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revival style solomon r guggenheim museum in new york by frank lloyd wright the sage gateshead by norman foster the trend towards organic shapes in contemporary architecture burj khalifa dubai the tallest skyscraper in the world completed in 2009 main article history of architecture see also list of firsts in architecture neolithic architecture architecture of the last part of the stone age and of the people of the americas and the pacific up until the time of european contact ancient egyptian architecture architecture of ancient egypt which developed a vast array of diverse structures and great architectural monuments along the nile among the largest and most famous of which are the great pyramid of giza and the great sphinx of giza achaemenid architecture the architectural achievements of the achaemenid persians manifesting in construction of complex cities perspepolis susa ecbatana temples made for worship and social gatherings such as zoroastrian temples and mausoleums erected in honor of fallen kings such as the burial tomb of cyrus the great armenian architecture an architectural style developed over the last 4 500 years of human habitation in the armenian highland the eastern part of asia minor and used principally by the armenian people coptic architecture the architecture of the copts who form the majority of christians in egypt dravidian architecture a style of architecture thousands of years ago in the southern part of the indian subcontinent or south india built by the dravidian peoples maya architecture the structures of the maya civilization which was established circa 2000 bc and continued until its conquest by the spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries some of its notable constructions include ceremonial platforms palaces e groups pyramids temples observatories and ballcourts sumerian architecture the ancient architecture of the region of the tigris euphrates river system also known as mesopotamia ancient greek architecture the architecture of ancient greece where the classical orders were developed establishing a precedent for the subsequent development of classical architecture ancient roman architecture adopted the principles of ancient greek architecture and developed both new decorative forms and much more complex building forms notably adopting the use of arches and vaults buddhist architecture developed by the worshipers of buddha in south asia in the 3rd century bce and associated with three types of structures monasteries viharas stupas and temples chaitya grihas inca architecture the pre columbian architecture of the incas in south america known particularly for its exceptionally precise masonry sassanid architecture the persian architectural style that reached a peak in its development during the sassanid era mesoamerican architecture the set of architectural traditions produced by pre columbian cultures and civilizations of mesoamerica best known in the form of public ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures byzantine architecture the architecture of the byzantine empire islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of islam to the present day influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in islamic culture newa architecture style of architecture used by the newari people in the kathmandu valley in nepal ranging from stupas and chaitya monastery buildings to courtyard structures and distinctive houses medieval architecture a term used to represent various forms of architecture common in medieval europe romanesque architecture an architectural style of medieval europe characterized by semi circular arches gothic architecture a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period iranian architecture or persian architecture is the historic architecture of iran persia hoysala architecture building style developed under the rule of the hoysala empire between the 11th and 14th centuries in the region known today as karnataka a state of india vijayanagara architecture primarily a temple style found in vijayanagara principality in india ottoman architecture or turkish architecture is the architecture of the ottoman empire which emerged in bursa and edirne in 14th and 15th centuries renaissance architecture the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of europe demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient greek and roman thought and material culture classical architecture architecture derived in part from the greek and roman architecture of classical antiquity enriched by classicizing architectural practice in europe since the renaissance palladian architecture a european architectural style derived from and inspired by the designs of the venetian architect andrea palladio 1508 1580 baroque architecture the building style of the baroque era begun in late sixteenth century italy that took the roman vocabulary of renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion often to express the triumph of the catholic church and the absolutist state neoclassical architecture an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement which began in the mid 18th century manifested both in its details as a reaction against the rococo style of naturalistic ornament and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of late baroque victorian architecture includes several architectural styles employed predominantly during the middle and late 19th century renaissance revival architecture nineteenth century revival style inspired by buildings of the renaissance gothic revival architecture also called victorian gothic and neo gothic an architectural movement that began in the late 1840s in england its popularity grew rapidly in the early 19th century when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo gothic styles sought to revive medieval forms in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time modern architecture generally characterized by simplification of form and absence of ornament although now historical the ubiquitous international style which predominates in cities worldwide remains a strong influence in contemporary architecture postmodern architecture began as an international style the first examples of which are generally cited as being from the 1950s but did not become a movement until the late 1970s and continues to influence present day architecture new classical architecture a movement for reapproaching traditional architecture language that established since the 1980s contemporary architecture the architecture of the 21st century buildings edit see also megastructure planning concept although not all buildings are architecture the term encompasses a huge range of building types as summarised in the following list pages list of building types list of buildings and structures list of human habitation forms building construction edit building design materials edit materiality architecture building material list of building materials structural elements edit main category architectural elements arch a curved structure often made up blocks or bricks spanning across an opening and supporting the weight of structure above works by transferring vertical loads into compression forces there are many arch shapes including semicircular segmental parabolic pointed gothic three point and flat arches beam structure a straight