needed the world s largest gas field is the offshore south pars north dome gas condensate field shared between iran and qatar it is estimated to have 51 000 cubic kilometers 12 000 mi 3 of natural gas and 50 billion barrels 7 9 billion cubic meters of natural gas condensates because natural gas is not a pure product as the reservoir pressure drops when non associated gas is extracted from a field under supercritical pressure temperature conditions the higher molecular weight components may partially condense upon isothermic depressurizing an effect called retrograde condensation the liquid thus formed may get trapped as the pores of the gas reservoir get depleted one method to deal with this problem is to re inject dried gas free of condensate to maintain the underground pressure and to allow re evaporation and extraction of condensates more frequently the liquid condenses at the surface and one of the tasks of the gas plant is to collect this condensate the resulting liquid is called natural gas liquid ngl and has commercial value shale gas edit the location of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits main article shale gas shale gas is natural gas produced from shale because shale s matrix permeability is too low to allow gas to flow in economical quantities shale gas wells depend on fractures to allow the gas to flow early shale gas wells depended on natural fractures through which gas flowed almost all shale gas wells today require fractures artificially created by hydraulic fracturing since 2000 shale gas has become a major source of natural gas in the united states and canada 44 because of increased shale gas production the united states was in 2014 the number one natural gas producer in the world 45 the production of shale gas in the united states has been described as a shale gas revolution and as one of the landmark events in the 21st century 46 following the increased production in the united states shale gas exploration is beginning in countries such as poland china and south africa 47 48 49 chinese geologists have identified the sichuan basin as a promising target for shale gas drilling because of the similarity of shales to those that have proven productive in the united states production from the wei 201 well is between 10 000 and 20 000 m 3 per day 50 in late 2020 china national petroleum corporation claimed daily production of 20 million cubic meters of gas from its changning weiyuan demonstration zone 51 unreliable source coal gas edit main article history of manufactured fuel gases coal gas or town gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made by the destructive distillation of coal it contains a variety of calorific gases including hydrogen carbon monoxide methane and other volatile hydrocarbons together with small quantities of non calorific gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen and was used in a similar way to natural gas this is a historical technology and is not usually economically competitive with other sources of fuel gas today most town gashouses located in the eastern us in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were simple by product coke ovens that heated bituminous coal in air tight chambers the gas driven off from the coal was collected and distributed through networks of pipes to residences and other buildings where it was used for cooking and lighting gas heating did not come into widespread use until the last half of the 20th century the coal tar or asphalt that collected in the bottoms of the gashouse ovens was often used for roofing and other waterproofing purposes and when mixed with sand and gravel was used for paving streets 52 synthetic natural gas edit synthetic natural gas sng is a fuel gas predominantly methane ch4 that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal oil shale or from biofuels or using electricity with power to gas system gasification process is used to generate sng 53 when the gasification is conducted with hydrogen in place of oxygen air it is called hydrogasification 54 renewable natural gas edit renewable natural gas rng also known as biomethane is a renewable fuel made from biogas that has been upgraded to a quality similar to fossil gas and has a methane concentration of 90 or greater 55 crystallized natural gas clathrates edit huge quantities of natural gas primarily methane exist in the form of clathrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost such as those in siberia hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form 56 in 2013 japan oil gas and metals national corporation jogmec announced that they had recovered commercially relevant quantities of natural gas from methane hydrate 57 processing edit main article natural gas processing natural gas processing plant in aderklaa lower austria the image below is a schematic block flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant it shows the various unit processes used to convert raw natural gas into sales gas pipelined to the end user markets the block flow diagram also shows how processing of the raw natural gas yields byproduct sulfur byproduct ethane and natural gas liquids ngl propane butanes and natural gasoline denoted as pentanes 58 59 60 61 schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant demand edit see also gas depletion the examples and perspectives in this section deal primarily with us and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject you may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate october 2022 learn how and when to remove this message natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013 as of mid 2020 natural gas production in the us had peaked three times with current levels exceeding both previous peaks it reached 24 1 trillion cubic feet per year in 1973 followed by a decline and reached 24 5 trillion cubic feet in 2001 after a brief drop withdrawals increased nearly every year since 2006 owing to the shale gas boom with 2017 production at 33 4 trillion cubic feet and 2019 production at 40 7 trillion cubic feet after the third peak in december 2019 extraction continued to fall from march onward due to decreased demand caused by the covid 19 pandemic in the us 62 the 2021 global energy crisis was driven by a global surge in demand as the world quit the economic recession caused by covid 19 particularly due to strong energy demand in asia 63 storage and transport edit see also list of natural gas pipelines this section needs to be updated the reason given is change in transport from russia please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information may 2022 polyethylene plastic main being placed in a trench construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged often with standing warning signs 64 due to its low density it is not easy to store natural gas or to transport it by vehicle natural gas pipelines are impractical across oceans since the gas needs to be cooled down and compressed as the friction in the pipeline causes the gas to heat up many existing pipelines in the us are close to reaching their capacity prompting some politicians representing northern states to speak of potential shortages the large trade cost implies that natural gas markets are globally much less integrated causing significant price differences across countries in western europe the gas pipeline network is already dense 65 new pipelines are planned or under construction between western europe and the near east or northern africa 66 whenever gas is bought or sold at custody transfer points rules and agreements are made regarding the gas quality these may include the maximum allowable concentration of co 2 h 2 s and h 2 o usually sales quality gas that has been treated to remove contamination is traded on a dry gas basis and is required to be commercially free from objectionable odours materials and dust or other solid or liquid matter waxes gums and gum forming constituents which might damage or adversely affect operation of equipment downstream of the custody transfer point based on their geographic origin h gas high calorific gas and l gas low calorific gas are to be distinguished 67 both types require separate transport leading to two separate pipeline networks e g in parts of germany with a strengthened focus and transition towards h gas as the l gas reservoirs in germany and the netherlands are declining 68 liquefied natural gas edit this section is an excerpt from liquefied natural gas edit lng carrier a liquefied natural gas ship at świnoujście lng terminal in poland the passenger ship ms viking grace the world s first large scale passenger ship to be powered with liquefied natural gas liquefied natural gas sometimes liquid natural gas frequently lng is natural gas predominantly methane ch 4 with some mixture of ethane c 2 h 6 that has been cooled to liquid form for ease and safety of non pressurized storage or transport it takes up approximately 1 600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state at standard temperature and pressure 69 lng is odorless colorless non toxic and non corrosive 70 hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state freezing and asphyxiation 71 the liquefaction process involves removal of certain components such as dust carbon dioxide helium water and heavy hydrocarbons which could cause process upsets downstream 72 73 the natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately 162 c 260 f 69 maximum transport pressure is set at around 127 kpa 18 psi which is approximately 1 25 times atmospheric pressure at sea level the gas stream is typically separated into the liquefied petroleum fractions butane and propane and the lighter ethane and methane fractions these lighter fractions of methane and ethane make up the bulk of lng that is liquefied and stored before the late 20th century natural gas was largely considered a byproduct of oil production the development of production processes cryogenic storage and transportation made it possible to commercialize natural gas creating a global market which now competes with other fuels the development of lng storage made natural gas transportation much more reliable unlike simple tank storage used for other fuels natural gas previously could not be stored for extended periods due to the difficulty of preventing gas leakage large scale...