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what his omnipotence precisely consists for there may be doubt as to the precise meaning of the word all when we say that god can do all things if however we consider the matter aright since power is said in reference to possible things this phrase god can do all things is rightly understood to mean that god can do all things that are possible and for this reason he is said to be omnipotent 5 in scholasticism omnipotence is generally understood to be compatible with certain limitations or restrictions a proposition that is necessarily true is one whose negation is self contradictory it is sometimes objected that this aspect of omnipotence involves the contradiction that god cannot do all that he can do but the argument is sophistical it is no contradiction to assert that god can realize whatever is possible but that no number of actualized possibilities exhausts his power omnipotence is perfect power free from all mere potentiality hence although god does not bring into external being all that he is able to accomplish his power must not be understood as passing through successive stages before its effect is accomplished the activity of god is simple and eternal without evolution or change the transition from possibility to actuality or from act to potentiality occurs only in creatures when it is said that god can or could do a thing the terms are not to be understood in the sense in which they are applied to created causes but as conveying the idea of a being the range of whose activity is limited only by his sovereign will john ambrose mchugh omnipotence catholic encyclopedia 1913 aquinas says that power is predicated of god not as something really distinct from his knowledge and will but as differing from them logically inasmuch as power implies a notion of a principle putting into execution what the will commands and what knowledge directs which three things in god are identified or we may say that the knowledge or will of god according as it is the effective principle has the notion of power contained in it hence the consideration of the knowledge and will of god precedes the consideration of his power as the cause precedes the operation and effect 6 the adaptation of means to ends in the universe does not argue as john stuart mill would have it that the power of the designer is limited but only that god has willed to manifest his glory by a world so constituted rather than by another citation needed indeed the production of secondary causes capable of accomplishing certain effects requires greater power than the direct accomplishment of these same effects on the other hand even though no creature existed god s power would not be barren for creatures are not an end to god 7 full citation needed regarding the deity s power medieval theologians contended that there are certain things that even an omnipotent deity cannot do the statement a deity can do anything is only sensible with an assumed suppressed clause that implies the perfection of true power this standard scholastic answer allows that acts of creatures such as walking can be performed by humans but not by a deity rather than an advantage in power human acts such as walking sitting or giving birth were possible only because of a defect in human power the capacity to sin for example is not a power but a defect or infirmity in response to questions of a deity performing impossibilities e g making square circles aquinas says that everything that does not imply a contradiction in terms is numbered amongst those possible things in respect of which god is called omnipotent whereas whatever implies contradiction does not come within the scope of divine omnipotence because it cannot have the aspect of possibility hence it is better to say that such things cannot be done than that god cannot do them nor is this contrary to the word of the angel saying no word shall be impossible with god for whatever implies a contradiction cannot be a word because no intellect can possibly conceive such a thing 5 c s lewis adopts a scholastic position in the course of his work the problem of pain lewis follows aquinas view on contradiction his omnipotence means power to do all that is intrinsically possible not to do the intrinsically impossible you may attribute miracles to him but not nonsense this is no limit to his power if you choose to say god can give a creature free will and at the same time withhold free will from it you have not succeeded in saying anything about god meaningless combinations of words do not suddenly acquire meaning simply because we prefix to them the two other words god can it is no more possible for god than for the weakest of his creatures to carry out both of two mutually exclusive alternatives not because his power meets an obstacle but because nonsense remains nonsense even when we talk it about god 8 as a stage of normal child development edit sigmund freud freely used the same term in a comparable way referring with respect to an adult neurotic to the omnipotence which he ascribed to his thoughts and feelings freud reckoned that this belief is a frank acknowledgement of a relic of the old megalomania of infancy 9 similarly freud concluded that we can detect an element of megalomania in most other forms of paranoic disorder we are justified in assuming that this megalomania is essentially of an infantile nature and that as development proceeds it is sacrificed to social considerations 10 freud saw megalomania as an obstacle to psychoanalysis in the second half of the 20th century object relations theory both in the united states and among british kleinians set about rethinking megalomania intent on transforming an obstacle into a complex organization that linked object relations and defence mechanisms in such a way as to offer new prospects for therapy 11 edmund bergler one of his early followers considered that as freud and ferenczi have shown the child lives in a sort of megalomania for a long period he knows only one yardstick and that is his own over inflated ego megalomania it must be understood is normal in the very young child 12 bergler was of the opinion that in later life the activity of gambling in itself unconsciously activates the megalomania and grandiosity of childhood reverting to the fiction of omnipotence 13 heinz kohut regarded the narcissistic patient s megalomania as a part of normal development d w winnicott took a more positive view of a belief in early omnipotence seeing it as essential to the child s well being and good enough mothering as essential to enable the child to cope with the immense shock of loss of omnipotence 14 as opposed to whatever prematurely forces it out of its narcissistic universe citation needed rejection or limitation edit some monotheists reject the view that a deity is or could be omnipotent or take the view that by choosing to create creatures with free will a deity has chosen to limit divine omnipotence in conservative and reform judaism and some movements within protestant christianity including open theism deities are said to act in the world through persuasion and not by coercion this is a matter of choice a deity could act miraculously and perhaps on occasion does so while for process theism it is a matter of necessity creatures have inherent powers that a deity cannot even in principle override deities are manifested in the world through inspiration and the creation of possibility not