structural member typically wood or steel capable of spanning from one support to another and supporting the weight of structure above works by resisting bending forces buttress a short section of masonry built at right angles to a wall to resist lateral forces cantilever a projecting structure without visible means of support at the projecting end column or pillar a relatively slender structural element typically circular square or polygonal in plan that bears the weight of the structure above dome a roof structure typically hemispherical constructed in a similar way to an arch the plan shape may be circular elliptical or polygonal and the cross section shape can vary in the same ways as an arch doorway opening in a wall typically rectangular providing means of access usually with a gate or door to provide security and weather protection facade an exterior face of a building especially the front floor typically a horizontal surface that is walked upon to support the expected loads of the building foundation or footing solid base usually below ground upon which buildings and other structures are built works by spreading vertical loads over a sufficient area to ensure the structure will not subside lintel a structural member spanning across the top of an opening unlike a beam a lintel spans a relatively short distance which can be spanned by single block of stone of sufficient depth concrete timber and steel lintels are also used in different types of construction pier architecture loadbearing structure similar to a column but more massive truss a structure spanning in the same way as a beam but using materials more efficiently by using triangulation to create a rigid structure typically timber or steel used to support a pitched roof vault architecture a curved masonry structure spanning in the same way as an arch forming either a roof or support for a floor above wall a linear structure enclosing the exterior of an area or building or subdividing an internal space a wall may be loadbearing or non loadbearing window an opening in a wall typically rectangular providing light and ventilation usually but not always glazed architectural education edit professional requirements for architects students undertake specific vocational training in order to qualify as a professional architects training typically consists of one or more university degrees and a period of practical experience in some countries it is illegal to use the title architect without accredited qualifications in the united kingdom the architects registration board exists solely to regulate membership of the profession in the united states the national architectural accrediting board regulates professional educational programs and the national council of architectural registration boards is an umbrella organization to recommend model laws regulations exams and to facilitate reciprocity in licensure between different jurisdictions architectural education can involve degree types that do not directly result in licensing such as bachelor of science in architecture bachelor of arts in architecture or a research phd in architecture some of the qualifications specific to architectural licensing include bachelor of architecture b arch undergraduate academic degree designed to satisfy the academic component of professional accreditation bodies to be followed by a period of practical training prior to professional examination and registration master of architecture m arch professional degree in architecture qualifying the graduate to move through the various stages of professional accreditation internship exams that result in receiving a license doctor of architecture d arch doctoral degree in the field of architecture that can be completed after either a bachelor of architecture b arch master of architecture m arch degree or in some cases another degree architectural practice edit architectural drawing or architect s drawing a technical drawing of a building or building project architectural design competition a specialist competition inviting architects to submit design proposals for a project architectural technology or building technology is the application of technology to the design of buildings it is a component of architecture and building engineering and is sometimes viewed as a distinct discipline or sub category blueprint an obsolete paper based method of reproducing technical drawings producing a distinctive appearance white lines on a blue background the word is still in use as a by word for a design solution a blueprint for future developments brief architecture a written statement of a client s requirements for a building project building code or building control a set of rules that specify the minimum acceptable level of safety and environmental performance in building construction computer aided architectural design caad software based production of technical drawings and 3 d models construction law a branch of law that deals with matters relating to building construction cost accounting or cost management a vital activity in connection with building generally performed by a specialist quantity surveyor construction projects are notoriously subject to cost overruns caused by changing circumstances or by failure to fully allow for foreseeable costs during budgeting project management the process of managing all the activities involved in a construction project including adherence to the design and local legislation costs and payment and verification of project completion architecture prizes edit architecture prize architecture prizes are generally awarded for completed projects and are chosen from publicised or nominated works 6 not from submissions by the originating architect the riba royal gold medal has in fact been refused on a number of occasions 7 aga khan award for architecture akaa an architectural prize established by aga khan iv in 1977 awarded for achievements in design and planning in islamic societies aia gold medal awarded by the american institute of architects for a significant body of work of lasting influence on the theory and practice of architecture first awarded 1907 european union prize for contemporary architecture also known as the mies van der rohe award awarded jointly by the european union and the fundacia mies van der rohe barcelona to acknowledge and reward quality architectural production in europe pritzker architecture prize awarded annually to a living architect whose built work demonstrates a combination of those qualities of talent vision and commitment which has produced consistent and significant contributions to humanity and the built environment through the art of architecture founded in 1979 by jay a pritzker and his wife cindy the award is often referred to as the nobel prize of architecture riba royal gold medal awarded annually since 1848 by the royal institute of british architects for an individual s or group s substantial contribution to international architecture it is given for a distinguished body of work rather than for one building carbuncle cup unlike the mainstream awards which reward perceived merit this is awarded annually by the uk magazine building design to the ugliest building in the united kingdom completed in the last 12 months more related fields edit architectural conservation repair and restoration of buildings especially historic structures architectural technology the applicat...