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a contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 corolla 2 petals sepals and tepals 3 variations 4 genetics 5 significance of pollination 6 types of pollination toggle types of pollination subsection 6 1 wind pollination 6 2 attracting insects 6 3 attracting birds 6 4 bat pollinated flowers 7 references 8 bibliography 9 external links toggle the table of contents petal 73 languages afrikaans aragonés العربية asturianu беларуская български bosanski català чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch dolnoserbski esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français gaeilge galego avañe ẽ עברית हिन्दी hrvatski hornjoserbsce kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 latina limburgs lombard lietuvių latviešu malagasy македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenščina српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia part of most types of flower for other uses see petal disambiguation in a mature flower the perianth consists of a calyx sepals and the corolla petals it supports petals are modified leaves that form an inner whorl surrounding the reproductive parts of flowers they are often brightly coloured or unusually shaped to attract pollinators all of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the corolla petals are usually surrounded by an outer whorl of modified leaves called sepals that collectively form the calyx when the petals and sepals of a flower are difficult to distinguish they are collectively called tepals although petals are usually the most conspicuous parts of flowers pollinated by animals wind pollinated species such as the grasses often have very small petals or none at all corolla edit apopetalous corolla the collection of all petals in a flower is referred to as the corolla the role of the corolla in plant evolution has been studied extensively since charles darwin postulated a theory of the origin of elongated corollae and corolla tubes 1 a corolla of separate petals without fusion of individual segments is apopetalous if the petals are free from one another in the corolla the plant is polypetalous or choripetalous while if the petals are at least partially fused it is gamopetalous or sympetalous in the case of fused tepals the term is syntepalous fused petals may form a tube which is then known as a corolla tube petals sepals and tepals edit tetrameric flower of a primrose willowherb ludwigia octovalvis showing petals and sepals a tulip s actinomorphic flower with three of both petals and sepals similar enough to be considered tepals petals are usually surrounded by an outer whorl of modified leaves called sepals that collectively form the calyx and lie just beneath the corolla the calyx and the corolla together make up the perianth the non reproductive portion of a flower when the petals and sepals of a flower are difficult to distinguish they are collectively called tepals e g aloe and tulipa species conversely genera such as rosa and phaseolus have well distinguished sepals and petals when the undifferentiated tepals resemble petals they are referred to as petaloid as in petaloid monocots orders of monocots with brightly coloured tepals since they include liliales an alternative name is lilioid monocots variations edit pelargonium peltatum flowers resemble those of geraniums but are conspicuously zygomorphic geranium incanum with an actinomorphic flower typical of the genus the white flower of pisum sativum the garden pea an example of a zygomorphic flower narcissus pseudonarcissus showing from bend to tip of flower spathe floral cup tepals and corona combretum indicum petals can differ dramatically in different species the number of petals in a flower may hold clues to a plant s classification for example flowers on eudicots the largest group of dicots most frequently have four or five petals while flowers on monocots have three or six petals although there are many exceptions to this rule 2 the petal whorl or corolla may be either radially or bilaterally symmetrical if all of the petals are essentially identical in size and shape the flower is said to be regular 3 or actinomorphic meaning ray formed many flowers are symmetrical in only one plane i e symmetry is bilateral and are termed irregular or zygomorphic meaning yoke or pair formed in irregular flowers other floral parts may be modified from the regular form but the petals show the greatest deviation from radial symmetry examples of zygomorphic flowers may be seen in orchids and members of the pea family in many plants of the aster family such as the sunflower helianthus annuus the circumference of the flower head is composed of ray florets each ray floret is anatomically an individual flower with a single large petal florets in the centre of the disc typically have no or very reduced petals in some plants such as narcissus the lower part of the petals or tepals are fused to form a floral cup hypanthium above the ovary and from which the petals proper extend 4 5 6 a petal often consists of two parts the upper broader part similar to a leaf blade also called the blade and the lower narrower part similar to a leaf petiole called the claw 3 separated from each other at the limb claws are distinctly developed in petals of some flowers of the family brassicaceae such as erysimum cheiri the inception and further development of petals show a great variety of patterns 7 petals of different species of plants vary greatly in colour or colour pattern both in visible light and in ultraviolet such patterns often function as guides to pollinators and are variously known as nectar guides pollen guides and floral guides genetics edit the genetics behind the formation of petals in accordance with the abc model of flower development are that sepals petals stamens and carpels are modified versions of each other it appears that the mechanisms to form petals evolved very few times perhaps only once rather than evolving repeatedly from stamens 8 significance of pollination edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2026 learn how and when to remove this message pollination is an important step in the sexual reproduction of higher plants pollen is produced by the male flower or by the male organs of hermaphroditic flowers pollen does not move on its own and thus requires wind or animal pollinators to disperse the pollen to the stigma of the same or nearby flowers however pollinators are rather selective in determining the flowers they choose to pollinate this develops competition between flowers and as a result flowers must provide incentives to appeal to pollinators unless the flower self pollinates or is involved in wind pollination petals play a major role in competing to attract pollinators henceforth pollination dispersal could occur and the survival of many species of flowers could prolong types of pollination edit main article pollination syndrome wind pollination edit main article anemophily the flowers of wind pollinated plants such as the grasses often have small dull