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heast asia ladakh and the himalayas migrate to the lagoon in winter 80 among the waterfowl and wading birds spotted there are eurasian wigeon pintail bar headed goose greylag goose greater flamingo common mallard and goliath heron 81 82 the lagoon also has a small population of the endangered irrawaddy dolphins 83 the state s coastal region has also had sightings of the rare finless porpoise as well as the more common bottlenose dolphin humpback dolphin and spinner dolphins in its waters 84 satapada is situated close to the northeast cape of chilika lake and the bay of bengal it is famous for dolphin watching in their natural habitat there is a tiny island en route to watching dolphins where tourists often take a short stop apart from that this island is also home to tiny red crabs 85 according to a census conducted in 2016 there are around 2000 elephants in the state 86 white tiger in the nandankanan zoo irrawaddy dolphins can be found in chilika vanda tessellata one of the orchids found in odisha 87 migratory birds at chilika lake crocodile in bhitarkanika national park government and politics odisha state secretariat at bhubaneswar main article government of odisha all states in india are governed by a parliamentary system of government based on universal adult franchise 88 89 the main parties active in the politics of odisha are the biju janata dal the indian national congress and bharatiya janata party 90 currently bjp who won for the first time formed the government after winning the majority in 2024 odisha legislative assembly election mohan charan majhi is the 17th chief minister of odisha 91 legislative assembly main articles odisha legislative assembly and vidhan sabha the odisha state has a unicameral legislature 92 the odisha legislative assembly consists of 147 elected members 90 and special office bearers such as the speaker and deputy speaker who are elected by the members assembly meetings are presided over by the speaker or by the deputy speaker in the speaker s absence 93 executive authority is vested in the council of ministers headed by the chief minister although the titular head of government is the governor of odisha the governor is appointed by the president of india the leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the legislative assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor and the council of ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister the council of ministers reports to the legislative assembly 94 the 147 elected representatives are called members of the legislative assembly or mlas one mla may be nominated from the anglo indian community by the governor 95 the term of the office is for five years unless the assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term 93 the judiciary is composed of the odisha high court located at cuttack and a system of lower courts subdivisions main article list of districts of odisha odisha has been divided into 30 districts these 30 districts have been placed under three different revenue divisions to streamline their governance the divisions are north central and south with their headquarters at sambalpur cuttack and berhampur respectively each division consists of ten districts and has as its administrative head a revenue divisional commissioner rdc 96 the position of the rdc in the administrative hierarchy is that between that of the district administration and the state secretariat 97 the rdcs report to the board of revenue which is headed by a senior officer of the indian administrative service 96 map of districts of odisha division wise list of districts 98 northern division hq sambalpur central division hq cuttack southern division hq berhampur angul balangir bargarh deogarh dhenkanal jharsuguda kendujhar sambalpur subarnapur sundargarh balasore bhadrak cuttack jagatsinghpur jajpur kendrapada khordha mayurbhanj nayagarh puri boudh gajapati ganjam kalahandi kandhamal koraput malkangiri nabarangpur nuapada rayagada each district is administered by a collector and district magistrate who is appointed from the indian administrative service or a very senior officer from odisha administrative service 99 100 the collector and district magistrate is responsible for collecting the revenue and maintaining law and order in the district each district is separated into sub divisions each governed by a sub collector and sub divisional magistrate the sub divisions are further divided into tahasils the tahasils are headed by tahasildar odisha has 58 sub divisions 317 tahasils and 314 blocks 98 blocks consists of panchayats village councils and town municipalities the capital of the state is bhubaneswar and the largest city is cuttack which also functions as the deputy capital of the state the other major cities are rourkela berhampur and sambalpur municipal corporations in odisha include bhubaneswar cuttack berhampur puri sambalpur and rourkela other municipalities of