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5 languages afrikaans العربية مصرى asturianu kotava azərbaycanca български català čeština dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 한국어 kernowek nederlands norsk bokmål polski پښتو português русский සිංහල slovenčina slovenščina svenska kiswahili türkçe українська yorùbá 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia austrian philosopher of science 1924 1994 paul feyerabend feyerabend at berkeley born paul karl feyerabend 1924 01 13 january 13 1924 vienna austria died february 11 1994 1994 02 11 aged 70 genolier vaud switzerland education education university of vienna phd 1951 thesis zur theorie der basissätze a theory of basic statements 1951 doctoral advisor victor kraft other advisors karl popper arthur pap 1 philosophical work era 20th century philosophy region western philosophy school analytic philosophy 2 institutions university of california berkeley eth zurich doctoral students nancey murphy 3 main interests philosophy of science epistemology political philosophy ancient philosophy philosophy of mind notable ideas epistemological anarchism criticism of falsificationism incommensurability eliminative materialism paul karl feyerabend ˈ f aɪ ər ɑː b ə n d fy ur ah bent german ˈfaɪɐˌʔaːbm̩t january 13 1924 february 11 1994 was an austrian philosopher best known for his work in philosophy of science he started his academic career as lecturer in philosophy of science at the university of bristol 1955 1958 afterward he moved to the university of california berkeley where he taught for three decades 1958 1989 at various points in his life he held joint appointments at the university college london 1967 1970 the london school of economics 1967 the fu berlin 1968 yale university 1969 the university of auckland 1972 1975 the university of sussex 1974 and the eth zurich 1980 1990 he gave lectures and lecture series at the university of minnesota 1958 1962 stanford university 1967 the university of kassel 1977 and the university of trento 1992 4 feyerabend s most famous work is against method 1975 wherein he argues that there are no universally valid methodological rules for scientific inquiry he also wrote on topics related to the politics of science in several essays and in his book science in a free society 1978 feyerabend s later works include wissenschaft als kunst science as art 1984 farewell to reason 1987 three dialogues on knowledge 1991 and conquest of abundance released posthumously in 1999 which collect essays from the 1970s until feyerabend s death the uncompleted draft of an earlier work was released posthumously in 2009 as naturphilosophie and translated to english in 2016 as philosophy of nature this work contains feyerabend s reconstruction of the history of natural philosophy from the homeric period until the mid 20th century in these works and others feyerabend wrote about numerous issues at the interface between history and philosophy of science and ethics ancient philosophy philosophy of art political philosophy medicine and physics his final work was an autobiography killing time which he completed on his deathbed 5 6 feyerabend s extensive correspondence and other materials from his nachlass continue to be published 7 feyerabend is recognized as one of the most important 20th century philosophers of science in a 2010 poll he was ranked as the 8th most significant philosopher of science 8 he is often mentioned alongside thomas kuhn imre lakatos and n r hanson as a crucial figure in the historical turn in philosophy of science and his work on scientific pluralism has been markedly influential on the stanford school and on much contemporary philosophy of science feyerabend was also a significant figure in the sociology of scientific knowledge 4 his lectures were extremely well attended attracting international attention 9 his multifaceted personality is eloquently summarized in his obituary by ian hacking humanists in my old fashioned sense need to be part of both arts and sciences paul feyerabend was a humanist he was also fun 10 in line with this humanistic interpretation and the concerns apparent in his later work the paul k feyerabend foundation was founded in 2006 in his honour the foundation promotes the empowerment and wellbeing of disadvantaged human communities by strengthening intra and inter community solidarity it strives to improve local capacities promote the respect of human rights and sustain cultural and biological diversity in 1970 the loyola university of chicago awarded feyerabend a doctor of humane letters degree honoris causa asteroid 22356 feyerabend is named after him 11 biography edit early life edit feyerabend was born in 1924 in vienna austria 12 13 his paternal grandfather was the illegitimate child of a housekeeper helena feierabend who introduced the y into feyerabend 14 his father originally from carinthia was an officer in the merchant marine in world war i in istria and a civil servant in vienna until he died due to complications from a stroke his mother s family came from stockerau she was a seamstress and died on july 29 1943 by suicide the family lived in a working class neighborhood wolfganggasse where gypsy musicians over the top relatives illusionists sudden accidents and heated quarrels were part of everyday life in his autobiography feyerabend remembers a childhood in which magic and mysterious events were separated by dreary commonplace only by a slight change of perspective 15 a theme later found in his work raised catholic feyerabend attended the realgymnasium where he excelled as a vorzugsschüler top student especially in physics and mathematics at 13 he built with his father his own telescope which allowed him to become an observer for the swiss institute of solar research 16 he was inspired by his teacher oswald thomas and developed a reputation as knowing more than the teachers 17 a voracious reader especially of mystery and adventure novels and plays feyerabend casually stumbled onto philosophy works by plato descartes and büchner awoke his interest in the dramatic power of argument he later encountered philosophy of science through the works of mach eddington and dingler and was fascinated by nietzsche s thus spoke zarathustra and his depiction of the lonely man 18 during high school feyerabend also began his lifelong interest in singing he sang in a choir under leo lehner and was later introduced to opera and inspired by performances from george oeggl and hans hotter he later trained formally under the tutelage of adolf vogel and others 19 nazi occupation of austria and world war ii edit feyerabend s parents were both welcoming of the anschluss his mother was entranced by hitler s voice and demeanor and his father was similarly impressed by hitler s charisma and later joined the nazi party 20 feyerabend himself was unmoved by the anschluss or world war ii which he saw as an inconvenience that got in the way of reading and astronomy feyerabend was in the hitler youth as a part of compulsory policies and sometimes rebelled praising the british or claiming he had to leave a meeting to attend mass and sometimes conformed bringing in members who missed meetings 21 after the war feyerabend recounts that he did not