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this message this article should specify the language of its non english content using lang or langx transliteration for transliterated languages and ipa for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate iso 639 code wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used notably cng for northern qiang see why june 2021 learn how and when to remove this message northern qiang rrmearr rma script used in qiang language pronunciation ʐmeʐ native to china region sichuan province ethnicity qiang people native speakers 58 000 cited 1999 1 language family sino tibetan tibeto burman qiangic qiang northern qiang writing system latin rma language codes iso 639 3 cng glottolog nort2722 northern qiang sout3257 southeast maoxian qiang elp northern qiang this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa northern qiang is a sino tibetan language of the qiangic branch more specifically falling under the tibeto burman family it is spoken by approximately 60 000 people in east tibet and in north central sichuan province china unlike its close relative southern qiang northern qiang is not a tonal language dialects edit northern qiang is composed of several different dialects many of which are easily mutually intelligible sun hongkai in his book on qiang in 1981 divides northern qiang into the following dialects luhua mawo zhimulin weigu and yadu these dialects are located in heishui county as well as the northern part of mao county the luhua mawo zhimulin and weigu varieties of northern qiang are spoken by the heishui tibetans the mawo dialect is considered to be the prestige dialect by the heishui tibetans names seen in the older literature for northern qiang dialects include dzorgai sifan kortsè sifan krehchuh and thóchú thotcu thotśu the last is a place name 2 sims 2016 3 characterizes northern upstream qiang as the nu innovation group individual dialects are highlighted in italics northern qiang nw heishui luhua 芦花镇 central heishui qinglang 晴朗乡 zhawo 扎窝乡 ciba 慈坝乡 shuangliusuo 双溜索乡 uvular v s innovation group zhimulin 知木林乡 hongyan 红岩乡 mawo 麻窝乡 se heishui luoduo 洛多乡 longba 龙坝乡 musu 木苏乡 shidiaolou 石碉楼乡 north maoxian taiping 太平乡 songpinggou 松坪沟乡 south songpan xiaoxing 小姓乡 zhenjiangguan 镇江关乡 zhenping 镇坪乡 west maoxian south heishui weigu 维古乡 waboliangzi 瓦钵乡梁子 se ergu 色尔古镇 ekou weicheng 维城乡 ronghong chibusu qugu 曲谷乡 wadi 洼底乡 baixi 白溪乡 huilong 回龙乡 sanlong 三龙乡 central maoxian heihu 黑虎乡 se maoxian reflexive marker innovation goukou 沟口乡 yonghe 永和乡 phonology edit the phonemic inventory of the northern qiang of ronghong village consists of 37 consonants and eight basic vowel qualities 4 22 25 the syllable structure of northern qiang allows up to six sounds 4 30 consonants edit labial dental retroflex palatal velar uvular glottal plain sibilant nasal m n ɲ ŋ stop affricate voiceless p t ts ʈʂ tɕ k q aspirated pʰ tʰ tsʰ ʈʂʰ tɕʰ kʰ qʰ voiced b d dz ɖʐ dʑ ɡ fricative voiceless ɸ ɬ s ʂ ɕ x χ h voiced z ʐ ʁ ɦ approximant l j w a glottal stop ʔ may be heard in word initial position when preceding vowels ɸ can also be heard as a labio dental f ʐ can also be heard as an alveolar ɹ ɕ x can have voiced allophones of ʑ ɣ approximants w j are not distinct from i u but are transcribed in intervocalic position and initially i u to clarify syllable division vowels edit northern qiang distinguishes between unstressed and long vowels signified by two small dots ː for all of its vowels except for ə in addition there exist 15 diphthongs and one triphthong in the language of northern qiang 4 25 26 northern qiang vowel inventory 4 25 front mid back high i iː y yː u uː mid e eː ə o oː low a aː ɑ ɑː there may not be