necessarily by miracles or violations of the laws of nature 15 16 philosophical grounds edit process theology rejects unlimited omnipotence on a philosophical basis arguing that omnipotence as classically understood would be less than perfect and is therefore incompatible with the idea of a perfect deity the idea is grounded in plato s oft overlooked statement that being is power my notion would be that anything which possesses any sort of power to affect another or to be affected by another if only for a single moment however trifling the cause and however slight the effect has real existence and i hold that the definition of being is simply power plato 247e 17 from this premise charles hartshorne argues further that power is influence and perfect power is perfect influence power must be exercised upon something at least if by power we mean influence control but the something controlled cannot be absolutely inert since the merely passive that which has no active tendency of its own is nothing yet if the something acted upon is itself partly active then there must be some resistance however slight to the absolute power and how can power which is resisted be absolute hartshorne 89 the argument can be stated as follows citation needed if a being exists then it must have some active tendency if a being has some active tendency then it has some power to resist its creator if a being has the power to resist its creator then the creator does not have absolute power for example although someone might control a lump of jelly pudding almost completely the inability of that pudding to stage any resistance renders that person s power rather unimpressive power can only be said to be great if it is over something that has defenses and its own agenda if a deity s power is to be great it must therefore be over beings that have at least some of their own defenses and agenda thus if a deity does not have absolute power it must therefore embody some of the characteristics of power and some of the characteristics of persuasion this view is known as dipolar theism the most popular works espousing this point are from harold kushner in judaism the need for a modified view of omnipotence was also articulated by alfred north whitehead in the early 20th century and expanded upon by charles hartshorne hartshorne proceeded within the context of the theological system known as process theology thomas jay oord argues that omnipotence dies a death of a thousand philosophical qualifications to make any sense the word must undergo various logical ontological mathematical theological and existential qualifications so that it loses specificity 18 scriptural grounds edit in the authorized king james version of the bible as well as several other versions in revelation 19 6 it is stated the lord god omnipotent reigneth the template below langx is being considered for merging with lang ru see templates for discussion to help reach a consensus ancient greek παντοκράτωρ romanized pantokrator all mighty 19 thomas jay oord argues that omnipotence is not found in the hebrew and greek scriptures the hebrew words shaddai breasts and sabaoth hosts are wrongly translated as god almighty or divine omnipotence pantokrator the greek word in the new testament and septuagint often translated in english as almighty actually means all holding rather than almighty or omnipotent oord offers an alternative view of divine power he calls amipotence which is the maximal power of god s uncontrolling love 20 uncertainty edit in the view of rené descartes trying to develop a theory to explain assign or reject omnipotence on grounds of logic has little merit since being omnipotent in the sense in which descartes used the word would mean the omnipotent being is above logic 21 he explains this idea in his meditations on first philosophy this view is called universal possibilism 22 according to hindu philosophy the essence of brahman can never be understood or known since brahman is beyond both existence and non existence transcending and including time causation and space and thus can never be known in the same material sense as one traditionally understands a given concept or object 23 see also edit counterdependency criminals from a sense of guilt omnipotence paradox theodicy references edit definition of omnipotence e g augustine of hippo city of god the 1st world congress on logic and religion pdf freie universität berlin this is a consistent theme of polkinghorne s work see e g polkinghorne s science and religion page needed 1 2 thomas aquinas summa theologiae 1a q 25 a 3 respondeo quoted from the summa theologica of st thomas aquinas second and revised edition 1920 translated by the fathers of the english dominican province at new advent copyright 2008 by kevin knight archived 2011 11 21 at the wayback machine thomas aquinas summa theologiae 1a q 25 a 1 ad 4 quoted from the summa theologica of st thomas aquinas second and revised edition 1920 translated by the fathers of the english dominican province at new advent 2008 archived 2011 11 21 at the wayback machine thomas aquinas summa theologica c s lewis 2001 1st pub 1940 the problem of pain san francisco harpersanfrancisco p 18 freud sigmund 1959 jones ernest ed collected papers vol 3 internet archive new york basic books p 369 freud sigmund strachey james freud anna 1981 the standard edition of the complete psychological works of sigmund freud vol xii internet archive reprint ed london hogarth press p 65 isbn 978 0 7012 0067 1 judith m hughes 2004 from obstacle to ally p 175 edmund bergler 1974 the psychology of gambling in j halliday p fuller eds the psychology of gambling london pp 176 and 182 publisher missing robert m lindner 1950 the psychodynamics of gambling in halliday fuller eds the psychology of gambling p 220 adam phillips 1994 on flirtation london p 18 publisher missing viney donald process theism plato stanford edu stanford encyclopedia of philosophy retrieved 6 october 2022 open theism theopedia com theopedia retrieved 6 october 2022 archived copy archived from the original on 2005 12 30 retrieved 2006 05 12 cite web cs1 maint archived copy as title link thomas jay oord the death of omnipotence and birth of amipotence grasmere id sacrasage press 2023 ch 2 3841 pantokrator pan tok rat ore strong s greek dictionary archived from the original on 2011 03 19 retrieved 2011 04 07 via strongsnumbers com thomas jay oord 2023 the death of omnipotence and birth of amipotence grasmere idaho sacrasage press ch 1 descartes ontological argument plato stanford edu retrieved 2011 04 07 craig william lane logical truth and omnipotence archived from the original on 20 may 2014 retrieved 20 may 2014 brahmano hi pratisthaham bhagavad gita 14 27 further reading edit augustine city of god and christian doctrine c s lewis the problem of pain charles hartshorne man s vision of god plato sophist tertullian against praxeas thomas aquinas summa theologica external links edit wikiquote has quotations related to omnipotence look up omnipotence in wiktionary the free dictionary internet encyclopedia of philosophy entry stanford encyclopedia of philosophy entry logical truth and omnipotence omnipotence and free will in judaism retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title omnipotence oldid 1369522238 categories philosophy of religion attributes of god in christian theology superlatives in religion hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles that may contain or...