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wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from peloponnesus traditional peninsular region in greece this article is about the peninsula and the traditional geographic region for the modern administrative region see peloponnese region geographic region of greece peloponnese πελοπόννησος geographic region of greece peloponnese blue within greece country greece administrative regions peloponnese region western greece in part attica region in part traditional capitals tripoli and nafplio largest city patra area total 21 549 6 km 2 8 320 3 sq mi population 2011 total 1 155 019 density 53 5982 km 2 138 819 sq mi demonym peloponnesian iso 3166 code gr j the peloponnese a peloponnesus b or morea c is a peninsula and geographic region in southern greece and the southernmost region of the balkans it is connected to the central part of the country by the isthmus of corinth land bridge which separates the gulf of corinth from the saronic gulf from the late middle ages until the 19th century the peninsula was known as the morea a name still in colloquial use in its demotic form the peninsula is divided among three administrative regions most belong to the peloponnese region with smaller parts belonging to the western greece and attica regions geography edit the corinth canal landscape in arcadia view of the argolic gulf with nafplio visible the peloponnese is a peninsula located at the southern tip of the mainland 21 549 6 square kilometres 8 320 3 mi 2 in area and constitutes the southernmost part of mainland greece it is connected to the mainland by the isthmus of corinth where the corinth canal was constructed in 1893 however it is also connected to the mainland by several bridges across the canal including two submersible bridges at the north and the south end near the northern tip of the peninsula there is another bridge the rio antirrio bridge completed 2004 the peninsula has a mountainous interior although extensive lowlands are also found in the west in the evrotas valley in the south and in the argolid peninsula in the northeast the peloponnese possesses four south pointing peninsulas the messenian the mani the cape malea and the argolid in the far northeast of the peloponnese the messenian gulf laconian gulf and argolic gulf separate these peninsulas moreover mount taygetus in the south is the highest mountain in the peloponnese at 2 407 metres 7 897 ft οther important mountains include cyllene in the northeast 2 376 m or 7 795 ft aroania in the north 2 355 m or 7 726 ft erymanthos 2 224 m or 7 297 ft and panachaikon in the northwest 1 926 m or 6 319 ft mainalon in the center 1 981 m or 6 499 ft and parnon in the southeast 1 935 m or 6 348 ft the entire peninsula is earthquake prone and has suffered many earthquakes in the past the longest river is the alfeios in the west 110 km or 68 mi followed by the evrotas in the south 82 km or 51 mi and also the pineios also in the west 70 km or 43 mi the peloponnese with its indented coasts is home to numerous spectacular beaches which are a major tourist draw two groups of islands lie off the peloponnesian coast the argo saronic islands to the east and the ionian to the west the island of kythira to the south of the peloponnese is considered to be part of the ionian islands the island of elafonisos used to be part of the peninsula but was separated in the aftermath of the 365 crete earthquake since antiquity and continuing to the present day the peloponnese has been divided into seven major regions achaea north corinthia northeast argolis east arcadia center laconia southeast messenia southwest and elis west each of these regions is headed by a city with the largest being patras pop 170 000 in achaia followed by kalamata pop 55 000 in messenia climate edit the peloponnese for the most part enjoys a hot summer mediterranean climate köppen climate classification csa while the gulf of corinth has a hot semi arid climate köppen climate classification bsh 1 rainfall is higher on the west coast while the east of the peninsula is significantly drier average annual temperatures can reach up to 20 3 c 68 5 f while summer highs reach over 36 0 c 96 8 f in sparta within the evrotas valley on 27 june 2007 monemvasia registered a staggering minimum temperature of 35 9 c which is the highest minimum temperature ever recorded in mainland greece and continental europe 2 3 climate data for patras port 2008 2025 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 24 9 76 8 25 6 78 1 25 1 77 2 32 0 89 6 37 2 99 0 38 9 102 0 42 5 108 5 40 7 105 3 35 7 96 3 30 6 87 1 28 1 82 6 26 8 80 2 42 5 108 5 mean daily maximum c f 16 0 60 8 16 9 62 4 16 2 61 2 19 6 67 3 23 1 73 6 27 4 81 3 30 4 86 7 31 5 88 7 27 4 81 3 23 5 74 3 19 8 67 6 17 0 62 6 22 4 72 3 daily mean c f 11 8 53 2 12 4 54 3 13 7 56 7 16 9 62 4 20 3 68 5 24 6 76 3 27 4 81 3 28 4 83 1 24 8 76 6 20 8 69 4 17 2 63 0 13 6 56 5 19 3 66 8 mean daily minimum c f 9 4 48 9 10 9 51 6 11 1 52 0 14 1 57 4 17 6 63 7 21 7 71 1 24 4 75 9 25 2 77 4 22 2 72 0 18 0 64 4 14 6 58 3 11 2 52 2 16 7 62 1 record low c f 1 2 34 2 0 9 30 4 2 3 36 1 8 2 46 8 11 9 53 4 15 0 59 0 19 3 66 7 20 1 68 2 15 8 60 4 9 2 48 6 7 4 45 3 3 0 37 4 0 9 30 4 average rainfall mm inches 108 1 4 26 67 9 2 67 71 2 2 80 36 2 1 43 22 4 0 88 15 5 0 61 5 0 0 20 6 8 0 27 41 5 1 63 84 0 3 31 111 1 4 37 116 0 4 57 685 7 27 source 1 national observatory of athens monthly bulletins jan 2008 jan 2025 4 source 2 patras n o a station 5 and world meteorological organization 6 climate data for monemvasia 2007 2025 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 22 4 72 3 25 3 77 5 25 8 78 4 30 5 86 9 35 3 95 5 45 2 113 4 42 7 108 9 39 9 103 8 38 3 100 9 33 2 91 8 31 4 88 5 24 9 76 8 45 2 113 4 mean daily maximum c f 15 1 59 2 15 6 60 1 17 4 63 3 20 7 69 3 25 0 77 0 29 7 85 5 32 2 90 0 32 1 89 8 28 7 83 7 24 0 75 2 20 3 68 5 16 7 62 1 23 1 73 6 daily mean c f 12 8 55 0 13 3 55 9 14 7 58 5 17 6 63 7 21 5 70 7 26 0 78 8 28 7 83 7 28 8 83 8 25 6 78 1 21 6 70 9 18 1 64 6 14 6 58 3 20 3 68 5 mean daily minimum c f 10 6 51 1 10 9 51 6 11 9 53 4 14 5 58 1 18 0 64 4 22 2 72 0 25 2 77 4 25 6 78 1 22 5 72 5 19 2 66 6 15 9 60 6 12 4 54 3 17 4 63 3 record low c f 2 1 35 8 1 6 34 9 4 2 39 6 9 1 48 4 12 1 53 8 15 8 60 4 18 4 65 1 20 5 68 9 16 7 62 1 12 5 54 5 8 9 48 0 4 7 40 5 1 6 34 9 average rainfall mm inches 103 6 4 08 67 9 2 67 37 2 1 46 19 7 0 78 7 8 0 31 9 7 0 38 2 6 0 10 1 2 0 05 26 9 1 06 56 2 2 21 96 3 3 79 97 4 3 83 526 5 20 72 source 1 national observatory of athens monthly bulletins apr 2007 jan 2025 7 source 2 monemvasia n o a station 8 and world meteorological organization 9 climate data for sparta 180 m a s l month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 23 5 74 3 26 4 79 5 27 2 81 0 34 1 93 4 40 7 105 3 44 4 111 9 44 2 111 6 45 7 114 3 40 3 104 5 36 4 97 5 30 8 87 4 23 5 74 3 45 7 114 3 mean daily maximum c f 14 6 58 3 15 9 60 6 18 6 65 5 22 9 73 2 27 8 82 0 32 9 91 2 36 3 97 3 36 0 96 8 31 3 88 3 25 5 77 9 20 2 68 4 16 0 60 8 24 8 76 7 daily mean c f 8 9 48 0 9 9 49 8 12 1 53 8 15 5 59 9 20 0 68 0 24 9 76 8 28 0 82 4 27 8 82 0 23 9 75 0 18 6 65 5 14 0 57 2 10 2 50 4 17 8 64 1 mean daily minimum c f 3 1 37 6 3 9 39 0 5 6 42 1 8 1 46 6 12 2 54 0 16 9 62 4 19 7 67 5 19 7 67 5 16 4 61 5 11 7 53 1 7 8 46 0 4 4 39 9 10 8 51 4 record low c f 5 3 22 5 4 2 24 4 4 6 23 7 0 7 30 7 6 2 43 2 9 4 48 9 14 2 57 6 13 1 55 6 9 1 48 4 1 5 34 7 1 7 28 9 5 2 22 6 5 3 22 5 average rainfall mm inches 124 6 4 91 80 5 3 17 59 9 2 36 32 2 1 27 25 1 0 99 32 0 1 26 10 4 0 41 19 9 0 78 51 2 2 02 59 4 2 34 91 9 3 62 97 4 3 83 684 5 26 96 source national observatory of athens feb 2009 aug 2025 10 11 sparta n o a station 12 world meteorological organization 13 history edit mythology and early history edit the lion gate in mycenae the peninsula has been inhabited since prehistoric times its modern name derives from ancient greek mythology specifically the legend of the hero pelops who was said to have conquered the entire region the name peloponnesos means island or peninsula archaic meaning of the word nesos of pelops the mycenaean civilization mainland greece s and europe s first major civilization dominated the peloponnese in the bronze age from the palaces of mycenae pylos and tiryns among others many figures from greek mythology including heracles and perseus as well as stories like the iliad and more broadly the trojan war are associated with this period the mycenaean civilization collapsed suddenly at the end of the 2nd millennium bc archeological research has found that many of its cities and palaces show signs of destruction the subsequent period known as the greek dark ages is marked by an absence of written records archaic period edit further information peloponnesian league a map of the regions of the peloponnese in classical antiquity the temple of hera olympia in 776 bc the first olympic games were held at olympia in elis in western peloponnese and this date is sometimes used to denote the beginning of the classical period of greek antiquity during classical antiquity the peloponnese was at the heart of the affairs of ancient greece possessed some of its most powerful city states and was the location of some of its bloodiest battles the major cities of argos corinth and sparta were