a significant phonetic difference in sound between i and e and u and o respectively in fact they are often used in place of one another without changing the meaning diphthongs and triphthongs edit diphthongs ia iɑ ie ye eu əu ei əi oi uɑ ua uə ue ui ya triphthong uəi 4 26 r coloring edit as the northern qiang language becomes more endangered the use of r coloring is not being passed down to younger generations of the northern qiang people as a result there is great variation in its use r coloring is not considered its own phoneme because it is a vowel feature and only used to produce vowel harmony see below most commonly signifying a first person plural marking 4 28 example mi ʴ wu person mi all all the people 4 28 syllable structure edit the following is the northern qiang syllable prototype structure all are optional apart from the central vowel underlined 4 30 f c g v gc ᴾf the final fricative may be a fricative f an affricate ᴾf or l all consonants occur as initials though ŋ only before u and ɦ only in a directional prefix and in a filler interjection almost all apart from the aspirated consonants occur as finals these do not preserve proto tibeto burman finals which have all been lost but are the result of the reduction of unstressed syllables e g səf tree from sə wood pʰə forest initial fc clusters may be ʂ p t tɕ k q b d dʑ ɡ m x tɕ tʂ k s ʂ ɬ l dʑ dʐ z ʐ χ tʂ q s ʂ ɬ l d dʑ dʐ z ʐ n the fricatives are voiced to ʐ ɣ ʁ before a voiced consonant in addition ʂ s z before t d and ɕ ʑ before pi pe bi tɕ dʑ in final cᴾf clusters the c is a fricative clusters include ɕtɕ xʂ xtʂ xɬ ɣz ɣl χs examples of syllables permitted in northern qiang 4 30 template qiang word romanization translation v ɑ a one vg ɑu au one pile gv wə we bird vc ɑs as one day vcf əχʂ evsh tight cv pə be buy cgv kʰuə kue dog cgvg kuɑi tʰɑ guai ta strange cvc pɑq bagv interest cvcf bəxʂ bbehsh honey cgvc duɑp dduab thigh fcv xtʂe hzhea louse fcgv ʂkue shguea roast fcgvg ʂkuəi shguei mt goat fcvc ʂpəl shbel kidney fcvcf ʂpəχs shbevs chibusu fcgvc ʂquɑp shgvuab quiet fcgvcf ɕpiexɬ xbieahlh scar phonological processes edit initial weakening edit when a compound or a directional prefix is added before an aspirated initial the latter becomes the final of the preceding syllable in the new word this typically causes it to lose its aspiration 4 31 32 example tə dir b a big tə w a become big 4 32 vowel harmony edit vowel harmony exists in the mawo 麻窝 dialect typically vowel harmony is used to match a preceding syllable s vowel with the succeeding vowel or its height in some cases however the vowel of a succeeding syllable will harmonize in the opposite way matching with the preceding vowel this process occurs across syllables in compounds or in prefix root combinations vowel harmony can also occur for r coloring on the first syllable if the second syllable of a compound or prefix root combination already has r coloring 4 35 36 example w ə bird ʂp u flock w u ʂpu wild pigeon 4 35 example chinese zhàog ù qiang p ə to do tʂɑuk u p u take care of 4 36 example m e not w eʴ reduce m eʴ w eʴ unceasingly 4 35 example the realization of the word one a is influenced by the classifiers 5 e si a day a qep a can ɑ pɑu a packet o ʁu a barrel ɘ ʑu a pile ø dy a mouth epenthetic vowel edit the vowel ə can be embedded within a collection of consonants that are restricted by the syllable canon the epenthetic vowel is used to combine sounds that would typically be impermissible 4 36 example bəl ə s je do nom s good to eat advantageous 4 36 free variation edit for some words changing or adding consonants produces no phonological difference in meaning the most common consonant interchange is between ʂ and χ 4 37 example ʂ qu χ qu mouth 4 37 example kɑp kɑp ətʂ orphan 4 37 orthography edit northern qiang orthography letter a ae b bb c ch d dd dh e ea f g gg gv h hh hv i iu j jj k kv l ipa a æ p b t͡sʰ ʈ͡ʂʰ t d ɖ͡ʐ ə e f k g q x ɣ h i y t͡ɕ d͡ʑ kʰ qʰ l letter lh m n ng ny o p ph q rr s sh ss t u v vh vv w x xx y z zh zz ipa ɬ m n ŋ ȵ o pʰ ɸ t͡ɕʰ ʐ s ʂ z tʰ u χ ɦ ʁ w u̥ ɕ ʑ j t͡s ʈ͡ʂ d͡z nasalized vowels are indicated with trailing nn rhotacized vowels are indicated with trailing r long vowels are indicated by doubling the vowel letter morphology edit northern qiang uses affixes in the form of prefixes and suffixes to describe or modify the meaning of nouns and verbs 4 39 43 120 other morphological processes that are affixed include gender marking marking of genitive case compounding and nominalization northern qiang also uses non affixational processes such as reduplication 4 39 noun phrase edit in northern qiang any combination of the following order is allowed as long as it follows this flow clarification needed some of the items found below such as adjectives may be used twice within the same noun phrase 4 39 northern qiang noun phrase structure edit gen phrase rel clause noun adj dem def num cl pl 4 39 gender marking edit gender marking only occurs in animals typically mi is the suffix for females while zdu is the suffix for males 4 48 wə mi mare 4 48 puɲu zdu male cat 4 48 pronouns edit northern qiang pronouns can be represented from the 1st 2nd or 3rd person and can refer to one two or more than two people 4 50 northern qiang personal pronouns 4 50 singular dual plural 1 qɑ tɕi zzi tɕi le 2 ʔũ ʔi zzi ʔi le 3 theː qupu thi zzi them le genitive case edit the genitive marker tɕ ə is placed on the modifying noun this modifying noun will precede the noun it modifies 4 99 100 qɑ tɕ 1sg gen ləɣz book qɑ tɕ ləɣz 1sg gen book my book 4 100 verbal morphology edit the meaning of verbs can be changed using prefixes and suffixes or by using reduplication 4 120 123 verbal prefixes 4 120 marking in qiang purpose meaning 1 intensifying adverb 2 various direction orientation or 3rd person indirect directive 3 mə or tɕə simple negation or prohibitive 4 tɕi continuative aspect verbal suffixes 4 120 marking in qiang purpose meaning 5 ʐ causative 6 ɑː prospective aspect 7 kə or lə to go or to come auxiliary directional verbs 8 jə repetition 9 ji change of state 10 l 1st person indirect directive 11 k inferential evidential mirative 12 u visual evidential 13 ʂɑ sɑn ʂə ʴ sɑi wu u non actor person 1sg 2sg 1pl 2pl 3sg pl 14 ɑ n ə ʴ i tɕi actor person 1sg 2sg 1pl 2pl 3pl 15 i hearsay evidential reduplication edit repetition of the same root verb signifies a reciprocal action upon one actors or an ongoing action 4 52 123 example mɑ plaster a wall m ə mɑ be plastering 4 123 other morphological processes edit compounding edit in northern qiang the modifying noun of the compound must precede the modified noun 4 43 khuɑ ʁl dog child khuɑ ʁl dog child puppy 4 48 49 nominalization edit nouns are created from adjectives or verbs using clitics s m or tɕ the indefinite markers le or te or the definite marker ke 4 59 223 tɑwə tɑ m hat wear nom le ze def cl tɑwə tɑ m le ze hat wear nom def cl the person wearing a hat 4 224 syntax edit the northern qiang language has quite a predictable syntax without many variations the typical basic word order is subject object verb sov 4 221 northern qiang borrows some mandarin chinese words and phrases 4 222 clause structure edit order edit temp loc actor goal recipient adv ug vc part 4 221 temp temporal phrase ug undergoer vc verb complex part clause final particle a sentence in northern qiang may be as short as a verb complex which