odisha include angul asika balangir balasore barbil bargarh baripada basudevpur belpahar bhadrak bhanjanagar bhawanipatna biramitrapur boudh brajarajnagar byasanagar chhatrapur deogarh dhamra dhenkanal gopalpur gunupur hinjilicut jagatsinghpur jajpur jeypore jharsuguda joda kendrapara kendujhar khordha konark koraput malkangiri nabarangpur nayagarh nuapada paradeep paralakhemundi phulbani rajgangpur rayagada sonepur sundargarh talcher titilagarh karanjia chatrapur asika kantabanji nimapada baudhgarh and umerkote largest cities or towns in odisha as of the 2011 census rank name district pop 1 cuttack cuttack 921 321 2 bhubaneswar khordha 881 988 3 rourkela sundargarh 552 970 4 brahmapur ganjam 355 823 5 sambalpur sambalpur 270 331 6 puri puri 201 026 7 balasore balasore 144 373 8 bhadrak bhadrak 121 338 9 baripada mayurbhanj 116 874 10 balangir balangir 98 238 auxiliary authorities known as panchayats for which local body elections are regularly held govern local affairs in rural areas economy main article economy of odisha macro economic trend odisha is experiencing a rapid economic growth post covid the impressive growth in gross domestic product of the state has been reported by the ministry of statistics and programme implementation odisha s growth rate is above the national average 101 the central government s urban development ministry has recently announced the names of 20 cities selected to be developed as smart cities the state capital bhubaneswar is the first city in the list of smart cities released in january 2016 a pet project of the indian government the announcement also marked with sanction of rs 508 02 billion over the five years for development 102 industrial development one of the iron ore mines in keonjhar district rourkela steel plant odisha has abundant natural resources and a large coastline odisha has emerged as the most preferred destination for overseas investors with investment proposals 103 it contains a fifth of india s coal a quarter of its iron ore a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite rourkela steel plant 104 was the first integrated steel plant in the public sector in india built with collaboration of germany arcelor mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to 10 billion russian major magnitogorsk iron and steel company mmk plans to set up a 10 mt steel plant in odisha too nippon steel corporation has recently announced to set up their own plants one of which will be the world s largest and most advanced steel plant in odisha with a production capacity of 30 mt annually 105 bandhabahal is a major area of open cast coal mines in odisha the state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminium coal based power plants petrochemicals and information technology as well in power generation reliance power anil ambani group is putting up the world s largest power plant with an investment of us 13 billion at hirma in jharsuguda district 106 in 2009 odisha was the second top domestic investment destination with gujarat first and andhra pradesh in third place according to an analysis of assocham investment meter aim study on corporate investments odisha s share was 12 6 per cent in total investment in the country it received an investment proposal worth 2 01 trillion equivalent to 4 9 trillion or us 51 billion in 2026 in 2010 steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state 107 the recently concluded make in odisha conclave 2022 saw the state generate investment proposals worth 10 5 trillion with an employment potential for 10 37 701 people out of the total investment proposals received the metals ancillary and downstream sectors fetched 5 50 lakhs crore trillion power green energy and renewable energy sector fetched 2 38 trillion and chemicals petrochemicals and logistics infrastructure sector attracted 76 000 crores and 1 20 trillion respectively odisha has the potential to become a trillion dollar economy by 2030 transportation odisha has a network of roads railways airports and seaports bhubaneswar is well connected by air rail and road with the rest of india some highways are getting expanded to four lanes 108 109 odisha government plans mega metro rail project to connect puri and bhubaneswar 110 the metro rail proposal was given to connect trains between puri bhubaneswar cuttack 111 the odisha government has planned a new expressway that will connect biju patnaik international airport at bhubaneswar with the proposed shri jagannath international airport at puri 112 air main article list of airports in odisha biju patnaik international airport bhubaneswar odisha has a total of three operational airports 16 airstrips and 16 helipads 113 114 115 the airport at jharsuguda was upgraded to a full fledged domestic airport in may 2018 rourkela airport became operational in december 2022 the dhamra port company limited plans to build dhamra airport 20 km from dhamra port 116 bhubaneswar biju patnaik international airport jeypore jeypore airport