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japan south korea and other countries maintained that it serves to advance north korea s ballistic missile program 273 on 7 february 2016 a statement broadcast on korean central television said that a near earth observation satellite kwangmyongsong 4 had successfully been put into orbit 274 usage of communication technology is controlled by the ministry of posts and telecommunications an adequate nationwide fiber optic telephone system with 1 18 million fixed lines 229 and expanding mobile coverage is in place 9 mobile phone usage is increasingly widespread among north koreans 249 cellular coverage is available with a 4g network operated by koryolink and kangsong net 275 the number of subscribers has increased from 3 000 in 2002 276 to almost two million in 2013 277 international calls through either fixed or cellular service are restricted and mobile internet is not available 277 internet access itself is limited to a handful of elite users and scientists instead north korea has a walled garden intranet system called kwangmyong 278 which is maintained and monitored by the korea computer center 279 its content is limited to state media chat services message boards 278 an e mail service and an estimated 1 000 5 500 websites 280 computers employ the red star os an operating system derived from linux with a user shell visually similar to that of macos 280 demographics main article demographics of north korea see also koreans and list of cities in north korea development of life expectancy in north korea and south korea with the exception of a small chinese community and a few ethnic japanese north korea s 25 971 909 281 282 people are ethnically homogeneous 283 demographic experts in the 20th century estimated that the population would grow to 25 5 million by 2000 and 28 million by 2010 but this increase never occurred due to the north korean famine 284 the famine which began in 1995 and lasted for three years resulted in the deaths of an estimated 240 000 to 420 000 north koreans 56 international donors led by the united states initiated shipments of food through the world food programme in 1997 to combat the famine 285 the situation gradually improved the number of malnourished children declined from 60 in 1998 286 to 28 in 2013 287 domestic food production almost recovered to the recommended annual level of 5 37 million tons of cereal equivalent in 2013 288 but the world food programme reported a continuing lack of dietary diversity and access to fats and proteins 289 by the mid 2010s national levels of severe wasting an indication of famine like conditions were lower than in other low income countries and about on par with developing nations in the pacific and east asia children s health and nutrition is significantly better on a number of indicators than in many other asian countries 290 the famine had a significant impact on the population growth rate which declined to 0 9 annually in 2002 284 it was 0 4 in 2024 229 late marriages after military service limited housing space and long hours of work or political studies further exhaust the population and reduce growth 284 the national birth rate is 13 2 births per year per 1 000 population 229 two thirds of households consist of extended families mostly living in two room units marriage is virtually universal and divorce is extremely rare 291 v t e largest cities or towns in north korea 2008 census rank name administrative division pop rank name administrative division pop 1 pyongyang pyongyang capital city 3 255 288 11 sunchon south pyongan 297 317 2 hamhung south hamgyong 768 551 12 pyongsong south pyongan 284 386 3 chongjin north hamgyong 667 929 13 haeju south hwanghae 273 300 4 nampo south pyongan province 366 815 14 kanggye chagang 251 971 5 wonsan kangwon 363 127 15 anju south pyongan 240 117 6 sinuiju north pyongan 359 341 16 tokchon south pyongan 237 133 7 tanchon south hamgyong 345 875 17 kimchaek north hamgyong 207 299 8 kaechon south pyongan 319 554 18 rason rason special economic zone 196 954 9 kaesong north hwanghae 308 440 19 kusong north pyongan 196 515 10 sariwon north hwanghae 307 764 20 hyesan ryanggang 192 680 language main articles korean language and korean dialects further information north south differences in the korean language north korea shares the korean language with south korea although some dialectal differences exist within both koreas 286 north koreans refer to their pyongan dialect as munhwaŏ cultured language as opposed to the dialects of south korea especially the seoul dialect or p yojun ŏ standard language which are viewed as decadent because of its use of loanwords from chinese and european languages particularly english 292 293 words of chinese manchu or western origin have been eliminated from munhwa along with the usage of chinese hanja characters 292 written language uses only the chosŏn gŭl hangul phonetic alphabet developed under sejong the great 1418 1450 294 295 religion main article religion in north korea chilgol church in pyongyang where kang pan sok the mother of the late supreme leader kim il sung served as a presbyterian deaconess north korea is officially an atheist state 296 297 its constitution guarantees freedom of religion under article 68 but this principle is limited by the requirement that religion may not be used as a pretext to harm the state introduce foreign forces or harm the existing social order 111 298 religious practice is therefore restricted 299 300 despite nominal constitutional protections 301 proselytizing is also prohibited due to concerns about foreign influence the number of christian churchgoers nonetheless more than doubled between the 1980s and the early 2000s due to the recruitment of christians who previously worshipped privately or in small house churches 302 the open doors mission a protestant group based in the united states and founded during the cold war era claims the most severe persecution of christians in the world occurs in north korea 303 there are no known official statistics of religions in north korea according to a 2020 study published by the centre for the study of world christianity 73 of the population are irreligious 58 agnostic 15 atheist 13 practice chondoism 12 practice korean shamanism 1 5 are buddhist and less than 0 5 practice another religion such as christianity islam or chinese folk religion 1 amnesty international has expressed concerns about religious persecution in north korea 195 pro north groups such as the paektu solidarity alliance deny these claims saying that multiple religious facilities exist across the nation 304 some religious places of worship are located in foreign embassies in the capital city of pyongyang 305 five christian churches built with state funds stand in pyongyang three protestant one roman catholic and one russian orthodox 302 critics claim these are showcases for foreigners 306 307 buddhism and confucianism still influence spirituality 308 chondoism heavenly way is an indigenous syncretic belief combining elements of korean shamanism buddhism taoism and catholicism that is officially represented by the wpk controlled chondoist chongu party 309 chondoism is recognized and favored by the government being seen as an indigenous form of revolutionary religion 298 education main article education in north korea english lecture at the grand people s study house in pyongyang the 2008 census listed the entire population as literate 291 an 11 year free