located on the peloponnese in the 6th centrury bc sparta established its hegemony over most of the peloponnese by founding the peloponnesian league classical period edit further information second persian invasion of greece and peloponnesian war soldiers from the peninsula fought in the persian wars at the battles of thermopylae under leonidas salamis under themistocles and plataea under pausanias the peloponnesian league under spartan leadership defeated the athenians at the peloponnesian war of 431 404 bc the entire peloponnese with the notable exception of sparta which was forced to join later in 331 bc joined philip s league of corinth in 338 bc and the following expedition of alexander the great against the persian empire hellenistic period edit along with the rest of greece the achaean league fell to the expanding roman republic in 146 bc when the romans razed the city of corinth and massacred its inhabitants the romans established the province of achaea comprising the peloponnese and most of central greece during the roman period the peninsula remained prosperous but became a provincial backwater relatively disengaged from the affairs of the wider roman world citation needed middle ages edit view of the acrocorinth byzantine rule edit main articles byzantine greece and morea after the partition of the empire in 395 the peloponnese became a part of the byzantine empire the devastation of alaric s raid in 396 397 led to the construction of the hexamilion wall across the isthmus of corinth 14 throughout the major part of late antiquity the peninsula retained its urbanized character in the 6th century hierocles counted 26 cities in his synecdemus by the latter part of that century however building activity seems to have stopped virtually everywhere except in constantinople thessalonica corinth and athens this has traditionally been attributed to calamities such as plague earthquakes and slavic invasions 15 however more recent analysis suggests that urban decline was closely linked with the collapse of long distance and regional commercial networks that underpinned and supported late antique urbanism in greece 16 as well as with the generalized withdrawal of imperial troops and administration from the balkans 17 slavic settlement and theme of the peloponnese edit the scale of the slavic invasion and settlement in the 7th and 8th centuries remains a matter of dispute although it is nowadays considered much smaller than previously thought 18 the slavs did occupy most of the peninsula as evidenced by the abundance of slavic toponyms but these toponyms accumulated over centuries rather than as a result of an initial flood of slavic invasions and many appear to have been mediated by speakers of greek or in mixed slavic greek compounds 15 19 20 fewer slavic toponyms appear on the eastern coast which remained in byzantine hands and was included in the thema of hellas established by byzantine emperor justinian ii c 690 21 while traditional historiography has dated the arrival of slavs to southern greece to the late 6th century according to florin curta there is no evidence for a slavic presence in the peloponnese until after c 700 ad 22 when slavs may have been allowed to settle in specific areas that had been depopulated 23 relations between the slavs and greeks were probably peaceful apart from intermittent uprisings 24 there was also a continuity of the peloponnesian greek population this is especially true in mani and tsakonia where slavic incursions were minimal or non existent considering their predominantly agricultural economy and rural lifestyle the slavs probably traded with the greeks who remained in the towns while greek villages continued to exist in the interior governing themselves possibly paying tribute to the slavs 25 the first attempt by the byzantine imperial government to reassert its control over the independent slavic tribes of the peloponnese occurred in 783 with the logothete staurakios overland campaign from constantinople into greece and the peloponnese which according to theophanes the confessor captured many prisoners and forced the slavs to pay tribute 26 a map of byzantine greece c 900 ad with the themes and major settlements from the mid 9th century in the aftermath of a slavic revolt and attack on patras a process of hellenization was carried out overwhelmingly and persistently according to the chronicle of monemvasia in 805 the byzantine governor of corinth went to war with the slavs exterminated them and allowed the original inhabitants to claim their lands they regained control of the city of patras and the region was resettled with greeks 27 many slavs ...