jharsuguda veer surendra sai airport rourkela rourkela airport berhampur rangeilunda airport bhawanipatna utkela airport seaports main page category ports and harbours of odisha gopalpur port east coast railway headquarters bhubaneswar dhamra port odisha has a coastline of 485 kilometres 301 mi it has one major port at paradip and a few minor ports some of them are 117 118 port of dhamara port of gopalpur port of paradip port of subarnarekha railways major cities of odisha are well connected to all the major cities of india by direct daily trains and weekly trains most of the railway network in odisha lies under the jurisdiction of the east coast railway ecor with headquarters at bhubaneswar and some parts under south eastern railway and south east central railway demographics historical population year pop 1901 10 302 917 1911 11 378 875 10 4 1921 11 158 586 1 9 1931 12 491 056 11 9 1941 13 767 988 10 2 1951 14 645 946 6 4 1961 17 548 846 19 8 1971 21 944 615 25 0 1981 26 370 271 20 2 1991 31 659 736 20 1 2001 36 804 660 16 3 2011 41 974 218 14 0 source census of india 119 population tribal people of koraput odisha according to the 2011 census of india odisha accounted for approximately 3 of india s total population the state had a population of 41 974 218 with 21 212 136 males 50 54 and 20 762 082 females 49 46 resulting in a sex ratio of 978 females per 1 000 males this marked a growth rate of 13 97 during the 2001 2011 period a decline from 16 25 in the previous decade 1991 2001 the population density stood at 269 people per square kilometre with ganjam district having the highest population among all districts in odisha in contrast debagarh district has the lowest population the population in the age group of 0 6 years comprised 12 of the total population with a child sex ratio of 934 females for every 1 000 males in this age group additionally scheduled castes sc constituted a population of 7 2 million making up 16 5 of the total population while scheduled tribes st accounted for 9 6 million representing 22 1 of the population 4 literacy and socioeconomic indicators according to the 2011 census odisha s overall literacy rate is 72 87 male literacy stands at 81 59 while female literacy is recorded at 64 01 odisha s literacy rate is slightly below the national average of 74 04 literacy rates vary within the state with khordha district having the highest literacy rate at 86 88 while nabarangpur has the lowest at 46 43 in rural areas the average literacy rate is 70 22 compared to 85 57 in urban areas among the scheduled tribe population the literacy rate is 52 24 in terms of poverty odisha had a poverty rate of 57 15 in 2004 2005 nearly double the national average of 26 10 at the time however since 2005 the state has made significant progress reducing the poverty rate by 24 6 percentage points with the current estimate at 32 6 120 121 health and vital statistics data from 1996 2001 indicated that the state s life expectancy was 61 64 years slightly above the national average odisha also records a birth rate of 23 2 per 1 000 people annually a death rate of 9 1 per 1 000 an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1 000 live births 122 in 2011 2013 odisha recorded a maternal mortality ratio mmr of 222 per 100 000 live births according to a report by niti aayog as of 2018 odisha s human development index hdi stands at 0 606 122 the total fertility rate tfr in odisha declined from 2 1 in 2015 16 to 1 8 in 2020 21 paralleling the national trend which saw a decrease from 2 2 to 2 0 during the same period 123 with a cumulative score of 67 8 odisha tops the ranking in fiscal health index 2025 124 religion see also hinduism in odisha christianity in odisha and odia muslims religion in odisha 2011 125 hindu 93 6 christian 2 77 muslim 2 17 other religion 1 14 sikh 0 05 buddhist 0 03 jain 0 02 no religion 0 18 gita govinda based on the 2011 census odisha has a predominantly hindu population with 93 63 adhering to hinduism the state is home to several prominent hindu pilgrimage sites including jagannath puri known for the jagannath temple and the lingaraj temple in bhubaneswar which attract devotees from across india and beyond christianity is the second largest religion at 2 77 followed by islam at 2 17 smaller communities include sikhs 0 05 jains 0 02 and buddhists 0 03 additionally 1 14 of the population practices other religions with sarna being one of the prominent indigenous faiths 126 particularly among tribal communities a small segment 0 18 did not state their religious affiliation 125 decadal variations among religious groups religious composition of odisha religion 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 population population population population population population population hinduism 14 368 411 98 11 17 123 194 97 57 21 121 056 96 25 25 161 725 95 42 29 971 257 94 67 34 726 129 94 35 39 300 341 93 63 islam 176 338 1 20 215 319 1 23 326 507 1 49 422 266 1 60 577 775 1 82 761 985 ...