accept the aims of nazism and that he hardly knew what they were 22 later he wondered why he did not see the occupation and war as moral problems they were just inconveniences and his reactions recalled with uncommon honesty were suggested by accidental moods and circumstances rather than by a well defined outlook 22 looking back i notice a rather unstable combination of contrariness and a tendency to conform a critical judgement or a feeling of unease could be silenced or turned into its opposite by an almost imperceptible counter force it was like a fragile cloud dispersed by heat on other occasions i would not listen to reason or nazi common sense and would cling to unpopular ideas this ambivalence which survived for many years and was weakened only recently seems to have been connected with my ambivalence towards people i wanted to be close to them but i also wanted to be left alone from his autobiography killing time p 40 41 after graduating from high school in april 1942 feyerabend was drafted into the german arbeitsdienst working service 23 received basic training in pirmasens and was assigned to a unit in quelerne en bas near brest he described the work he did during that period as monotonous we moved around in the countryside dug ditches and filled them up again 24 after a short leave he volunteered for officer school in his autobiography he writes that he hoped the war would be over by the time he had finished his education as an officer this turned out not to be the case from december 1943 on he served as an officer on the northern part of the eastern front was decorated with an iron cross and attained the rank of lieutenant 25 when the german army started its retreat from the advancing red army feyerabend was hit by three bullets while directing traffic one hit him in the spine which left him wheel chaired for a year and partially paralyzed for the rest of his life he later learned to walk with a crutch but was left impotent and plagued by intermittent bouts of severe pain for the rest of his life post wwii phd and early career in england edit feyerabend with his friend roy edgley after getting wounded in action feyerabend was hospitalized in and around weimar where he spent more than a year recovering and where he witnessed the end of the war and soviet occupation the mayor of apolda gave him a job in the education sector and he then still on two crutches worked in public entertainment including writing speeches dialogues and plays later at the music academy in weimar he was granted a scholarship and food stamps and took lessons in italian harmony singing enunciation and piano he also joined the cultural association for the democratic reform of germany the only association he ever joined 26 as feyerabend moved back to vienna he was permitted to pursue a phd at the university of vienna he originally intended to study physics astronomy and mathematics while continuing to practice singing but decided to study history and sociology to understand his wartime experiences 27 he became dissatisfied however and soon transferred to physics and studied astronomy especially observational astronomy and perturbation theory as well as differential equations nuclear physics algebra and tensor analysis he took classes with hans thirring hans leo przibram and felix ehrenhaft he also had a small role in a film directed by g w pabst and joined the austrian college where he frequented their speaker series in alpbach here in 1948 feyerabend met karl popper who made a positive impression on him 28 he was also influenced by the marxist playwright bertolt brecht who invited him to be his assistant at the east berlin state opera but feyerabend turned down the offer 29 a possible reason was feyerabend s instinctive aversion to group thinking which for instance made him staunchly refuse joining any marxist leninist organizations despite having friends there and despite voting communist in the early austrian election 29 in vienna feyerabend organized the kraft circle where students and faculty discussed scientific theories he recalled five meetings about non einsteinian interpretations of the lorentz transformations 30 and often focused on the problem of the existence of the external world there he also met elizabeth anscombe who in turn led feyerabend to meet ludwig wittgenstein in the years between 1949 and 1952 feyerabend traveled in europe and exchanged with philosophers and scientists including niels bohr he also married his first wife jacqueline to be able to travel together and share hotel rooms 31 divorced and became involved in various romantic affairs despite his physical impotence cycles of amorous excitement dependence isolation and renewed dependence characterized his relations with women for a good part of his life 32 he drew great pleasure from opera which he could attend even five days a week and from singing he resumed his lessons even if his crutch excluded an operatic career attending opera and singing he had an excellent tenor voice remained constant passions throughout his life in 1951 he earned his doctorate with a thesis on basic statements zur theorie der basissätze under victor kraft s supervision 33 in 1952 53 thanks to a british council scholarship he continued his studies at the london school of economics where he focused on bohm s and von neumann s work in quantum mechanics and on wittgenstein s later works including remarks on the foundations of mathematics and philosophical investigations he also attended popper s lectures on logic and scientific method and became convinced that induction was irrational during this time he developed an early version of his theory of incommensurability which he thought was a triviality and was encouraged to develop it further by popper h l a hart peter geach and georg henrik von wright 34 he met many others including j o wisdom a i sabra joseph agassi and martin buber 35 after his return to vienna feyerabend met often with viktor frankl and with arthur pap 36 who offered him a position as his research assistant at the university of vienna thanks to pap he became acquainted with herbert feigl during this time feyerabend worked on the german translation of popper s the open society and its enemies and often met with herbert feigl and philipp frank franck argued that aristotle was a better empiricist than copernicus an argument that became influential on feyerabend s primary case study in against method in 1955 feyerabend successfully applied for a lectureship at the university of bristol with letters of reference 37 from karl popper and erwin schrödinger and started his academic career in 1956 he met mary o neill who became his second wife another passionate love affair that soon ended in separation 38 after presenting a paper on the measurement problem at the 1957 symposium of the colston research society in bristol feyerabend was invited to the university of minnesota by michael scriven there he exchanged with herbert feigl ernst nagel wilfred sellars hilary putnam and adolf grünbaum soon afterwards he met gilbert ryle who said of feyerabend that he was clever and mischievous like a barrel of monkeys 39 berkeley zurich and retirement edit feyerabend later in life photograph by grazia borrini feyerabend f...