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1967, über, adamantan, und, dessen, stellung, substituierte, 575, 1135, cccc19670570, 570, czechoslovak, communications, yamataka, hiroshi, pat0310, ashby, noding, 1979, compound, 4377, jo01338a026, 4371, carey, francis, kindle, springer, 387, 44899, advanced, bailey, facile, alkyn, yllithiums, 3904, 99279, 3901, baskaran, müller, 2010, germany, verlag, gmbh, kgaa, ch1, living, polymerizations, heinz, brandt, wolfgang, nentwig1, nicola, rooney, laflair, ute, wolf, duffy, judit, puskas, gabor, kaszas, mark, drewitt, stephan, glander, rubber, rubbers, 2011, o23_o02, fananas, francisco, sanz, roberto, pat0341, seebach, 1654, 198816241, 1624, pinacolone, peptides, difficulties, opportunities, afforded, bernstein, dependent, metalations, understanding, krel, 8010, ja00071a011, 8008, 454, ar00022a003, 448, nichols, 1572, ja00057a050, 1568, 8731, ja00205a030, 8729, 111, chalk, hoogeboom, 1968, toluene, 618, 0022, 328x, 80091, 615, organomet, gessner, adducts, tmcda, consequences, benzene, 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edit main article metal halogen exchange lithium halogen exchange lithium halogen exchange involves heteroatom exchange between an organohalide and organolithium species r li r x r x r li displaystyle ce r li r x r x r li 2 lithium halogen exchange is very useful in preparing new organolithium reagents the application of lithium halogen exchange is illustrated by the parham cyclization 57 parham cyclization in mitospin transmetalation edit organolithium reagents are often used to prepare other organometallic compounds by transmetalation organocopper organotin organosilicon organoboron organophosphorus organocerium and organosulfur compounds are frequently prepared by reacting organolithium reagents with appropriate electrophiles r m n buli r li n bum displaystyle ce r m textit n ce buli r li textit n ce bum 3 common types of transmetalation include li sn li hg and li te exchange which are fast at low temperature 47 the advantage of li sn exchange is that the tri alkylstannane precursors undergo few side reactions as the resulting n bu 3 sn byproducts are unreactive toward alkyllithium reagents 47 in the following example vinylstannane obtained by hydrostannylation of a terminal alkyne forms vinyllithium through transmetalation with n buli 58 li sn exchange organolithium can also be used in to prepare organozinc compounds through transmetalation with zinc salts 59 organozinc reagents from alkyllithium lithium diorganocuprates can be formed by reacting alkyl lithium species with copper i halide the resulting organocuprates are generally less reactive toward aldehydes and ketones than organolithium reagents or grignard reagents 60 1 4 cuprate addition preparation edit most simple alkyllithium reagents and common lithium amides are commercially available in a variety of solvents and concentrations organolithium reagents can also be prepared in the laboratory below are some common methods for preparing organolithium reagents displacement of a leaving group edit in lithium halogen exchange reduction of alkyl halide with metallic lithium can afford simple alkyl and aryl organolithium reagents 36 r x 2 li r li li x displaystyle ce r x 2li r li li x 4 tert butyllithium or n butyllithium are the most commonly used reagents for generating new organolithium species through lithium halogen exchange lithium halogen exchange is mostly used to convert aryl and alkenyl iodides and bromides with sp2 carbons to the corresponding organolithium compounds the reaction is extremely fast and often proceed at 60 to 120 c 48 industrial preparation of organolithium reagents is achieved using this method by treating the alkyl chloride with metal lithium containing 0 5 2 sodium the conversion is highly exothermic the sodium initiates the radical pathway and increases the rate 61 the reduction proceeds via a radical pathway below is an example of the preparation of a functionalized lithium reagent using reduction with lithium metal 62 sometimes lithium metal in the form of fine powders are used in the reaction with certain catalysts such as naphthalene or 4 4 di t butylbiphenyl dtbb another substrate that can be reduced with lithium metal to generate alkyllithium reagents is sulfides reduction of sulfides is useful in the formation of functionalized organolithium reagents such as alpha lithio ethers sulfides and silanes 63 reduction with li metal metalation edit further information metalation reactivity and applications a second method of preparing organolithium reagents is a metalation lithium hydrogen exchange the relative acidity of hydrogen atoms controls the position of lithiation this is the most common method for preparing alkynyllithium reagents because the terminal hydrogen bound to the sp carbon is very acidic and easily deprotonated 36 for aromatic compounds the position of lithiation is also determined by the directing effect of substituent groups 64 some of the most effective directing substituent groups are alkoxy amido sulfoxide sulfonyl metalation often occurs at the position ortho to these substituents in heteroaromatic compounds metalation usually occurs at the position ortho to the heteroatom 36 64 transmetalation edit further information transmetalation applications the fourth method to prepare organolithium reagents is through transmetalation this method can be used for preparing vinyllithium shapiro reaction edit in the shapiro reaction two equivalents of strong alkyllithium base react with p tosylhydrazone compounds to produce the vinyllithium or upon quenching the olefin product handling edit organolithium compounds are highly reactive species and require specialized handling techniques they are often corrosive flammable and sometimes pyrophoric spontaneous ignition when exposed to air or moisture 65 alkyllithium reagents can also undergo thermal decomposition to form the corresponding alkyl species and lithium hydride 66 organolithium reagents are typically stored below 10 c reactions are conducted using air free techniques 65 the concentration of alkyllithium reagents is often determined by titration 67 68 69 organolithium reagents react often slowly with ethers which nonetheless are often used as solvents 70 approximate half lives of common lithium reagents in typical solvents solvent temp n buli s buli t buli meli ch 2 c oet li ch 2 c sime 3 li thf 40 c 338 min thf 20 c 42 min thf 0 c 17 h thf 20 c 107 min 15 h 17 h thf 35 c 10 min thf tmeda 20 c 55 h thf tmeda 0 c 340 min thf tmeda 20 c 40 min ether 20 c 480 min ether 0 c 61 min ether 20 c 153 h 30 min 17 d ether 35 c 31 h ether tmeda 20 c 603 min dme 70 c 120 min 11 min dme 20 c 110 min 2 min 2 min dme 0 c 6 min see also edit alkynylation grignard reagent hsab concept schlosser s base isotopes of lithium further reading edit reich h j borst j p dykstra r r green p d 1993 a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic technique for the characterization of lithium ion pair structures in thf and thf hmpa solution j am chem soc 115 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