may just be a predicate noun 4 222 as shown from the order stated above northern qiang is a language with a sov sentence structure s χumtʂi xumtʂi o ʐətɕʰaq e ze rabbit one cl v ɦɑ tʂ dir pierce kill s o v χumtʂi ʐətɕʰaq e ze ɦɑ tʂ xumtʂi rabbit one cl dir pierce kill xumtʂi killed a rabbit 4 77 code mixing edit many loan words or loan phrases from mandarin are borrowed but the word order of these phrases is rearranged to fit the grammatical structure of northern qiang 4 222 pəs ŋuəɳi today top ʐmətʂi sətsim leː emperor wife def cl tɕiutɕin after all ʂə be mi leː person def cl ŋuə ŋuɑ cop q pəs ŋuəɳi ʐmətʂi sətsim leː tɕiutɕin ʂə mi leː ŋuə ŋuɑ today top emperor wife def cl after all be person def cl cop q today is the emperor s wife a human 4 222 in this sentence the words tɕiutɕin and ʂə are borrowed from mandarin status edit as with many qiangic languages northern qiang is becoming increasingly threatened 6 because the education system largely uses standard chinese as a medium of instruction for the qiang people and as a result of the universal access to schooling and television most qiang children are fluent or even monolingual in chinese while an increasing percentage cannot speak qiang 7 much of the population marry people from other parts of china who only speak mandarin 4 12 see also edit qiangic languages qiang people references edit northern qiang at ethnologue 18th ed 2015 subscription required sun jackson t s 1992 review of zangmianyu yuyin he cihui tibeto burman phonology and lexicon pdf linguistics of the tibeto burman area 15 2 76 77 archived pdf from the original on 2022 01 12 retrieved 2021 08 21 sims nathaniel 2016 towards a more comprehensive understanding of qiang dialectology pdf language and linguistics 17 3 351 381 doi 10 1177 1606822x15586685 archived from the original pdf on 2021 04 01 retrieved 2018 12 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 lapolla 2003 sun hongkai 孙宏开 1981 qiāngyǔ jiǎnzhì 羌语简志 in chinese minzu chubanshe qiang southern ethnologue archived from the original on 2021 02 19 retrieved 2019 03 17 lapolla 2003 p 5 bibliography edit bradley david 1997 tibeto burman languages and classification pdf in bradley d ed papers in south east asian linguistics no 14 tibeto burman languages of the himalayas canberra pacific linguistics pp 1 72 isbn 0 85883 456 1 archived pdf from the original on 2017 10 11 retrieved 2021 08 21 lapolla randy 2003 a grammar of qiang with annotated texts and glossary with chenglong huang berlin mouton de gruyter isbn 3 11 017829 x evans jonathan p 2006 vowel quality in hongyan qiang pdf language and linguistics 7 4 937 960 archived pdf from the original on 2021 08 21 retrieved 2021 08 21 northern qiang test of wikipedia at wikimedia incubator v t e sino tibetan languages sinitic chinese mandarin yue hakka min wu hui gan xiang jin pinghua bai cai long caijia longjia luren tibeto burman bodish tibetan central amdo khams dzongkha ladakhi balti lahuli spiti kyirong kagate sherpa jirel east bodish tshangla basum nam burmo qiangic lolo burmese burmish burmese standard intha danu rakhine tavoyan achang lhao vo lashi zaiwa mondzish loloish qiangic gyalrongic ersuic naic greater magaric magaric magar kham chepangic chepang bhujel raji raute dura tandrange naga ao angami pochuri meitei tangkhulic western naga zeliangrong sal boro garo konyak jingpho luish gongduk ʼole kho bwa puroik tani chamdo tujia nungish karenic gong kathu west himalayish tamangic newaric newar baram thangmi kiranti dhimalish dhimal toto lhokpu lepcha karbi kuki chin miju mruic mru hkongso pyu taman bailang proposed groupings central tibeto burman kuki chin naga macro bai mahakiranti rung tibeto kanauri pro...