petals and produce little or no scent some examples are apetalous having no petals at all flowers that depend on wind pollination will produce large amounts of pollen because most of the pollen scattered by the wind tends to not reach other flowers 9 attracting insects edit campanulate corolla of brugmansia aurea emerging from tubular calyx and bearing long points flowers have various regulatory mechanisms to attract insects one such helpful mechanism is the use of colour guiding marks insects such as the bee or butterfly can see the ultraviolet marks which are contained on these flowers acting as an attractive mechanism which is not visible towards the human eye many flowers contain a variety of shapes acting to aid with the landing of the visiting insect and also influence the insect to brush against anthers and stigmas parts of the flower one such example of a flower is the pōhutukawa metrosideros excelsa which acts to regulate colour in a different way the pōhutukawa contains small petals also having bright large red clusters of stamens 10 another attractive mechanism for flowers is the use of scents which are highly attractive to humans one such example is the rose on the other hand some flowers produce the smell of rotting meat and are attractive to insects such as flies darkness is another factor that flowers have adapted to as nighttime conditions limit vision and colour perception fragrancy can be especially useful for flowers that are pollinated at night by moths and other flying insects 10 attracting birds edit flowers are also pollinated by birds and must be large and colourful to be visible against natural scenery in new zealand such bird pollinated native plants include kowhai sophora species flax phormium tenax and kaka beak clianthus puniceus flowers adapt the mechanism on their petals to change colour in acting as a communicative mechanism for the bird to visit an example is the tree fuchsia fuchsia excorticata which are green when needing to be pollinated and turn red for the birds to stop coming and pollinating the flower 10 bat pollinated flowers edit flowers can be pollinated by short tailed bats an example of this is the dactylanthus taylorii this plant has its home under the ground acting the role of a parasite on the roots of forest trees the dactylanthus has only its flowers pointing to the surface and the flowers lack colour but have the advantage of containing much nectar and a strong scent these act as a useful mechanism in attracting the bat 11 references edit l anders nilsson 1988 the evolution of flowers with deep corolla tubes nature 334 6178 147 149 bibcode 1988natur 334 147n doi 10 1038 334147a0 s2cid 4342356 soltis pamela s douglas e soltis 2004 the origin and diversification of angiosperms american journal of botany 91 10 1614 1626 bibcode 2004amjb 91 1614s doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1614 pmid 21652312 1 2 rendle alfred barton 1911 flower in chisholm hugh ed encyclopædia britannica vol 10 11th ed cambridge university press pp 561 563 simpson 2011 p 365 foster 2014 hypanthium graham s w barrett s c h 1 july 2004 phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in narcissus amaryllidaceae american journal of botany 91 7 1007 1021 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 7 1007 pmid 21653457 sattler r 1973 organogenesis of flowers a photographic text atlas university of toronto press rasmussen d a kramer e m zimmer e a 2008 one size fits all molecular evidence for a commonly inherited petal identity program in ranunculales pdf american journal of botany 96 1 96 109 doi 10 3732 ajb 0800038 pmid 21628178 archived pdf from the original on 4 november 2018 retrieved 4 november 2018 donald r whitehead 1969 wind pollination in the angiosperms evolutionary and environmental considerations evolution 23 1 28 35 doi 10 2307 2406479 jstor 2406479 pmid 28562955 1 2 3 attracting pollinators sciencelearn hub archived from the original on 3 december 2016 retrieved 28 february 2025 physics org 2012 the university of adelaide flightless parrots burrowing bats helped parasitic hades flower date retrieved august 2013 archived 29 october 2013 at the wayback machine bibliography edit simpson michael g 2011 plant systematics academic press isbn 978 0 08 051404 8 foster tony botany word of the day phytography retrieved 27 november 2014 external links edit media related to petals at wikimedia commons v t e botany history outline subdisciplines archaeobotany astrobotany bryology dendrology ethnobotany paleobotany phycology phytochemistry phytogeography geobotany plant anatomy plant ecology plant intelligence plant pathology plant physiology plant groups algae archaeplastida bryophyte non vascular plants vascular plants fern lycophyte spermatophytes gymnosperm angiosperm plant anatomy plant morphology glossary plant cells cell wall phragmoplast plastid plasmodesma vacuole tissues cork ground tissue mesophyll meristem storage organs vascular tissue vascular bundle wood vegetative bulb root rhizoid rhizome shoot bud leaf cataphyll petiole sessility stem reproductive incl flower archegonium antheridium androecium pollen stamen anther filament staminode tapetum flower aestivation flower development floral diagram floral formula floral symmetry whorl fruit anatomy berry capsule nut pyrena seed dispersal endosperm gametophyte gynandrium gynoecium carpel ovary locule ovule stigma style hypanthium floral cup inflorescence bract pedicellate raceme umbel perianth tepal petal sepal plant embryo receptacle sporophyll sporophyte surface structures cuticle epicuticular wax epidermis nectar stoma thorns spines and prickles trichome plant physiology materials aleurone apical dominance bulk flow cellulose nutrition photosynthesis chlorophyll phytomelanin plant hormones respiration gas exchange cellular respiration sap starch sugar transpiration turgor pressure plant growth and habit habit cushion plants rosettes shrubs prostrate shrubs subshrubs succulent plants trees vines lianas herbaceous plants secondary growth woody plants reproduction evolution ecology alternation of generations double fertilization evolutionary development evolutionary history timeline flora germination pollination artificial pollinators pollen tube self sporangium microsporangia microspore megasporangium megaspore spore plant taxonomy biological classification botanical nomenclature botanical name correct name author citation international code of nomenclature icn icn for cultivated plants icncp cultivated plant taxonomy citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar group grex history of plant systematics herbarium international association for plant taxonomy iapt plant taxonomy systems taxonomic rank practice agronomy floriculture forestry horticulture phytochemical lists related botanical terms botanists by author abbreviation botanical expeditions individual trees oldest trees superlative trees tallest trees plants category authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title petal oldid 1366786599 categories plant morphology plant reproductive...