compulsory cycle of primary and secondary education is provided in more than 27 000 nursery schools 14 000 kindergartens 4 800 four year primary and 4 700 six year secondary schools 286 77 of males and 79 of females aged 30 34 have finished secondary school 291 an additional 300 universities and colleges offer higher education 286 most graduates from the compulsory program do not attend university but begin their obligatory military service or proceed to work in farms or factories instead the main deficiencies of higher education are the heavy presence of ideological subjects which comprise 50 of courses in social studies and 20 in sciences 310 and the imbalances in curriculum the study of natural sciences is greatly emphasized while social sciences are neglected 311 heuristics is actively applied to develop the independence and creativity of students throughout the system 312 the study of russian and english was made compulsory in upper middle schools in 1978 313 health main article health in north korea a dental clinic at pyongyang maternity hospital north korea has a life expectancy of 72 3 years in 2019 according to hdr 2020 314 while north korea is classified as a low income country the structure of north korea s causes of death 2013 is unlike that of other low income countries 315 instead it is closer to worldwide averages with non communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancers accounting for 84 percent of the total deaths in 2016 316 according to the world bank report of 2016 based on who s estimate only 9 5 of the total deaths recorded in north korea are attributed to communicable diseases and maternal prenatal and nutrition conditions a figure which is slightly lower than that of south korea 10 1 and one fifth of other low income countries 50 1 but higher than that of high income countries 6 7 317 only one out of ten leading causes of overall deaths in north korea is attributed to communicable diseases lower respiratory infection a disease which is reported to have declined by six percent since 2007 318 in 2013 cardiovascular disease as a single disease group was reported as the largest cause of death in north korea 315 the three major causes of death in north korea are stroke copd and ischaemic heart disease 318 non communicable diseases risk factors in north korea include high rates of urbanization an aging society and high rates of smoking and alcohol consumption amongst men 315 maternal mortality is lower than other low income countries but significantly higher than south korea and other high income countries at 89 per 100 000 live births 319 in 2008 child mortality was estimated to be 45 per 1 000 which is much better than other economically comparable countries chad for example had a child mortality rate of 120 per 1 000 despite the fact that chad was most likely wealthier than north korea at the time 51 according to a 2003 report by the united states department of state almost 100 of the population has access to water and sanitation 320 further 80 of the population had access to improved sanitation facilities in 2015 321 a free universal insurance system is in place 231 quality of medical care varies significantly by region 322 and is often low with severe shortages of equipment drugs and anesthetics 236 according to who expenditure on health per capita is one of the lowest in the world 236 preventive medicine is emphasized through physical exercise and sports nationwide monthly checkups and routine spraying of public places against disease every individual has a lifetime health card which contains a full medical record 323 healthcare access and quality index as calculated by ihme was reported to stand at 62 3 much lower than that of south korea 324 north korea has the highest number of doctors per capita amongst low income countries with 3 7 physicians per 1 000 people a figure which is also significantly higher than that of south korea according to who s data 325 conflicting reports between amnesty and who have emerged where the amnesty report claimed that north korea had an inadequate health care system while the director of the world health organization claimed that north korea s healthcare system was considered the envy of the developing world and had no lack of doctors and nurses 326 songbun main article songbun according to u s reports and refugee testimonies 327 all north koreans are sorted into groups according to their songbun an ascribed status system based on a citizen s assessed loyalty to the government based on their own behavior and the political social and economic background of their family for three generations as well as behavior by relatives within that range songbun is allegedly used to determine whether an individual is trusted with responsibility or given certain opportunities 328 songbun reportedly affects access to educational and employment opportunities and particularly whether a person is eligible to join north korea s ruling party 328 there are 3 main classifications and about 50 sub classifications according to kim il sung speaking in 1958 the loyal core class constituted 25 of the north korean population the wavering class 55 and the hostile class 20 327 the highest status is accorded to individuals descended from those who participated with kim il sung in the resistance against japanese occupation before and during world war ii and to those who were factory workers laborers or peasants in 1950 329 while some analysts believe private commerce recently changed the songbun system to some extent 330 most north korean refugees say it remains a commanding presence in everyday life 327 the north korean government claims all citizens are equal and denies any discrimination on the basis of family background 331 culture main article culture of north korea see also culture of korea pyohunsa buddhist temple a national treasure of north korea despite a historically strong chinese influence korean culture has shaped its own unique identity 332 it came under attack during the japanese rule from 1910 to 1945 when japan enforced a cultural assimilation policy koreans were forced to learn and speak japanese adopt the japanese family name system and shinto religion and were forbidden to write or speak the korean language in schools businesses or public places 333 after the peninsula was divided in 1945 two distinct cultures formed out of the common korean heritage north koreans have little exposure to foreign influence 334 the revolutionary struggle and the brilliance of the leadership are some of the main themes in art reactionary elements from traditional culture have been discarded and cultural forms with a folk spirit have been reintroduced 334 korean heritage is protected and maintained by the state 335 over 190 historical sites and objects of national significance are cataloged as national treasures of north korea while some 1 800 less valuable artifacts are included in a list of cultural assets the historic monuments and sites in kaesong and the complex of koguryo tombs are unesco world heritage sites 336 the goguryeo tombs are registered on unesco s list of world heritage sites these remains were registered as the first world heritage property of north korea in the unesco world heritage committee whc in july 2004 there are 63 burial mounds on the site with clear murals preserved the burial customs of the goguryeo culture have influenced asian civilizations beyond korea including japan 337 art see also korean art and korean arch...